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pharmaceuticals

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2017年

pharmaceuticals by Central Intelligence Agency; published by

关键词： central intelligence agency cia crest general cia records pharmaceuticals report rippub

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pharmaceuticals and personal care products in soil: Sources, impacts and myco-remediation strategies

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EMERGING CONTAMINANTS 2025年第2期11卷

作者： Choudhury, Moharana Adhikari, Manab Deb Agarwal, Sangita Samanta, Palas Sharma, Anu Kundu, Debajyoti Kumar, Sunil Voice Environm VoE Guwahati Environm Res & Management Div Gauhati Assam India Univ North Bengal Dept Biotechnol Siliguri W Bengal India RCC Inst Informat Technol Dept Appl Sci Canal South Rd Kolkata 700015 W Bengal India Univ North Bengal Dept Environm Sci Sukanta Mahavidyalaya Dhupguri W Bengal India Univ Jammu Constituent Coll Cluster GGM SPMR Coll Commerce Jammu Jammu & Kashmir India SRM Univ AP Sch Engn & Sci Dept Environm Sci & Engn Amaravati 522240 Andhra Pradesh India CSIR Natl Environm Engn Res Inst NEERI Waste Reproc Div Nehru Marg Nagpur 440020 India

Bioremediation is an effective and sustainable method for removing xenobiotic pollutants from the environment, utilizing microorganisms and plants to metabolize harmful chemicals into harmless compounds like CO2 and water. Among various bioremediation strategies, mycoremediation stands out due to the unique enzymatic capabilities and metabolic diversity of fungi, enabling them to degrade persistent and toxic pollutants under harsh environmental conditions. This review specifically addresses the application of mycoremediation to emerging contaminants pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) which pose significant environmental challenges due to their persistence, bioaccumulation potential, and ecotoxicity. This article provides a comprehensive overview of fungal-based strategies for PPCP remediation, documenting the fate, distribution, and impacts of these contaminants in soil. It highlights the enzymatic mechanisms and fungal species involved in PPCP degradation, with an emphasis on their ecological resilience and pollutant-specific adaptability. Additionally, the review explores under-discussed factors influencing fungal efficacy, such as pH, temperature, and contaminant concentration, alongside innovative advancements like myco-nanotechnology and enzyme engineering that enhance remediation efficiency. By integrating these aspects with policy perspectives and sustainable development goals, this review contributes novel insights into the potential of mycoremediation as a cutting-edge approach for mitigating PPCP contamination. It underscores the role of fungi in advancing circular economy principles and offers a foundation for future research and practical applications in environmental management. (c) 2025 The Authors. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://***/licenses/by-nc-nd/ 4.0/).

关键词： Mycoremediation pharmaceuticals Personal care products Fungi Bioremediation Emerging pollutants

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pharmaceuticals as emerging pollutants: Implications for water resource management in Malaysia

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EMERGING CONTAMINANTS 2025年第2期11卷

作者： Arumugam, Asvinidevi Lee, Khai Ern Ng, Pei Yuen Shamsuddin, Aida Soraya Zulki, Aziemah Goh, Thian Lai Univ Kebangsaan Malaysia Inst Environm & Dev LESTARI Bangi 43600 Selangor Malaysia Univ Kebangsaan Malaysia Fac Pharm Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz Kuala Lumpur 50300 Federal Territo Malaysia Univ Kebangsaan Malaysia Fac Sci & Technol Bangi 43600 Selangor Malaysia

The escalating contamination of water bodies with pharmaceuticals has raised global concerns due to potential health repercussions. This review aims to provide comprehensive insights into the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in Malaysian water bodies. Following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, a scoping review of studies from 2007 to 2024 was conducted using the Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases. Forty articles were included, reporting on pharmaceutical compounds in various water matrices. Analysis revealed 65 active pharmaceutical compounds spanning major therapeutic classes such as NSAIDs, antidiabetics, antihypertensives, antibacterials and natural and synthetic estrogens. Surface water was the most frequently studied matrix (n = 23), followed by sewage treatment plant effluent (n = 10), tap water (n = 11) and surface sediment (n = 7). Geographically, Selangor state accounted for the majority of studies (n = 29), with limited research in other states, reflecting a notable gap in national monitoring efforts. One of the main contributors to pharmaceutical occurrence in water bodies is household disposal. Despite the higher concentration of pharmaceutical residues in influent and effluent discharges compared to surface water, it is worth highlighting the removal capacity of wastewater treatment plants and the effectiveness of remediation processes. Despite these findings, research on pharmaceutical residues remains limited, with only seven out of Malaysia's 14 states investigated. This lack of comprehensive data underscores the urgent need for nationwide monitoring programmes and the integration of pharmaceutical pollution within national water quality standards. Given the environmental and public health implications, addressing this emerging pollutant issue necessitates a multifaceted approach to mitigate human exposure, safeguard water quality and ensure the sustainable management of water resources. (c) 2025 The Authors. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Emerging pollutants pharmaceuticals Surface water Wastewater Water resources management

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Evaluation of the performance of microalgae and constructed wetlands for the reduction of toxicity organic load and pharmaceuticals from wastewaters

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JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2025年第1期13卷

作者： de Oliveira, Fabio Rodrigo Lutterbeck, Carlos Alexandre Schneider, Rosana de Cassia de Souza Rodriguez, Adriane Lawisch Baggiotto, Carine Kersting, Mauricio Rieger, Alexandre Nunes, Tuanne Carvalho Lemos-Iepsen, Guilherme Frantz, Joao Vitor Lobo, Eduardo Alcayaga Zanella, Renato de Oliveira, Julia Antunes Machado, Enio Leandro INCT SbN Univ Santa Cruz Do Sul Environm Technol Postgrad Program Santa Cruz Do Sul RS Brazil Univ Santa Cruz Do Sul Dept Life Sci UNISC Santa Cruz Do Sul Brazil Univ Santa Cruz Do Sul Dept Sci Humanities & Educ UNISC Santa Cruz Do Sul Brazil Fed Univ Santa Maria UFSM Pesticide Residue Anal Lab LARP Santa Maria RS Brazil

The present study aimed to evaluate the performance of a novel integrated system composed of microalgae and constructed wetlands (CW). The microalgae production tank was designed as a raceway type, and microalgae of the genus Chlorella were inoculated, while the CW was established as the first stage of the French model and vegetated with the macrophytes Chrysopogon zizanioides, Typha domingensis, and Dracaena trifaciata. The hydraulic retention time in each unit was 7 days, totaling 14 days of treatment. Good reductions in dissolved organic carbon (67.2 %) and Total N (68.6 %) were achieved after the treatment. The treatment also completely eliminated acute ecotoxicity against Daphnia magna and genotoxicity in the Allium cepa test assay. Liquid chromatographic analysis revealed the presence of 9 pharmaceuticals in the raw wastewaters, whereas only residual dipyrone was detected after the CW unit. Thus, the novel system investigated in our study, which combines microalgae and CW using 3 different species of macrophytes, proved to be a promising alternative for treating urban wastewaters, as it effectively reduced organic load, nutrient content, toxicity, and removed emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals. Future recommendations include investigating the primary removal mechanisms of the pharmaceuticals and enhancing the separation process of the microalgae.

关键词： Constructed wetlands Microalgae Organic load pharmaceuticals Toxicity

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Revealing the potential of nano spray drying for effective delivery of pharmaceuticals and biologicals

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DRYING TECHNOLOGY 2025年第1-2期43卷 90-113页

作者： Jadhav, Krishna Kole, Eknath Abhang, Ashwin Rojekar, Satish Sugandhi, Vrashabh Verma, Rahul Kumar Mujumdar, Arun Naik, Jitendra Inst Nano Sci & Technol Pharmaceut Nanotechnol Lab Mohali Punjab India Univ Inst Chem Technol KBC North Maharashtra Univ Dept Pharmaceut Technol Jalgaon Maharashtra India Univ Connecticut Sch Pharm Dept Pharmaceut Sci Storrs CT USA Icahn Sch Med Mt Sinai Dept Pharmacol Sci New York NY USA St Johns Univ Coll Pharm & Hlth Sci Queens NY USA McGill Univ Macdonald Coll Dept Bioresource Engn Quebec City PQ Canada

The emergence of nano spray drying has revolutionized conventional spray drying by offering a simple and streamlined approach to obtaining ultrafine powders in the submicron and nanoscale range. Unlike traditional approaches, this innovative technology enables the direct conversion of solutions into dried nanoparticles, with high yields of up to 90%. The resulting particles exhibit a narrow size distribution, ranging from 300 nm to 5 mu m, rendering them highly suitable for diverse drug delivery applications. Using characteristic features such as its piezoelectric atomizing technology and electrostatic particle collector, it encompasses the size spectrum of discrete particles down to the nano-scale with minimal product loss. The resultant nano spray dried powders can be administered via various routes, including oral, topical, ocular, nasal, and inhalation, offering improved drug delivery and enhanced therapeutic efficacy. This review explores the potential and applications of nano spray drying in pharmaceutical formulations, Highlighting its transformative impact on healthcare and its role in improving patient outcomes. However, several challenges need to be overcome before nano spray drying technology can be applied widely in the industry.

关键词： Nanoparticles nano spray dryer pharmaceuticals powders particle engineering drug encapsulation

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Photocatalysis of pharmaceuticals and organic dyes in the presence of silver-doped TiO2 photocatalyst-A critical review

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2025年第2期105卷 276-300页

作者： Din, Muhammad Imran Khalid, Rida Univ Punjab Sch Chem Lahore Pakistan

Water pollution, which is produced especially by pharmaceutical waste and organic dyes that are discharged into waterbodies without being properly treated, is now becoming a greater hazard to aquatic species and ecosystems. Various approaches have previously been used to degrade organic dyes and pharmaceutical waste. Advanced oxidation method, notably titanium dioxide doped with semiconductors like silver, has significant advantages over conventional systems. The photocatalytic reaction mechanism is briefly explored. The effectiveness of silver-doped titanium dioxide for the demineralisation of medicines as well as for different types of dyes has been reviewed along with various factors affecting photocatalytic reactions.

关键词： Photocatalysis pharmaceuticals azo dyes semiconductors doping

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Bioremediation of pharmaceuticals waste and pesticides using various microorganisms: A review

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PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 2025年 194卷 1116-1132页

作者： Bhaskaralingam, Aishwarya Sharma, Gaurav Wang, Tongtong Kumar, Amit Dhiman, Pooja Kumar, Dinesh Shi, Hui Shoolini Univ Biotechnol & Management Sci Int Res Ctr Nanotechnol Himalayan Sustainabil IRCN Solan 173229 India Xian Univ Architecture & Technol Inst Interdisciplinary & Innovate Res Xian 710055 Peoples R China Shoolini Univ Biotechnol & Management Sci Sch Bioengn & Food Technol Solan 173229 India

The persistent contamination of ecosystems with pharmaceutical and pesticide pollutants poses a critical environmental challenge to both natural and synthetic ecosystems. These contaminants, often resistant to natural degradation, include a wide range of chemical compounds that persist in trace quantities, disrupting ecological health and posing risks to public health. Among these are unmonitored contaminants, such as antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs), antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs), and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) from pharmaceutical and pesticide residues, commonly found in water and sediment. Emphasizing microbial mechanisms and bioremediation methods, this study explores recent advances in microbial detoxification of pharmaceutical and pesticide residues, highlighting microbial enzymes that effectively break down toxic compounds. Bioremediation, which harnesses microbial processes to degrade, transform, and reduce pollutants, has emerged as a promising solution. Key areas include evaluating bioremediation strategies, identifying research gaps, and proposing future directions for optimized microbial applications. Through a comprehensive analysis of microbial efficacy, challenges, and potential for scaling, this review provides a framework for implementing efficient, environmentally safe bioremediation processes essential for long-term ecological stability. The insights offered aim to enhance practical applications, supporting a strategic shift toward novel green remediation technologies.

关键词： pharmaceuticals Pesticides Bioremediation Microorganisms Microbial enzymes

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Pilot-scale adsorption of pharmaceuticals from municipal wastewater effluent using low-cost magnetite-pine bark: Regeneration/enumeration of viable bacteria with a study on their biotoxicity

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ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2025年 268卷 120774页

作者： Mohammadzadeh, Mahdiyeh Bello, Adedayo Lassen, Simon Bo Brandt, Kristian Koefoed Risteela, Sofia Leiviska, Tiina Univ Oulu Chem Proc Engn POB 4300 FIN-90014 Oulu Finland Univ Copenhagen Dept Plant & Environm Sci Thorvaldsensvej 40 DK-1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark Oulu Waterworks POB 35 FI-90015 Oulu Finland

A low-cost and renewable magnetite-pine bark (MPB) sorbent was evaluated in continuous-flow systems for the removal of various pharmaceuticals from municipal wastewater effluent following membrane bioreactor (MBR) treatment. A 33-day small-scale column test (bed volume: 791 cm3) was conducted using duplicate columns of biochar (BC, Novocarbo) and activated carbon (AC, ColorSorb) as reference for two columns of BC and MPB in order to compare the efficiency of AC and MPB. After the small-scale column test, the pharmaceutical concentrations were generally below the detection limit. In the next stage, a four-month pilot-scale adsorption test was performed using a large column (bed volume: 21 L) filled with BC and MPB. A variety of compounds were removed after the pilot-scale column, including trimethoprim (99.7%), hydrochlorothiazide (81.8%), candesartan (26.0%), carbamazepine (86.1%), ketoprofen (89.4%), clindamycin (86.6%), oxazepam (91.3%), sulfadiazine (38.6%), sulfamethoxazole (58.3%), tramadol (88.9%), zopiclone (73.5%), venlafaxine (93.7%), furosemide (93.5%), fexofenadine (91.6%) and losartan (81.2%). The enumeration of viable bacteria in the pilotscale column samples revealed that regenerating the BC-MPB bed with NaOH increased bacterial counts in the treated water due to the desorption of adsorbed bacteria from the bed. A biotoxicity study using the Nitrosomonas europaea bioreporter strain indicated that the wastewater was generally non-toxic to this nitrifying bacterium and regeneration of pilot-scale column samples caused short-time toxicity immediately after regeneration. The study confirms that MPB is efficient for the adsorption of pharmaceuticals and can be applied in column mode with a support material such as BC. Therefore, MPB is a viable alternative for AC for the remediation of pharmaceutical-contaminated wastewaters.

关键词： Adsorption Fixed bed column Biosorbent pharmaceuticals Wastewater treatment Biotoxicity

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The determination of wide-range pharmaceuticals class in Erzurum biological wastewater treatment plant using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry: occurrence, treatment efficiency, and environmental risk assessment

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ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2025年第3期44卷 822-834页

作者： Eren, Zeynep Ataturk Univ Engn Fac Environm Engn Dept Erzurum Turkiye

pharmaceuticals as an important group of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) are unintentionally discharged into the aquatic environment due to lack of advanced treatment of classical wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Therefore, the detection and monitoring studies of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in an aquatic environment are getting more important as well as the definition of their ecological risks to the aquatic ecosystem. To conduct these studies successfully, it is necessary to develop sensitive, robust, selective, and reliable methods to be able to analyze PPCPs. This study was carried out in the biological WWTP (BWWTP) of Erzurum City, T & uuml;rkiye, to investigate the treatment efficiency of pharmaceuticals in the plant and to assess the ecological risks for the Karasu River where treated wastewater is discharged into it. For this purpose, a wide range of pharmaceutical classes in influent wastewater (IWW) and effluent wastewater samples taken from Erzurum BBWWTP, T & uuml;rkiye was simultaneously identified and quantified with liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry following liquid phase extraction for sample preparation. A total of 55 active pharmaceutical groups in 25 general drug groups (29 subgroups) were detected, with the highest average ratios being 82.459%, 7.306%, 4.949%, and 2.145% for analgesic-anti-inflammatory, antiepileptic, diabetic, and antipyretic pharmaceuticals groups, respectively, in IWW. Although flurbiprofen from the analgesic-anti-inflammatory pharmaceuticals group was treated with the average efficiency of 66.13% during the 12-month treatment period, it had a high risk quotient due to the very high initial concentration in WWT in the range of 809.01-22,901.10 mu g/L.

关键词： wastewater pharmaceuticals removal efficiency liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry risk assessment

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Exploring degradation mechanisms of pharmaceuticals using Sulfidized nano zerovalent Iron: Formation of trimers and tetramers☆

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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL 2025年 510卷

作者： Mubashir, P. V. Muhammed Rayaroth, Manoj P. Aravind, Usha K. Aravindakumar, Charuvila T. Mahatma Gandhi Univ Inter Univ Instrumentat Ctr Kottayam 686560 Kerala India GITAM Deemed Univ GITAM Sch Sci Dept Chem Visakhapatnam India Cochin Univ Sci & Technol Sch Environm Studies Kochi 682022 Kerala India Mahatma Gandhi Univ Sch Environm Sci Kottayam 686560 India

Sulfidated Nano Zerovalent Iron (S-nZVI) acts as an emerging activator of persulphate (PS) in sulfate radical- based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs). In the present study, the effectiveness of S-nZVI/PS on the degradation of different pharmaceuticals famotidine (FM), paracetamol (PML), Isoniazid (ISN), and labetalol (LBL) was investigated. All the pharmaceuticals (10 ppm) were degraded effectively under the selected experimental condition of 0.2 g/L S-nZVI and 0.5 mM PS and the efficiency remained the same over six continuous cycles. The scavenging studies using ethanol, methanol, and tertiary butanol confirmed the evolution of reactive species, center dot OH and SO4 center dot-. The role of Fe (IV) was identified using methyl phenyl sulfoxide as the scavenger. The scavenging studies showed that the major species involved in LBL and PML degradation were identified as SO4 center dot-. On the other hand, SO4 center dot- and Fe (IV) were involved in the degradation of FM and ISN. The degradation efficiency was also studied in co-existing ionic matrices and real contaminated water. The ionic components initiated a competition reaction for the reactive species and reduced the degradation efficiency. Several intermediate products for each pharmaceutical were identified with the help of LC-Q-ToF-MS analysis, and a degradation mechanism was proposed. The products include dimers, trimers, and tetramers. The toxicity of intermediate products was analyzed using ECOSAR 2.2 software. This study concluded that the use of S-nZVI/PS is a potential treatment method, especially for pharmaceutical wastes.

关键词： Water pollution pharmaceuticals Advanced oxidation processes Persulfate Zerovalent iron Intermediate products

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