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Template-Guided Nondeterministic Assembly of Organosilica Nanodots for Multifunctional physical unclonable functions

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ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2025年第2期17卷 4124-4136页

作者： Liu, Ying Zhang, Manman Wang, Chiyu Meng, Xianrui Fang, Xiaomin Zhang, Wenkai Ding, Tao Liu, Dun Lee, Gil Ju Chen, Xudong Henan Univ Coll Chem & Mol Sci Henan Key Lab Polyoxometalate Chem Kaifeng 475004 Peoples R China Chem & Chem Engn Guangdong Lab Jieyang Branch Jieyang 515200 Peoples R China Hubei Univ Technol Sch Mech Engn Laser Grp Wuhan 430068 Peoples R China Pusan Natl Univ Sch Elect & Elect Engn Busan 46241 South Korea

Optical physical unclonable functions (PUFs) are gaining attention as a robust security solution for identification in the expanding Internet of Things (IoT). To enhance the security and functionality of PUFs, integrating multiple optical responses-such as fluorescence and structural color-into a single system is essential. These diverse optical properties enable multilevel authentication, where different layers of security can be verified under varying light conditions, greatly reducing the risk of counterfeiting. However, compactly integrating these photonic components poses significant challenges due to the difficulty of aligning and combining their optical behaviors within a limited space. In this study, we address these challenges by employing a template-guided assembly of organosilica nanodots (OSiNDs), which allows for the simultaneous control of solid-state fluorescence, rainbow holography, and PUF patterns. By precisely tuning the dewetting process, the OSiNDs assemble into nanoisland structures that provide enhanced fluorescence brightness and thermal stability while maintaining distinct holographic properties. Our system produces a 4096-bit key with 3228 bits of entropy, a storage density of 1 Gbit/in2, and a low false positive rate of 10-6. Additionally, it includes multilevel anticounterfeiting features that reveal distinct color patterns under different illumination angles, further boosting security. Comprehensive environmental stability and durability tests, including humidity, thermal, and mechanical abrasion resistance, confirm the robustness of the system, ensuring its functionality under real-world conditions. This multifunctional PUF design establishes a standard for secure, compact optical systems, combining high-performance authentication with practical applications in anticounterfeiting.

关键词： physical unclonable functions organosilica nanodots nanoisland array templatedassembly informationhiding environmental stability

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Learnability of Optical physical unclonable functions Through the Lens of Learning With Errors

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION FORENSICS AND SECURITY 2025年 20卷 886-897页

作者： Albright, Apollo Gelfand, Boris Dixon, Michael Alamos Natl Lab Phys Condensed Matter & Complex Syst Grp Los Alamos NM 87545 USA Boston Univ Dept Phys Boston MA 02215 USA Los Alamos Natl Lab Los Alamos NM USA Los Alamos Natl Labs Adv Res Cyber Syst Grp Los Alamos NM USA

We show that a class of optical physical unclonable functions (PUFs) can be efficiently PAC-learned to arbitrary precision with arbitrarily high probability, even in the presence of intentionally injected noise, given access to polynomially many challenge-response pairs, under mild and practical assumptions about the distributions of the noise and challenge vectors. We motivate our analysis by identifying similarities between the integrated version of Pappu's original optical PUF design and the post-quantum Learning with Errors (LWE) cryptosystem. We derive polynomial bounds for the required number of samples and the computational complexity of a linear regression algorithm, based on size parameters of the PUF, the distributions of the challenge and noise vectors, and the desired accuracy and probability of success of the regression algorithm. We use a similar analysis to that done by Bootle et al. ["LWE without modular reduction and improved side-channel attacks against BLISS," in Advances in Cryptology - ASIACRYPT 2018], who demonstrated a learning attack on poorly implemented versions of LWE cryptosystems. This extends the results of R & uuml;hrmair et al. ["Optical PUFs reloaded," Cryptology ePrint Archive, 2013], who presented a theoretical framework showing that a subset of this class of PUFs is learnable in polynomial time in the absence of injected noise, under the assumption that the optics of the PUF were either linear or had negligible nonlinear effects. (R & uuml;hrmair et al. also included an experimental validation of this technique, which of course included measurement uncertainty, demonstrating robustness to the presence of natural noise.) We recommend that the design of strong PUFs should be treated as a cryptographic engineering problem in physics, as PUF designs would benefit greatly from basing their physics and security on standard cryptographic assumptions. Finally, we identify future research directions, including suggestions for how to modify

关键词： Adaptive optics Optical scattering Nonlinear optics Optical imaging physical unclonable function Integrated optics Vectors Noise Polynomials Optical variables measurement physical unclonable functions optical physics PAC learning modeling attacks on PUFs LWE cryptography

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Femtosecond Laser-Induced Recrystallized Nanotexturing for Identity Document Security With physical unclonable functions

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ADVANCED SCIENCE 2025年第1期12卷 e2411449页

作者： Niu, Panpan Geng, Jiao Jiang, Qilin Wang, Yangyundou Sang, Jianxin Wang, Zhenghong Shi, Liping Xidian Univ Hangzhou Inst Technol Hangzhou 311231 Peoples R China Xidian Univ Sch Optoelect Engn Xian 710126 Peoples R China Shanghai Guanzhong Opt Technol Co Ltd Shanghai 201900 Peoples R China

Counterfeit identity (ID) documents pose a serious threat to personal credit and national security. As a promising candidate, optical physical unclonable functions (PUFs) offer a robust defense mechanism against counterfeits. Despite the innovations in chemically synthesized PUFs, challenges persist, including harmful chemical treatments, low yields, and incompatibility of reaction conditions with the ID document materials. More notably, surface relief nanostructures for PUFs, such as wrinkles, are still at risk of being replicated through scanning lithography or nanoimprint. Here, a femtosecond laser-induced recrystallized silicon nanotexture is reported as latent PUF nanofingerprint for document anti-counterfeiting. With femtosecond laser irradiation, nanotextures spontaneously emerge within 100 ms of exposure. By introducing a low-absorption metal layer, surface plasmon polariton waves are excited on the silicon-metal multilayer nanofilms with long-range boosting, ensuring the uniqueness and non-replicability of the final nanotextures. Furthermore, the femtosecond laser induces a phase transition in the latent nanotexture from amorphous to polycrystalline state, rather than creating replicable relief wrinkles. The random nanotextures are easily identifiable through optical microscopy and Raman imaging, yet they remain undetectable by surface characterization methods such as scanning electron and atomic force microscopies. This property significantly hinders counterfeiting efforts, as it prevents the precise replication of these nanostructures.

关键词： anti-counterfeiting femtosecond laser nanotexture physical unclonable functions silicon

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Roulette-Inspired physical unclonable functions: Stochastic yet Deterministic Multi-Bit Patterning through the Solutal Marangoni Effect

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ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2025年

作者： Cho, Yeongin Pyeon, Jeongsu Jang, Hanhwi Mun, Gwangsik Kang, Jaimin Park, Byong-Guk Kim, Geon Yeong Kim, Hyoungsoo Jung, Yeon Sik Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol KAIST Dept Mat Sci & Engn Daejeon 34141 South Korea Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol KAIST Dept Mech Engn Daejeon 34141 South Korea

physical unclonable functions (PUFs) have emerged as a hardware-based alternative to traditional cryptographic methods, which can be vulnerable to various types of threats, including physical tampering. PUFs exploit the unique and irreproducible variations in physical hardware to generate secure and distinctive identifiers, thereby offering a layer of security. However, the inherently random nature of PUF-generate data often sacrifices reliability and accuracy. To address this dilemma, this study introduces geometric multi-bit patterning based on dynamic wetting and dewetting phenomena. This method imbues PUF labels with both stochastic and deterministic properties. This novel strategy harnesses the high degree of randomness introduced by the solutal-Marangoni effect while achieving deterministic multinary quantized patterns through the polygonal confinement of binary-mixture liquid droplets, effectively resolving the reliability issues of traditional PUFs. The controlled dewetting mechanism is elucidated using micro-particle image velocimetry (mu -PIV), which pinpointed the precise moment of symmetry breaking within the internal flows of a binary solvent mixture. This approach allows for the facile creation of highly random PUF labels arranged in periodic pixel arrays, facilitating convenient, accurate, and fast authentication. Moreover, these labels are reconfigurable, transferable to various surfaces, and can be dyed with fluorescent molecules for versatile and robust, higher-level security applications.

关键词： anticounterfeiting dewetting physical unclonable functions solutal-Marangoni flow transfer printing

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physical unclonable functions Based on Photothermal Effect of Gold Nanoparticles

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ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024年第14期16卷 17954-17964页

作者： Wang, Zhiyuan Wang, Hu Li, Fenghua Gao, Xinyu Shao, Yuchuan Chinese Acad Sci Shanghai Inst Opt & Fine Mech Lab Thin Film Opt Shanghai 201800 Peoples R China Univ Chinese Acad Sci Ctr Mat Sci & Optoelect Engn Beijing 100049 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Shanghai Inst Opt & Fine Mech Key Lab Mat High Power Laser Shanghai 201800 Peoples R China Univ Chinese Acad Sci Hangzhou Inst Adv Study Hangzhou 310024 Peoples R China

physical unclonable functions (PUFs) based on uncontrollable fabrication randomness are promising candidates for anticounterfeiting applications. Currently, the most popular optical PUFs are generally constructed from the scattering, fluorescent, or Raman phenomenon of nanomaterials. To further improve the security level of optical PUFs, advanced functions transparent to the above optical phenomenon have always been perused by researchers. Herein, we propose a new type of PUF based on the photothermal effect of gold nanoparticles, which shows negligible scattering, fluorescent, or Raman responses. The gold nanoparticles are randomly dispersed onto the surface of fused silica, which can enhance the photothermal effect and facilitate high contrast responses. By tuning the areal density of the gold nanoparticles, the optimized encoding capacity (2(319)) and the total authentication error probability (3.6428 x 10(-24)) are achieved from our PUF due to excellent bit uniformity (0.519) and inter Hamming distances (0.503). Moreover, the intra-Hamming distance (0.044) indicates the desired reliability. This advanced PUF with invisible features and high contrast responses provides a promising opportunity to implement authentication and identification with high security.

关键词： anticounterfeiting physical unclonable functions photothermal effect debasing encoding capacity

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physical unclonable functions: A Primer

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IEEE SECURITY & PRIVACY 2014年第6期12卷 97-101页

作者： Bauer, Todd Hamlet, Jason Sandia Natl Labs Livermore CA 94550 USA

physical unclonable functions (PUFs) make use of the measurable intrinsic randomness of physical systems to establish signatures for those systems. PUFs provide a means to generate unique keys that don"t need to be stored in nonvolatile memory, and they offer exciting opportunities for new authentication and supply chain security technologies.

关键词： cryptography integrated circuit design integrated circuit measurement PUF authentication security technologies measurable intrinsic randomness physical systems physical unclonable functions supply chain security technologies unique keys Cloning Computer security Counterfeiting Integrated circuits Software design PUF anti-counterfeiting protection integrated circuits physical unclonable functions security

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physical unclonable functions Based on Transient Form of Memristors for Emergency Defenses

IEEE ELECTRON DEVICE LETTERS

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IEEE ELECTRON DEVICE LETTERS 2022年第3期43卷 378-381页

作者： Sun, Jing Wang, Zhan Wang, Saisai Yang, Mei Gao, Haixia Wang, Hong Ma, Xiaohua Hao, Yue Xidian Univ Sch Adv Mat & Nanotechnol Xian 710126 Peoples R China Xidian Univ Key Lab Wide Band Gap Semicond Technol Xian 710071 Peoples R China Xidian Univ Guangzhou Inst Technol Guangzhou 510555 Peoples R China Xian Univ Posts & Telecommun Sch Elect Engn Xian 710061 Peoples R China Xidian Univ Sch Microelect Key Lab Wide Band Gap Semicond Technol Xian 710071 Peoples R China

In this letter, transient form of diffusive memristors with cross-point structure of W/Ag/MgO/Ag/W for physical unclonable functions (PUF) were proposed for the first time. The stochastic dispersion of Ag in MgO switching layer made the randomness maximized, which achieved an inter-chip Hamming distance of 49.1%. Importantly, triggered failure of the transient PUF devices was activated in deionized water at room temperature after 3 min immersion. Additionally, the transient PUF devices were transferred onto flexible polyimide substrate by water-assisted transfer printing method without any bits flipped, which achieved physical disappearance in deionized water finally. This transient form of memristor provides powerful insights into next-generation PUF design and hardware security for emergency defenses.

关键词： physical unclonable function Memristors Transient analysis Switches Security Substrates Sputtering Transient electronics physical unclonable functions memristors emergency defenses

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physical unclonable functions with Improved Robustness Based on Polar Codes

Physical Unclonable Functions with Improved Robustness Based...

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IEEE International Workshop on Signal Processing Systems (SiPS)

作者： Bai, Yonghong Yan, Zhiyuan Lehigh Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Bethlehem PA 18015 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781538604465

Since physical unclonable functions (PUFs) are considered for various security applications such as authentication and key generation, the robustness of PUFs is vital. In prior works, various error correction codes, such as Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) codes, were used to improve the robustness of PUFs. In this paper, we use polar codes, a new family of error correction codes, to improve the robustness of PUFs. Our results show that when compared with BCH codes, although polar codes have smaller minimum Hamming distances, they are more resistant to severe environmental effects.

关键词： physical unclonable functions polar codes BCH codes

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physical unclonable functions based Hardware Obfuscation Techniques: A State of the Art 16

Physical Unclonable Functions based Hardware Obfuscation Tec...

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16th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI)

作者： Kareem, Husam Dunaev, Dmitriy Budapest Univ Technol & Econ Dept Automat & Appl Informat Budapest Hungary

ISBN: (纸本)9789895465910

A clear majority of electronic devices applications used in our daily life require a reliable, secure architecture, e.g., healthcare, social security cards, electronic meters, and smart homes. As a result, many studies are trying to develop appropriate solutions to tackle hardware security threats such as IC piracy, IC overbuilding, reverse engineering, counterfeiting, and tampering. Hardware obfuscation has been introduced as one of the leading robust, low-cost security solutions against different security threats, especially when combined with physical unclonable functions. Considering the inherent irreproducibility of PUFs, this method can provide a high-level security system. However, finding an applicable existent PUF or implementing a new PUF design that meets each hardware obfuscation requirements is not a trivial task. This study reviews and discusses hardware security systems based on PUFs inherited variations and the corresponding hardware obfuscation approaches.

关键词： physical unclonable functions obfuscation hardware obfuscation hardware security IC piracy IP piracy

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physical unclonable functions-based Linear Encryption against Code Reuse Attacks 16

Physical Unclonable Functions-based Linear Encryption agains...

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53rd ACM/EDAC/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC)

作者： Qiu, Pengfei Lyu, Yongqiang Zhang, Jiliang Wang, Xingwei Zhai, Di Wang, Dongsheng Qu, Gang Tsinghua Univ Res Inst Informat Technol & TNList Beijing Peoples R China Northeastern Univ Software Coll Dept Informat Secur Shenyang Peoples R China Univ Maryland Elect & Comp Engn Dept College Pk MD 20742 USA Univ Maryland Syst Res Inst College Pk MD 20742 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450342360

Recently, code reuse attacks (CRAs) have emerged as a new class of ingenious security threatens. Attackers can utilize CRAs to hijack the control flow of programs to perform malicious actions without injecting any codes. Existing defenses against CRAs often incur high memory and performance overheads or require extending the existing processors' instruction set architectures (ISAs). To tackle these issues, we propose a hardware-based control flow integrity (CFI) that employs physical unclonable functions (PUF)-based linear encryption architecture (LEA) to protect against CRAs with negligible hardware extending and run time overheads. The proposed method can protect ret and indirect jmp instructions from return oriented programming (ROP) and jump oriented programming (JOP) without any additional software manipulations and extending ISAs. The pre-process will be conducted on codes once the executable binary is loaded into memory, and the real-time control flow verification based on LEA can be done while ret and jmp instructions are executed. Performance evaluations on benchmarks show that the proposed method only introduces 0.61% run-time overhead and 0.63% memory overhead on average.

关键词： Code reuse attack physical unclonable functions return oriented programming jump oriented programming

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