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Optical printed circuit boards with multimode polymer waveguides and pluggable connectors for high-speed optical interconnects

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OPTICS EXPRESS 2023年第17期31卷 27776-27786页

作者： Shi, Ying Liu, Xu Ma, Lin Immonen, Marika Zhu, Longxiu He, Zuyuan Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ State Key Lab Adv Opt Commun Syst & Networks Shanghai 200240 Peoples R China Technol Ctr TTM Technol 888 JiuFu West Rd Guangzhou 510555 Peoples R China TTM Technol 685 Lianyang Rd Shanghai 201613 Peoples R China

We demonstrate the development of optical printed circuit boards (OPCBs) containing multimode polymer waveguides and pluggable optical connectors. The basic optical characteristics of the PCB-embedded waveguides, waveguide connectors, and high-speed performance were comprehensively evaluated. The fabricated OPCB comprises eight electrical layers and one optical layer. waveguides are terminated at both ends with MT/MPO connectors. The optical channels comprising 10 cm-long waveguides embedded in OPCBs with two connectors show an average insertion loss of 6.42 dB. The resulting coupling loss is 0.77 dB per interface, which is very low and to our knowledge is among the lowest reported to date for waveguides embedded in rigid PCBs. 30 Gbps per channel NRZ data transmission was demonstrated with a measured waveguide bandwidth of 23 GHz x m, which gives a possible data traffic of 720 Gb/s for such 24-channel parallel optical link. Our efforts lay the foundation for the further development of OPCBs with higher performance.

关键词： Array waveguide devices Glass waveguides Planar waveguides polymer multimode waveguides polymer waveguides Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers

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Investigation on mode dispersion and lamination stability of multimode polymer waveguides for an optical backplane

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OPTICS EXPRESS 2022年第22期30卷 40505-40514页

作者： Xu, Xiao Immonen, Marika He, Zuyuan Liu, Xu Ma, Lin Shandong Univ Sch Informat Sci & Engn Qingdao 266237 Peoples R China Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ State Key Lab Adv Opt Commun Syst & Networks Shanghai 200240 Peoples R China TTM Technol Inc Commercial Technol Vantaa 01600 Finland

In this paper, two noteworthy issues of mode dispersion and lamination stability of multimode polymer waveguides for optical backplane are investigated. In the case of center launching by 50-mu m graded-index (GI) multimode fiber (MMF), mode dispersion of polymer waveguides with different widths is analyzed theoretically and measured in the view of bit error rate (BER) curves. Compared with the waveguide with the width of 40 mu m, 1-dB power penalty is observed by the 70 -mu m-width waveguide due to its larger mode dispersion. On the other hand, waveguide stability after laminating process with high temperature and pressure is measured experimentally. No significant changes in core shape and size are observed. The average insertion loss of 80 channels before and after lamination are 0.137 dB/cm and 0.192 dB/cm, respectively. Error-free transmission at 25 Gb/s is obtained by laminated waveguides. The results imply the feasibility and potential of multimode waveguides for optical backplane.(c) 2022 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement

关键词： Application specific integrated circuits multimode fibers polymer multimode waveguides polymer waveguides Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers Waveguide cores

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Spectral response of Bragg gratings in multimode polymer waveguides

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APPLIED OPTICS 2017年第34期56卷 9573-9582页

作者： Bhuvaneshwaran, Aditya Sherman, Stanislav Zappe, Hans Univ Freiburg Dept Microsyst Engn Gisela & Erwin Sick Chair Microopt Freiburg Germany

A means to calculate the multimodal spectral response of Bragg gratings in general non-circular multimode waveguides is proposed. To illustrate the power of the technique, the spectra of two Bragg temperature sensors are numerically calculated in which coupling between 100 modes is considered. It is shown how the Bragg wavelength in multimode Bragg grating waveguides is affected by the number of modes and energy distribution among them. Good matching of the simulated spectrum of a multimode Bragg grating on a planar inverted rib waveguide to the measured spectrum is seen. (C) 2017 Optical Society of America.

关键词： Fiber Bragg grating sensors Fiber Bragg gratings Planar waveguides polymer multimode waveguides Temperature sensors Waveguide gratings

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Bandwidth Enhancement in multimode polymer waveguides Using Waveguide Layout for Optical Printed Circuit Boards

Bandwidth Enhancement in Multimode Polymer Waveguides Using ...

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Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (OFC)

作者： Chen, Jian Bamiedakis, Nikos Vasil'ev, Peter Penty, Richard V. White, Ian H. Univ Cambridge Dept Engn Elect Engn Div 9 JJ Thomson Ave Cambridge CB3 0FA England

Dispersion studies demonstrate that waveguide layout can be used to enhance the bandwidth performance of multimode polymer waveguides for use in board-level optical interconnects, providing >40 GHzxm without the ne... 详细信息

ISBN: (纸本)9781943580071

关键词： Femtosecond fiber lasers Optical circuits Optical interconnects polymer multimode waveguides Printed circuit boards Waveguide cores

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GI-core multimode and Single-mode polymer waveguides for High-density Co-packaging

GI-core Multimode and Single-mode Polymer Waveguides for Hig...

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Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (OFC)

作者： Ishigure, Takaaki Keio Univ Fac Sci & Technol Tokyo Japan

We present unique polymer optical waveguide coupler devices fabricated using the Mosquito method to apply for adiabatic coupling with Si photonics chips, three-dimensional fan-in/fan-out devices for multicore fibers, ... 详细信息

ISBN: (纸本)9781557524669

关键词： Light sources Mode division multiplexing polymer multimode waveguides polymer waveguides Silicon photonics Space division multiplexing

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High-Bandwidth and Large Coupling Tolerance Graded-Index multimode polymer waveguides for On-Board High-Speed Optical Interconnects

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Journal of Lightwave Technology 2015年第12期34卷 2934-2940页

作者： Jian Chen Nikolaos Bamiedakis Peter P. Vasil’ev Tom J. Edwards Christian T. A. Brown Richard V. Penty Ian H. White Nikolaos Bamiedakis Peter P. Vasil’ev Tom J. Edwards Christian T. A. Brown Richard V. Penty Ian H. White 2934

Optical interconnects have attracted significant research interest for use in short-reach board-level optical communication links in supercomputers and data centers. multimode polymer waveguides in particular constitute an attractive technology for on-board optical interconnects, as they provide high bandwidth, offer relaxed alignment tolerances, and can be cost-effectively integrated onto standard printed circuit boards (PCBs). However, the continuing improvements in bandwidth performance of optical sources make it important to investigate approaches to develop high-bandwidth polymer waveguides. In this paper, we present dispersion studies on a graded-index (GI) waveguide in siloxane materials designed to deliver high bandwidth over a range of launch conditions. Bandwidth-length products of >70 and ∼65 GHz×m are observed using a 50/125 μm multimode fibre (MMF) launch for input offsets of ±10 μm without and with the use of a mode mixer (MM), respectively; and enhanced values of >100 GHz×m are found under a 10× microscope objective launch for input offsets of ∼18 × 20 μm 2 . The large range of offsets is within the –1 dB alignment tolerances. A theoretical model is developed using the measured refractive index profile of the waveguide, and general agreement is found with experimental bandwidth measurements. The reported results clearly demonstrate the potential of this technology for use in high-speed board-level optical links, and indicate that data transmission of 100 Gb/s over a multimode polymer waveguide is feasible with appropriate refractive index engineering.

关键词： multimode fibers Optical interconnects polymer multimode waveguides polymer waveguides Refractive index Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers

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High-speed performance evaluation of ultra-flexible polymer waveguides supporting meter-scale optical interconnects

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OPTICS EXPRESS 2022年第15期30卷 27236-27248页

作者： Shi, Ying Ma, Lin Kaneta, Motoya Xu, Bingxin Fan, Xinyu Zhuang, Yudi He, Zuyuan Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ State Key Lab Adv Opt Commun Syst & Networks Shanghai 200240 Peoples R China Peng Cheng Lab Shenzhen 518055 Peoples R China Sumitomo Bakelite Co Ltd Circuitry Opt Interconnect Business Dev 20-7 Kiyohara Kogyo Danchi Utsunomiya Tochigi Japan

We demonstrate bandwidth measurement and high-speed data transmission of meterscale connectorized ultra-flexible multimode waveguide links with a maximum length of 180 cm. The pulses propagating through the waveguides broadened linearly with the increase of the length from 20 cm to 240 cm and the estimated mode delay from the pulse broadening was 0.093 ps/cm. The corresponding waveguide bandwidth decreased inversely with the increase of waveguide length, leading to a bandwidth-length product of 42 GHz . m. Degradation in bandwidth due to the introduction of bending or twisting was small when the samples were bent with a bending radius as small as 1mm for 3 turns or twisted for 4 full turns, respectively. Error-free transmission of 30 Gb/s non-return-to-zero (NRZ) signal was achieved with a record link length up to 140 cm to the best of our knowledge. Our results show that the demonstrated flexible waveguides have both excellent optical and mechanical properties and are ideal for high-speed optical interconnects application especially those have a strict requirement on flexibility. (C) 2022 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement

关键词： Bend loss Optical interconnects polymer multimode waveguides polymer waveguides Printed circuit boards Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers

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Dispensed polymer waveguides and laser-fabricated couplers for optical interconnects on printed circuit boards

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APPLIED OPTICS 2007年第4期46卷 602-610页

作者： Leng, Yongzhang Yun, Victor Lucas, Lisa Herman, Warren N. Goldhar, Julius Univ Maryland Lab Phys Sci College Pk MD 20740 USA Univ Maryland Dept Elect & Comp Engn College Pk MD 20740 USA

Optical interconnects can provide chip-to-chip data communication with much needed bandwidth as processor speed and density keep growing. Optical waveguides and couplers are essential components for implementing optical interconnections. Techniques for directly dispensing polymer waveguides in laser-ablated trenches on printed circuit boards and for fabricating optical couplers are presented for quick prototype of optical interconnects. High-quality UV curable polymer waveguides were routinely fabricated. High-efficiency couplers, blazed grating couplers on sloped waveguides, sloped facet metal film couplers, and reflective-undercut facet couplers can be fabricated by using excimer laser ablation.

关键词： Coupling efficiency Electron beam lithography Optical components polymer multimode waveguides polymer waveguides Printed circuit boards

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Circular core single-mode 3-dimensional crossover polymer waveguides fabricated with the Mosquito method

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OPTICS EXPRESS 2019年第22期27卷 32465-32479页

作者： Rasel, Omar Faruk Ishigure, Takaaki Keio Univ Grad Sch Sci & Technol Kohoku Ku 3-14-1 Hiyoshi Yokohama Kanagawa 2238522 Japan Keio Univ Fac Sci & Technol Kohoku Ku 3-14-1 Hiyoshi Yokohama Kanagawa 2238522 Japan

We experimentally fabricate circular core 3-dimensional (3D) crossover single-mode polymer optical waveguides using a photomask free unique fabrication technique named the Mosquito method for realizing channel shuffling. The 3D crossover structure is accomplished by forming four cores (2 ch. x 2 ch.) with different heights: the last two channels cross over the first two channels with horizontal and vertical core bending. We compare the insertion losses between the fabricated 3D single-mode crossover waveguide and 3D S-bend core waveguides fabricated separately, which correspond to the lower and upper channels in the crossover waveguide. Then, we investigate the effect of the core crossover on the loss, and find that almost negligible additional loss is observed. The average insertion losses of this 6-cm long 3D crossover single-mode waveguide are 3.95 and 3.81 dB at 1310 nm, and 5.74 and 4.80 dB at 1550-nm wavelength, for the lower and upper channels, respectively. The interchannel crosstalk in this crossover waveguide is observed to be lower than -40 dB, while the 1 dB radial alignment tolerance is +/- 1.7 and +/- 2.1 mu m at 1310 and 1550 nm, respectively. These results suggest that the fabricated circular core single-mode 3D crossover polymer waveguides could have a great impact for high-bandwidth-density on-board and inter-chip optical interconnect applications. (C) 2019 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement

关键词： Channeled waveguides Fiber waveguides Light sources polymer multimode waveguides polymer waveguides Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers

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Encircled Flux-based optimized simple launch condition for standardization of multimode polymer optical waveguide evaluations

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OPTICS EXPRESS 2010年第23期18卷 23554-23561页

作者： Tan, Freddy Susanto Sugihara, Okihiro Kaino, Toshikuni Tohoku Univ Inst Multidisciplinary Res Adv Mat Aoba Ku Sendai Miyagi 9808577 Japan

multimode polymer optical waveguide evaluations by using a combination of multimode optical fibers (MMF) and Light Emitting Diode (LED) give very often inconsistent experimental result. It is due to the overfilled properties of the launch light created by this configuration. We propose an optimized simple launch configuration to overcome the problems by using similar configuration. The optimized launch configuration creates an optimal-filled launch light where its encircled flux (EF) profile satisfies the EF template provided by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). We have used the standard optical fibers and optical fiber adaptors to create the optimized simple launch configuration with high stability. Therefore, our proposed launch configuration is suitable for realizing a cost effective optimized launch configuration for standardization of multimode polymer optical waveguide evaluations. We demonstrated reliability of the proposed launch configuration by examining the reproducibility of the insertion loss (IL) measurements. We have used two waveguide samples that have different characteristics for this purpose. It was found that the insertion loss (IL) measurements of the two samples are consistent with the largest variation of less than 5%. This variation is better than the proposed value given by the IEC that is 10%. (C) 2010 Optical Society of America

关键词： Light properties Light sources Optical fibers Optical standards polymer multimode waveguides Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers

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