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Analysis and numerical design of Resistive AC-Coupled Silicon detectors (RSD) for 4D particle tracking

NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS detectors AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT 2020年 959卷

作者： Mandurrino, M. Arcidiacono, R. Boscardin, M. Cartiglia, N. Dalla Betta, G-F Ferrero, M. Ficorella, F. Pancheri, L. Paternoster, G. Siviero, F. Sola, V Staiano, A. Vignati, A. Ist Nazl Fis Nucl Sez Torino Via P Giuria 1 I-10125 Turin Italy Univ Piemonte Orientale Largo Donegani 2-3 I-20100 Novara Italy Fdn Bruno Kessler Via Sommar 18 I-38123 Povo TN Italy Ist Nazl Fis Nucl TIFPA Via Sommar 18 I-38123 Povo TN Italy Univ Trento Via Sommar 9 I-38123 Povo TN Italy Univ Turin Via P Giuria 1 I-10125 Turin Italy

In this paper we present the numerical simulation of silicon detectors with internal gain as the main tool for 4-dimensional (4D) particle trackers design and optimization. The Low-Gain Avalanche Diode (LGAD) technology and its present limitations are reviewed with the aim of introducing the Resistive AC-Coupled Silicon detectors (RSD) paradigm as a case study of our investigation. Authors here present Spice-like and 2D/3D Technological Computer-Aided Design (TCAD) simulations to characterize sensors in terms of both their electrostatic behavior, capacitive (dynamic) coupling and radiation-hardness performances, showing the methodological approach used in order to extract the set of layout rules allowing the release of RSD1, the incoming production run at Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK) of next-generation silicon detectors for 4D tracking with intrinsic 100% fill-factor.

关键词： TCAD modeling Charge multiplication Solid-state silicon detectors particle tracking detectors particle timing detectors Fast detectors

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ITk pixel system test of the ATLAS experiment

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2025年第2期20卷 C02038-C02038页

作者： Chubinidze, Zaza Inst Natl Fis Nucl Frascati Italy Lab Nazl Frascati Frascati Italy

The ATLAS experiment is preparing for the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) upgrade, which will require the substitution of the current Inner Detector (ID) with a new all-silicon Inner Tracker (ITk). This work presents the results of the ITk Pixel system test, focusing on module performance, power consumption, data transmission and cooling efficiency, during detector integration. The results validate the system's readiness for the extreme conditions expected at the HL-LHC.

关键词： particle tracking detectors particle tracking detectors (Solid-state detectors)

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The services chain for the upgrade of the Inner Tracker Pixel detector of the ATLAS experiment. Full services from pixel modules to optical readout for the Outer Barrel sub-system

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2025年第1期20卷

作者： Zografos, A. Buytaert, J. Kuehn, S. Quadt, A. Skaf, A. Thys-dingou, O. CERN CH-1211 Geneva 23 Switzerland Georg August Univ Gottingen Phys Inst 2 Friedrich Hund Pl 1 D-37077 Gottingen Germany

For the high-luminosity upgrade of the ATLAS Inner tracking detector, a new pixel detector will be installed to increase bandwidth and to cope with higher radiation, among other challenges. In this contribution, the design aspects and qualification of the data transmission from pixel modules to optical readout are presented. A focus is put on the data cable bundles and their performance for one of the Pixel sub-systems, the Outer Barrel. The development of a custom system for production testing of the bundles is discussed. Finally, in preparation of the detector integration, developments regarding functionality and connectivity testing are analyzed.

关键词： Detection of defects particle tracking detectors Special cables

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Simulation study on multi-unit integrated muon detection system based on recurrent neural network algorithm

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2025年第3期20卷 P03027-P03027页

作者： Luo, S. Y. Zhang, H. F. Yin, L. X. Zeng, G. Q. Feng, S. Y. Feng, S. Du, X. C. Xiao, M. Wang, X. D. Univ South China Sch Nucl Sci & Technol Hengyang 421001 Peoples R China Univ South China Key Lab Adv Nucl Energy Technol Design & Safety Minist Educ Hengyang 421001 Peoples R China Univ South China Sch Resources Environm & Safety Engn Hengyang 421001 Peoples R China Chengdu Univ Technol Coll Nucl Technol & Automat Engn Chengdu 610059 Peoples R China

To achieve imaging of objects using cosmic ray muons, it is essential to determine the muon trajectories, and accurately locating the muon hit points is key to trajectory reconstruction. Current mainstream muon track detection systems require multiple electronic channels to precisely pinpoint the muon hit points, resulting in complex structures and high costs. The aim of this study is to design a muon track detection system characterized by simplicity, low cost, and high precision. This system is based on Geant4 software and features a circular plastic scintillator without segmentation coupled with Silicon Photon Multipliers (SiPMs). The simulation involves the use of SiPMs to collect the number of photons and the time of triggering SiPM responses as characteristic parameters, and employs a recurrent neural network (RNN) algorithm as the method for muon localization. The simulation results show that a plastic scintillator with a diameter of 20 cm and a thickness of 10 mm can achieve a position resolution of less than 1 cm while ensuring a large detection area. The more SiPMs are coupled, the more accurate the collected photon information is, which improves the position resolution of the detector. The reconstruction accuracy of the Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) algorithm is comparable to that of the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) algorithm within the uncertainties, but the reconstruction speed of the GRU algorithm is better than that of the LSTM algorithm. Under the same conditions, the training speed of the GRU algorithm is about 9/11 of that of the LSTM algorithm. The results of the multi-layer detection unit optimization scheme proposed in this study indicate that as the minimum number of detection unit layers in the muon positioning module increases, the position resolution of the system gradually improves. Considering the cost, the GRU algorithm can be chosen as the reconstruction algorithm, and the minimum detection unit with 8 SiPMs coupled in two layers can be se

关键词： Detector modelling and simulations I (interaction of radiation with matter interaction of photons with matter interaction of hadrons with matter etc) Muon spectrometers particle tracking detectors Simulation methods and programs

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Machine learning models for single-particle classification with Timepix 3 detector

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2025年第1期20卷

作者： Sykorova, K. Buk, Z. Cepek, M. Granja, C. Oancea, C. Marek, L. ADVACAM sro U Pergamenky Prague Czech Republic Czech Tech Univ Dept Theoret Comp Sci Thakurova Prague Czech Republic Czech Tech Univ Dept Appl Math Thakurova Prague Czech Republic

Semiconductor hybrid pixel detectors with Timepix 3 chips developed by Medipix collaboration at CERN can simultaneously measure deposited energy and time of arrival of individual particle hits in all 256 x 256 pixels with 55 mu m pitch size. Leveraging the single-particle detection sensitivity of these chips, there is a potential to develop algorithms for classifying detected single particles into distinct categories corresponding to different particle types. In this study, various machine learning models are introduced, such as recurrent and feedforward neural networks or gradient boosted decision trees, designed to facilitate the classification of single particle events into distinct classes associated to electrons & photons, alpha particles, heavy nuclei (except alpha particles), low energy protons (E less than or similar to 100 MeV) and high energy protons (E greater than or similar to 100 MeV). All models achieve outcomes with the true positive rate nearing 100% across all classes. The Gaussian Mixture unsupervised machine learning technique is used to differentiate between electron and photon radiation components. The model effectively distinguished between high-energy electrons and low-energy photons, achieving performance comparable to conventionally used heuristic decision trees. All models are trained and tested on an extensive database of experimental data obtained from controlled radiation source experiments.

关键词： particle identification methods particle tracking detectors particle tracking detectors (Solid-state detectors)

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Nupix-H2: A MAPS With Multidimensional Measurements for the China Hyper-Nuclear Spectrometer

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE 2025年第3期72卷 584-590页

作者： He, Rui Niu, Xiaoyang Yin, Rui Huang, Ju Han, Weijia Yuan, Hong Liao, Jianwei Zhao, Chengxin Chinese Acad Sci Inst Modern Phys Lanzhou 730000 Peoples R China Univ Chinese Acad Sci Sch Nucl Sci & Technol Beijing 100049 Peoples R China Univ Sci & Technol China Sch Gifted Young Hefei 230026 Peoples R China

The high-intensity heavy ion accelerator facility (HIAF) is a high-intensity facility for advances in nuclear physics and related research fields. The China hyper-nuclear Spectrometer (CHNS), based on it, aims to investigate the properties of hypernuclei. We have designed a prototype monolithic active pixel sensor (MAPS) called Nupix-H2 for the CHNS with a 130-nm quadra-well process. This chip comprises 128x128 pixels with a pitch of 28.705 mu m, and it can measure the particle hit's position, energy, and arrival time. Each pixel utilizes a charge sensitive amplifier (CSA) to achieve energy measurement, coupled with a comparator and a shared counter for 16 pixels to achieve time measurement. With a novel automatic reset scheme for each pixel, the Nupix-H2 can work continuously. It achieves an equivalent noise charge (ENC) of 29.7 e(-) in the input range of up to 9k e(-), a maximum integral nonlinearity (INL) of 1.1% of the energy path output, and the conversion gain is approximately 57.7 mu V/e(-). In addition, it can achieve a time resolution of similar to 25 ns.

关键词： Time measurement Energy measurement Switches Logic particle measurements Clocks Atmospheric measurements China hyper-nuclear spectrometer (CHNS) heavy ion physics monolithic active pixel sensor (MAPS) multidimensional measurement particle tracking detectors

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Spectral-tracking characterization and wide-range monitoring of scattered and secondary radiation in proton therapy

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2025年第4期20卷 C04026-C04026页

作者： Granja, Carlos Kurucz, Samuel Solc, Jaroslav Vondracek, Vladimir Pacik, Josef Oancea, Cristina Advacam Pergamenky 12 Prague 7 Czech Republic VSB Tech Univ Ostrava 17 listopadu 2172-15 Ostrava 70800 Czech Republic Proton Therapy Ctr PTC Budinova 2437-1a Prague 8 Czech Republic Czech Metrol Inst CMI Okruzni 772-31 Brno 63800 Czech Republic

In particle radiotherapy practice it is valuable to examine, accurately measure and monitor the secondary radiation fields produced during treatment. Measurements performed non-invasively and out-of-field avoid interfering with and modifying the delivered dose treatment. Use of a simplified and compact device is advantageous for reduced cost and effort of deployment and operation. For this purpose, we examine in detail the scattered beam particles and secondary radiation field produced well beyond even meters away from the irradiated area in proton therapy. We use the semiconductor pixel detector Timepix3 implemented as a miniaturized radiation camera which we mounted at the ceiling of the treatment room. The pixel detector provides high-resolution per-pixel spectrometry with time, position, directional and tracking response. Applying radiation imaging and particle tracking techniques together with extensive experimental calibrations in well-defined radiation fields, the single detector provides the composition and spectral-tracking characterization of the complex fields. In particular, the scattered proton field at the detector position is evaluated and unfolded into spectral-directional groups which serve to map and examine the characteristics and directional origin of the radiation out of field. Detailed particle fluxes and dose rates, total and partial, are measured out of field with sub-second time resolution. Deposited energy distributions in the detector sensor are derived in wide range. Verification and complementary information are provided by numerical Monte-Carlo (MC) simulations. The combined results and presented technique can be potentially used to inspect and systematically evaluate quality assurance irradiations and treatment plans.

关键词： Instrumentation for hadron therapy Instrumentation for particle-beam therapy particle tracking detectors dE/dx detectors

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Future missions of the former LHCb Outer Tracker gaseous detector in PANDA at FAIR

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2025年第4期20卷 C04003-C04003页

作者： Belias, A. Boehm, R. Glaab, D. Ibrisimovic, N. Karabowicz, R. Kobdaj, C. Koch, S. Kurilla, U. Lancione, J. Luehning, J. Manasatitpong, K. Peters, K. Pongampai, S. Schmitt, L. Schramm, L. Traxler, M. GSI Helmholtzzentrum Schwerionenforsch GmbH Planckstr 1 D-64291 Darmstadt Germany Univ Sarajevo Obala Kulina bana 7 Sarajevo 71000 Bosnia & Herceg Univ Turin Via Pietro Giuria 1 I-10125 Turin Italy Goethe Univ Frankfurt Max von Laue Str 1 D-60438 Frankfurt Germany Suranaree Univ Technol 111 Thanon Maha Witthayalai Nakhon Ratchasima 30000 Thailand Synchrotron Light Res Inst 111 Univ Ave Suranari 3000 Nakhon Ratchasi Thailand Goethe Univ Frankfurt Germany

The former Outer Tracker of LHCb/CERN based on gas-filled straw tubes has been kindly donated to GSI for further use in experiments at GSI and FAIR and predominantly in PANDA. This formidable gaseous tracking detector of LHCb employed in LHC Run 1 and Run 2 performed continuously and above expectations until its replacement by a Scintillating Fibre Tracker to address the challenges after upgrades to the LHC. Upon arrival at GSI, the whole straw tube detector is being stored and gradually prepared for various use cases.

关键词： particle tracking detectors particle tracking detectors (Gaseous detectors)

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GEM-based detectors for SR imaging and particle tracking

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2012年第3期7卷

作者： Shekhtman, L. I. Aulchenko, V. M. Bondar, A. E. Dolgov, A. D. Kudryavtsev, V. N. Nikolenko, D. M. Papushev, P. A. Pruuel, E. R. Rachek, I. A. Ten, K. A. Titov, V. M. Tolochko, B. P. Zhilich, V. N. Zhulanov, V. V. Budker Inst Nucl Phys SB RAS Novosibirsk 630090 Russia Novosibirsk State Univ Novosibirsk 630090 Russia Lavrentiev Inst Hydrodynam SB RAS Novosibirsk 630090 Russia Inst Solid State Chem & Mechanochem SB RAS Novosibirsk 630090 Russia

Status of several projects under development in Budker INP with GEM-based detectors for synchrotron radiation imaging and particle tracking is reviewed. These are namely: the detector for imaging of explosions(DIMEX) at SR beam, the detector for WAXS studies at SR beam (OD4), the triple-GEM detectors for the tagging system of KEDR experiment at VEPP-4M collider and the triple-GEM detectors for the tagging system of Deuteron experiment at VEPP-3 storage ring.

关键词： Electron multipliers (gas) particle tracking detectors X-ray diffraction detectors

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High energy particle detection with large area superconducting microwire array

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2025年第3期20卷 P03001-P03001页

作者： Pena, Cristian Wang, Christina Xie, Si Bornheim, Adolf Barria, Matias San Martin, Claudio Vega, Valentina Apresyan, Artur Knehr, Emanuel Korzh, Boris Luskin, Jamie Narvaez, Lautaro Patel, Sahil Shaw, Matthew Spiropulu, Maria Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab Batavia IL 60510 USA CALTECH Pasadena CA 91125 USA Univ Tecn Feder Santa Maria Dept Fisicae Astron Valparaiso 2390123 Chile Univ Tecn Feder Santa Maria Ctr Cientif Tecnol Valparaiso CCTVal Casilla 110-V Valparaiso Chile NASA Jet Prop Lab Pasadena CA 91011 USA Univ Geneva CH-1205 Geneva Switzerland Univ Maryland College Pk MD 20742 USA

We present the first detailed study of an 8-channel 2 x 2 mm2 WSi superconducting microwire single photon detector (SMSPD) array exposed to 120 GeV proton beam and 8 GeV electron and pion beam at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility. The SMSPD detection efficiency was measured for the first time for protons, electrons, and pions, enabled by the use of a silicon tracking telescope that provided precise spatial resolution of 30 mu m for 120 GeV protons and 130 mu m for 8 GeV electrons and pions. The result demonstrated consistent detection efficiency across pixels and at different bias currents. Time resolution of 1.15 ns was measured for the first time for SMSPD with proton, electron, and pions, enabled by the use of an MCP-PMT which provided a ps-level reference time stamp. The results presented is the first step towards developing SMSPD array systems optimized for high energy particle detection and identification for future accelerator-based experiments.

关键词： particle tracking detectors Superconductive detectors (bolometers, tunnel junctions etc) Timing detectors Cryogenic detectors

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