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X-ray characterization of a multichannel smart-pixel array detector

JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2016年第1期23卷 196-205页

作者： Ross, Steve Haji-Sheikh, Michael Huntington, Andrew Kline, David Lee, Adam Li, Yuelin Rhee, Jehyuk Tarpley, Mary Walko, Donald A. Westberg, Gregg Williams, George Zou, Haifeng Landahl, Eric No Illinois Univ Dept Elect Engn De Kalb IL 60115 USA Voxtel Inc Beaverton OR 97006 USA Argonne Natl Lab Adv Photon Source Argonne IL 60439 USA De Paul Univ Dept Phys Chicago IL 60614 USA

The Voxtel VX-798 is a prototype X-ray pixel array detector (PAD) featuring a silicon sensor photodiode array of 48 x 48 pixels, each 130 mu m x 130 mu m x 520 mu m thick, coupled to a CMOS readout application specific integrated circuit (ASIC). The first synchrotron X-ray characterization of this detector is presented, and its ability to selectively count individual X-rays within two independent arrival time windows, a programmable energy range, and localized to a single pixel is demonstrated. During our first trial run at Argonne National Laboratory's Advance Photon Source, the detector achieved a 60 ns gating time and 700 eV full width at half-maximum energy resolution in agreement with design parameters. Each pixel of the PAD holds two independent digital counters, and the discriminator for X-ray energy features both an upper and lower threshold to window the energy of interest discarding unwanted background. This smart-pixel technology allows energy and time resolution to be set and optimized in software. It is found that the detector linearity follows an isolated dead-time model, implying that megahertz count rates should be possible in each pixel. Measurement of the line and point spread functions showed negligible spatial blurring. When combined with the timing structure of the synchrotron storage ring, it is demonstrated that the area detector can perform both picosecond time-resolved X-ray diffraction and fluorescence spectroscopy measurements.

关键词： X-ray detector pixel array detector CMOS ASIC

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X-ray characterization of a multichannel smart-pixel array detector

X-ray characterization of a multichannel smart-pixel array d...

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2nd Workshop on FEL Photon Diagnostics, Instrumentation and Beamlines Design (PhotonDiag)

关键词： X-ray detector pixel array detector CMOS ASIC

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Characterizing electron-collecting CdTe for use in a 77 ns burst-rate imager

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JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2024年第5期31卷 1217-1223页

作者： Franklin, Lena A. Brown, Nicholas J. Gruner, Sol M. Met-Hoxha, Elida Tate, Mark W. Thom-Levy, Julia Cornell Univ Dept Phys Ithaca NY 14853 USA Cornell Univ CHESS Ithaca NY USA

The Keck-PAD (pixel array detector) was developed at Cornell as a burst-rate imager capable of recording images from successive electron bunches (153 ns period) from the Advanced Photon Source (APS). Both Si and hole-collecting Schottky CdTe have been successfully bonded to this ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit) and used with this frame rate. The facility upgrades at the APS will lower the bunch period to 77 ns, which will require modifications to the Keck-PAD electronics to image properly at this reduced period. In addition, operation at high X-ray energies will require a different sensor material having a shorter charge collection time. For the target energy of 40 keV for this project, simulations have shown that electron-collecting CdTe should allow >90% charge collection within 35 ns. This collection time will be sufficient to sample the signal from one frame and prepare for the next. 750 mm-thick electron-collecting Schottky CdTe has been obtained from Acrorad and bonded to two different charge-integrating ASICs developed at Cornell, the Keck-PAD and the CU-APS-PAD. Carrier mobility has been investigated using the detector response to single X-ray bunches at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source and to a pulsed optical laser. The tests indicate that the collection time will meet the requirements for 77 ns imaging.

关键词： pixel array detector cadmium telluride X-ray detector high-Z sensor

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Practical considerations for high-speed X-ray pixel array detectors and X-ray sensing materials

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NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS detectorS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT 2019年 925卷 18-23页

作者： Philipp, H. T. Tate, M. W. Shanks, K. S. Purohit, P. Gruner, S. M. Cornell Univ Lab Atom & Solid State Phys Ithaca NY 14853 USA Cornell Univ CHESS Ithaca NY 14853 USA Cornell Univ Kavli Inst Cornell Nanoscale Sci Ithaca NY 14853 USA

Advances in synchrotron light sources are creating new opportunities for scientific discovery by producing intense, low-emittance pulses of X-ray illumination. detectors play a critical link in the experimental process because they are the tools of observation, charged with providing quantitative records of events that are the product of experiments. The capabilities of X-ray imaging detectors often limit the experimental possibilities, and dedicated development is needed to meet source capabilities. Currently, challenging demands on imaging detectors include hard X-ray imaging (e.g., > 25 keV), high-speed imaging (e.g. matching X-ray pulse rates), and high dynamic range imaging. pixel array detector (PAD) development efforts at Cornell aiming to meet these demands are described, including high atomic number (high-Z) sensor materials, single bunch imaging, high-speed continuous acquisition, and high dynamic range imaging. This paper discusses detector design considerations and development efforts at Cornell.

关键词： pixel array detector X-ray camera CMOS camera Silicon detector CdTe Germanium

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Low-noise, low-power, event-driven read-out of counting pixel array detectors 8

Low-noise, low-power, event-driven read-out of counting Pixe...

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8th IEEE International Workshop on Advances in Sensors and Interfaces (IWASI)

作者： Hromalik, Marianne Burkey, Kevin Burns, Tyler Lin, Brian Shanks, Katherine Purohit, Prafull Philipps, Hugh Tate, Mark Gruner, Sol SUNY Coll Oswego ECE Dept Oswego NY 13126 USA Cornell Univ LASSP Ithaca NY 14853 USA Cornell Univ Lab Atom & Solid State Phys Ithaca NY USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781728105567

This article describes a highly parallel event driven interface between a pixel array detector (PAD) and its processing electronics. The method used was originally developed for the Field Programmable Gate array (FPGA) Xray pixel array detector to allow for real-time processing of Xray image data on its processing FPGA. This interface potentially allows for entirely asynchronous data transfer off the detector at rates exceeding 110Gbps and operates without the need for a constantly running clock. It thus presents a potential a low-power, low-noise interface option for 10-bit data transfer from photon-counting detectors at frame rates greater than 1MHz with no input dead time. This interface has been successfully tested on 64 independent 16-pixel channels at a transfer frequency of 294MHz achieving maximum data transfer rates of 16.7 Gbps.

关键词： event-driven FPGA pixel array detector asynchronous interface

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Evaluation of the UFXC32k photon-counting detector for pump-probe experiments using synchrotron radiation

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JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2018年第2期25卷 413-418页

作者： Koziol, Anna Bordessoule, Michel Ciavardini, Alessandra Dawiec, Arkadiusz Da Silva, Paulo Desjardins, Kewin Grybos, Pawel Kanoute, Brahim Laulhe, Claire Maj, Piotr Menneglier, Claude Mercere, Pascal Orsini, Fabienne Szczygiel, Robert AGH Univ Sci & Technol Dept Measurement & Elect Av A Mickiewicza 30 PL-30059 Krakow Poland Synchrotron SOLEIL BP 48 Gif Sur Yvette France

This paper presents the performance of a single-photon-counting hybrid pixel X-ray detector with synchrotron radiation. The camera was evaluated with respect to time-resolved experiments, namely pump-probe-probe experiments held at SOLEIL. The UFXC camera shows very good energy resolution of around 1.5 keV and allows the minimum threshold setting to be as low as 3 keV keeping the high-count-rate capabilities. Measurements of a synchrotron characteristic filling mode prove the proper separation of an isolated bunch of photons and the usability of the detector in time-resolved experiments.

关键词： pump-probe experiments UFXC32k single-photon counting pixel array detector high frame rate

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pixel array detector for X-ray free electron laser experiments

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NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS detectorS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT 2011年第1期649卷 67-69页

作者： Philipp, Hugh T. Hromalik, Marianne Tate, Mark Koerner, Lucas Gruner, Sol M. Cornell Univ Dept Phys Solid State Phys Lab Ithaca NY 14853 USA Cornell Univ Wilson Lab CHESS Ithaca NY 14853 USA SUNY Coll Oswego Oswego NY 13126 USA

X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) promise to revolutionize X-ray science with extremely high peak brilliances and femtosecond X-ray pulses. This will require novel detectors to fully realize the potential of these new sources. There are many current detector development projects aimed at the many challenges of meeting the XFEL requirements [1,2]. This paper describes a pixel array detector (PAD) that has been developed for the Coherent X-ray Imaging experiment at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) at the SLAC National Laboratory [3]. The detector features 14-bit in-pixel digitization;a 2-level in-pixel gain setting that can be used to make an arbitrary 2-D gain pattern that is adaptable to a particular experiment;the ability to handle instantaneous X-ray flux rates of 10(17) photons per second;and continuous frames rates in excess of 120 Hz. The detector uses direct detection of X-rays in a silicon diode. The charge produced by the diode is integrated in a pixilated application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) which digitizes collected holes with single X-ray photon capability. Each ASIC is 194 X 185 pixels, each pixel is 110 mu m x 110 mu m on a side. Each pixel can detect up to 2500 X-rays per frame in low-gain mode, yet easily detects single photons at high-gain. Cooled, single-chip detectors have been built and meet all the required specifications. SLAC National Laboratory is engaged in constructing a tiled, multi-chip 1516 x 1516 pixel detector. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： pixel array detector X-ray detector XFEL Silicon detector

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pixel array detector for X-ray free electron laser experiments

Pixel array detector for X-ray free electron laser experimen...

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16th Pan-American Conference on Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation (SRI2010)

关键词： pixel array detector X-ray detector XFEL Silicon detector

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In situ two-dimensional imaging quick-scanning XAFS with pixel array detector

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JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2011年第6期18卷 919-922页

作者： Tanida, Hajime Yamashige, Hisao Orikasa, Yuki Oishi, Masatsugu Takanashi, Yu Fujimoto, Takahiro Sato, Kenji Takamatsu, Daiko Murayama, Haruno Arai, Hajime Matsubara, Eiichiro Uchimoto, Yoshiharu Ogumi, Zempachi Kyoto Univ Kyoto 6068501 Japan

Quick-scanning X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements were performed in transmission mode using a PILATUS 100K pixel array detector (PAD). The method can display a two-dimensional image for a large area of the order of a centimetre with a spatial resolution of 0.2 mm at each energy point in the XAFS spectrum. The time resolution of the quick-scanning method ranged from 10 s to 1 min per spectrum depending on the energy range. The PAD has a wide dynamic range and low noise, so the obtained spectra have a good signal-to-noise ratio.

关键词： XAFS two-dimensional imaging in situ quick scanning pixel array detector

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Diamond device architectures for UV laser monitoring

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LASER PHYSICS 2016年第8期26卷

作者： Salvatori, S. Girolami, M. Oliva, P. Conte, G. Bolshakov, A. Ralchenko, V. Konov, V. Univ Niccolo Cusano Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3 I-00166 Rome Italy CNR ISM Via Salaria Km 29300 Montelibretti Italy MIFP Via Appia Nuova 31 I-00040 Rome Italy Univ Rome Tre Dept Sci Via Vasca Navale 84 I-00148 Rome Italy RAS AM Prokorhov Gen Phys Inst Vavilova 38 Moscow 119991 Russia Natl Res Nucl Univ MEPhI Kashirskoye Shosse 31 Moscow 115409 Russia

The paper reviews the status of diamond detectors for UV laser monitoring and imaging. Single pixel detectors, position sensitive architectures, optically activated switches and sensor arrays for beam positioning and imaging are analyzed. The performances of natural diamond and synthetic diamond produced by chemical vapor deposition are compared to evaluate the suitability of such an outstanding material for the described applications.

关键词： excimer lasers pixel array detector single pixel detector diamond

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