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Decoding microRNA arm switching: a key to evolutionary innovation and gene regulation

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 2025年第1期82卷 1-23页

作者： Pinhal, Danillo Gonçalves, Leandro de B. Campos, Vinícius F. Patton, James G. Genomics and Molecular Evolution Laboratory Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences Institute of Biosciences DCQB IBB UNESP SP Botucatu CEP 18618-689 Brazil Structural Genomics Laboratory Graduate Program in Biotechnology Technological Development Center Federal University of Pelotas RS Pelotas Brazil Department of Biological Sciences Vanderbilt University Nashville 37232 TN United States

miRNA arm switching is a pivotal regulatory mechanism that allows organisms to fine-tune gene expression by selectively utilizing either the 5p or 3p strand of a miRNA duplex. This process, conserved across species, facilitates adaptive responses to developmental cues, environmental changes, and disease states. By dynamically altering strand selection, arm switching reshapes gene regulatory networks, contributing to phenotypic diversity and evolutionary innovation. Despite its growing recognition, the mechanisms driving arm switching—such as thermodynamic properties and enzyme-mediated processing—remain incompletely understood. This review synthesizes current findings, highlighting arm switching as a highly conserved mechanism with profound implications for the evolution of regulatory networks. We explore how this phenomenon expands miRNA functionality, drives phenotypic plasticity, and co-evolves with miRNA gene duplications to fuel the diversification of biological functions across taxa. © The Author(s) 2025.

关键词： Evolution of gene regulatory networks miRNA strand selection mechanisms phenotypic plasticity in development Post-transcriptional gene regulation

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