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Source apportionment of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/furans and polychlorinated biphenyls in soil from the Gyirong Valley in the Himalayas

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ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION 2025年 372卷 126066页

作者： Guo, Qingyu Wang, Mingxuan Yang, Yujue Liu, Guorui Yang, Qiuting Qin, Linjun Yang, Lili Zheng, Minghui Chinese Acad Sci Res Ctr Ecoenvironm Sci State Key Lab Environm Chem & Ecotoxicol Beijing 100085 Peoples R China Univ Chinese Acad Sci Coll Resources & Environm Beijing 100049 Peoples R China Zhejiang Normal Univ Coll Geog & Environm Sci Jinhua 321004 Peoples R China UCAS Hangzhou Inst Adv Study Sch Environm Hangzhou 310024 Peoples R China Jianghan Univ Wuhan 430056 Peoples R China

The Tibetan Plateau is an important area for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) research because of highaltitude condensation and global distillation. However, the sources of the POPs in remote regions have not been quantified, which is critical for global control of POPs. The Gyirong Valley in the Himalayas bordering Nepal serves as an important pathway for cross-border transport of POPs to the Tibetan Plateau. In this study, the occurrences of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/furans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as typical POPs were investigated in surface soil samples collected along the Gyirong Valley. The PCDD/F and PCB congener profiles and positive matrix factorization were used to identify sources and quantify their contribution to PCDD/Fs and PCBs in the valley. The main source of PCDD/Fs was long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT), while the main sources of PCBs were domestic burning of coal and wood (27.3 %), LRAT (23.7 %), by-products from pigments, paints, and dyes (42.4 %) and industrial activities related to maintenance, disassembly or accidental releases of electrical equipment (6.5 %). A backward trajectory simulation indicated that the Indian monsoon played a dominant role in facilitating the transport of POPs from Nepal through the Gyirong Valley to the Tibetan Plateau. These results for the occurrences, distribution characteristics, and primary sources of PCDD/ Fs and PCBs in the Himalayas will be helpful for POPs risk assessments and control in remote regions.

关键词： Tibetan Plateau Persistent organic pollutants Long-range atmospheric transport positive matrix factorization

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Comprehensive evaluation of antibiotic pollution in a typical tributary of the Yellow River, China: Source-specific partitioning and fate analysis

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JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2025年 488卷 137294页

作者： Liu, Ruimin Liu, Lu Liu, Yue Wang, Linfang Beijing Normal Univ Sch Environm State Key Lab Water Environm Simulat 19 Xinjiekouwai St Beijing 100875 Peoples R China Shanxi Agr Univ Sorghum Res Inst Shanxi Key Lab Sorghum Genet & Germplasm Innovat Jinzhong 030600 Peoples R China

The partitioning and migrating of antibiotic residues pose a considerable pollution to the river environment. However, a source-specific approach for quantifying the fate of antibiotics is lacking. To further elucidate the migration behavior of antibiotics from different pollution sources in aquatic environments, we introduced a source-specific partition coefficient (S-Kp) based on positive matrix factorization (PMF) model to improve the multimedia model. This study identified six sources of antibiotic pollution in the water and sediment of the Fenhe River. Farmland drainage contributed 2.6 times more antibiotics to sediment than to surface water, whereas livestock sources contributed 0.3 times less to sediment than to water. High S-Kp values were primarily obtained from livestock, aquaculture, and farmland drainage pollution sources, with an average S-Kp value exceeding 200 L/kg. Sulfaquinoxaline (SQX) in sulfonamides (SAs) from livestock sources exhibited the highest S-Kp value of 34,740.04 L/kg. The predicted environmental concentrations indicated that almost 99 % of the antibiotics from the six sources remained in the water phase, with the highest contribution (99.9 %) of azithromycin (AZM) from livestock, pharmaceutical wastewater, and domestic sewage. This study provides novel insights into the migration of antibiotics from source-specific partitions in multimedia environments of watersheds.

关键词： Antibiotics positive matrix factorization Source-Specific Partition Coefficient Fugacity Model The Fenhe River

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Integrating spatial heterogeneity and speciation dynamics in source apportionment of toxic metal(loid)s at an abandoned hydrometallurgical zinc smelting site

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ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2025年第5期47卷 1-24页

作者： Liu, Hengbo Cao, Xu Gao, Zhiyue Wu, Yi Sa, Yongfang Yao, Qinying Han, Jianzhou Yang, Jinyan Hou, Jiang Xing, Tao Sichuan Univ Coll Architecture & Environm Chengdu 610227 Peoples R China Sichuan Acad Ecoenvironm Sci Chengdu 610041 Peoples R China Sichuan Xinchuan Testing Co Chengdu 610200 Peoples R China

Zinc hydrometallurgy sites are critical hotspots for combined toxic metal(loid)s (TMs) pollution, yet the integration of spatial heterogeneity and migration dynamics into source apportionment remains underexplored. This study investigated the concentrations, speciation, and spatial distribution of nine TMs (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Zn) in soils at an abandoned zinc smelter in southwest China. Multivariate statistical methods and the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model were applied to disentangle primary sources and secondary redistribution. Spatial analysis revealed that As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb, and Zn shared similar contamination patterns, concentrated in slag storage and comprehensive recovery areas, whereas Hg and Mn exhibited distinct hotspots near sulfuric acid production and electrolysis zones. Vertical migration was most pronounced for Cd and Zn (> 8 m depth), followed by Hg and Mn (4-8 m), while As, Cu, Pb, and Sb were restricted to 0-4 m due to adsorption in clay-rich layers. Speciation analysis indicated high mobility of Cd and Zn (acid-soluble fraction: 66.96 and 52.10%, respectively), contrasting with reducible Pb and Mn (51.59 and 48.32%) and residual As, Hg, Ni, Sb (60.74-76.64%). The results from PMF model identified aqueous-phase (Cd, Zn, Mn) and solid-phase (As, Cu, Pb, Sb) migration pathways, validated by spatial correlations with topography and functional zones. Aqueous-phase contributions dominated low-lying areas, while solid-phase contributions aligned with elevated regions, reflecting topography-driven redistribution. This study advances source apportionment of TM in soil by unifying spatial heterogeneity, speciation dynamics, and receptor modeling, offering a framework for targeted risk assessment and remediation of industrial sites.

关键词： Toxic metal(loid)s Abandoned zinc smelter Spatial heterogeneity Speciation dynamics Source apportionment positive matrix factorization

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Influence of meteorological conditions and seasonality on PM1 and organic aerosol sources at a rural background site

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ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT 2025年 344卷

作者： Lhotka, Radek Pokorna, Petra Vodicka, Petr Zikova, Nadezda Chen, Gang I. Prevot, Andre S. H. Mbengue, Saliou Schwarz, Jaroslav Zdimal, Vladimir Czech Acad Sci Inst Chem Proc Fundamentals Rozvojova 1 Prague 6 Czech Republic Charles Univ Prague Inst Environm Studies Fac Sci Benatska 2 Prague 2 Czech Republic Imperial Coll London MRC Ctr Environm & Hlth Environm Res Grp London W12 0BZ England Paul Scherrer Inst Lab Atmospher Chem CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland Czech Acad Sci Global Change Res Inst Belidla 986-4a Brno 60300 Czech Republic

Organic aerosols (OA) are a main component of PM2.5 (20-90%), which contains thousands of compounds. Thus, the formation processes and sources of OA remain poorly understood. In this study, the seasonal and diurnal variabilities of submicron PM chemical composition (both inorganic and organic aerosols) and OA sources were characterized by aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS) and an aethalometer at a rural background site in the Czech Republic (National Atmospheric Observatory Kosetice - NAOK) from January to October 2019. The effects of meteorological conditions and local, regional, and long-range atmospheric transport influences in Central Europe were also studied. The overall average submicron PM concentration was 9.26 +/- 5.88 mu g m-3. Using positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis, we identified four OA factors for summer and five for all other seasons. Three factors were associated with primary sources of OA (POA): hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA), biomass-burning OA (BBOA), and OA from coal burning (CCOA, absent in summer), the CCOA factor enabling a better description of the residential heating effect on the background station in Central Europe. Two remaining factors represented oxygenated OA (OOA) sources: less oxidized OOA (LO-OOA) and more oxidized OOA (MO-OOA).Higher pollution episodes of submicron PM and all OA sources were predominantly associated with continental air masses. The effect of dispersion conditions, as assessed by the ventilation index (VI) and not yet been studied at a rural background site, proved to be a critical factor. The extension of the number of primary factors to include CCOA in PMF analysis, together with the reflection of the influence of seasonality, air mass origin and changes meteorology, especially dispersion conditions, has elucidated the origin and fate of OA in the atmosphere at type of European background stations.

关键词： Atmospheric aerosol positive matrix factorization Rural background site Aerosol mass spectrometry

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Elucidating Secondary Organic Aerosol Processes through High-Resolution Aerosol Mass Spectrometry in Beijing

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2025年第4期42卷 670-681页

作者： Weiqi XU Chun CHEN Zhijie LI Zhiqiang ZHANG Yu ZHANG Zifa WANG Yele SUN Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Extreme Meteorology Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China College of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment Chinese Research Academy of Environmental SciencesBeijing 100012China China Meteorological Administration Training Centre Beijing 100081China

Exploring secondary organic aerosol(SOA)processes is crucial for understanding climate and air pollution in *** study introduces a new method using positive matrix factorization(PMF)to investigate the SOA process by integrating the OA and associated ions previously misidentified as inorganic aerosol in high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometry *** mass spectra and time series of primary OA(POA)and less oxidized oxygenated OA(OOA)identified by this new method resembled those resolved by traditional ***,more oxidized OOA(MO-OOA)identified by traditional PMF can be further subdivided into multiple OA factors,including nitrogen-enriched OA(ON-OA)and sulfur-enriched OA(OS-OA)in summer,and ON-OA,OS-OA,and OOA in *** findings highlight the significant role of photochemical processes in the formation of OS-OA compared to *** compositions of reconstructed MO-OOA varied under different Ox(=O_(3)+NO_(2))and relative humidity conditions,emphasizing the limitations of using a constant mass *** biomass burning OA(BBOA)and coal combustion OA(CCOA),previously misattributed as POA,contributed 9.2%(0.43μg m^(−3))and 7.0%(0.33μg m^(−3))to SOA,*** BBOA was more prone to forming OS-OA,whereas ON-OA showed higher correlations with aged CCOA,indicating distinct molecular compositions of SOA from different aged POA *** to aged BBOA,aged CCOA was more subject to conversion during aqueous phase *** results suggest that the variations in mass spectra and compositions need to be considered when simulating SOA processes.

关键词： secondary organic aerosol positive matrix factorization aerosol mass spectrometry nitrogen-enriched organic aerosol sulfur-enriched organic aerosol

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Source-specific probabilistic exposure to PM2.5-bound trace elements in a school environment

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BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2025年 270卷

作者： Obradovic, Jelena Jovasevic-Stojanovic, Milena Obradovic, Milan Onjia, Antonije Aviat Acad Coll Appl Studies Belgrade Serbia Univ Belgrade Vinca Inst Nucl Sci Natl Inst Republ Serbia Belgrade Serbia Univ Belgrade Fac Technol & Met Belgrade Serbia

Source-specific risks of fine particulate matter (PM2.5)-bound trace elements to student's health in a school located in an urban area were evaluated. The concentrations of the 29 elements in PM2.5 were analyzed indoors and outdoors at the school. PM2.5 concentrations ranged from 5.33 to 47.5 mu g/m3 indoors to 8.22-83.1 mu g/m3 outdoors. Besides Ca and Fe being the most abundant elements analyzed in PM2.5 both indoors and outdoors, the levels of Zn, Cr, Pb, Cu, Mn, and Ni were significant. The indoor/outdoor ratio of PM2.5 for most elements was below one. positive matrix factorization (PMF) identified six primary sources with different loadings of PM2.5- bound toxic elements, whereas traffic and resuspended dust were the predominant element sources. The health risk assessment results indicated that the risks for students due to inhalation exposure to elements were within the safety threshold. Nickel, Cr, and Mn dominantly contributed to non-carcinogenic risks, whereas higher cancer risks were associated with Cr and, to a lesser extent, with As. The hazard index and total carcinogenic risk were within acceptable levels. The Monte Carlo simulations implied that vehicle-originated elements contributed the most to non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks. These findings underscore the need to address air pollution in urban school environments more precisely, focusing on protecting young students from exposure to PM2.5-bound toxic elements.

关键词： Monte Carlo Air pollution Heavy metals Health risk positive matrix factorization Indoor

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Establishment of Methods to Identify Pollution Sources in a River Reach through Receptor Models

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JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT 2025年第3期151卷

作者： Lin, Huan-Chun Hsieh, Pei-Yuan Wang, Gen-Shuh Wang, Di-Wen Wang, Tzu-Hui Hsu, Yuan-Cheng Wu, Chang-Fu Natl Taiwan Univ Inst Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci Coll Publ Hlth 17 Xuzhou Rd Taipei 10055 Taiwan Natl Environm Res Acad Climate Change Res Ctr 260 Minzu RdSec 3 Taoyuan 32024 Taiwan Natl Taiwan Univ Coll Publ Hlth Dept Publ Hlth 17 Xuzhou Rd Taipei 10055 Taiwan Natl Environm Res Acad Environm Governance Res Ctr 260 Minzu RdSec 3 Taoyuan 32024 Taiwan Minist Environm Chem Adm Secretarial Off 1Aly 35Sec 2Daan Rd Taipei 106098 Taiwan

Given scientific and technological advances, the proportion of industrialization has increased, making industrial wastewater pollution more harmful to the environment and human health. Identifying sources of pollution in specific areas helps clarify and facilitate water quality management. This study established a method to identify sources of pollution in a river reach. River water sample collection was conducted twice a day for 30 days in a polluted river in southern Taiwan at sampling sites upstream and downstream of the river reach. Wastewater samples from potential sources of pollution were also taken during the monitoring period. The pollutant concentration data for the river reach was calculated based on the mass flow rate at two sites divided by the volume flow rate. positive matrix factorization was applied to the 31 elements measured in the river to resolve source profiles and contributions. The results revealed that the contributors to pollution were sewage treatment (37%), metal finishing (8%), and a detention pond (39%). Furthermore, by comparing the results of the single- and multiple-site analyses, the difficulty of identifying sources of pollution due to the mixed-source profiles obtained was reduced. Consequently, the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed pretreatment method of pollutant concentration calculations from two sites were demonstrated. The novelty of the study lies in the establishment of a pollution source identification method that can assist in identifying the main polluting industry categories in river reaches.

关键词： River water pollution Source apportionment Source identification River reach Industrial wastewater positive matrix factorization

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Affecting factors and health risks of organophosphate esters in urban soil and surface dust in a typical river valley city based on local bivariate Moran's I and Monte-Carlo simulation

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JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2025年 481卷 136534页

作者： Zhang, Qian Wang, Lijun Shaanxi Normal Univ Sch Geog & Tourism Xian 710119 Peoples R China

A total of 102 urban soil and surface dust samples were collected from Lanzhou of China to clarify the occurrences, sources, affecting factors, and health risks of 13 organophosphate esters (OPEs). The total concentration of 13 OPEs (Sigma 13OPEs) in urban soil and surface dust ranged from 80.1 to 749 and 244 to 4905 ng/g, dominated by chlorinated OPEs (39.9 % and 65.1 %). The Sigma 13OPEs in the two media was higher in the central and eastern of Lanzhou due to local topography and wind direction. OPEs in the two media originated from industrial, traffic and commercial activities (37-53.4 %), atmospheric depositions (24.3-31.3 %), and OPEs-containing material emissions (14.5-31.7 %). Transport station number, residential/commercial area distribution, and road length were positively correlated with Sigma 13OPEs in the two media, suggesting that traffic activities are the main factors influencing the distribution of OPEs. Probabilistic non-cancer (< 1) and cancer (< 1 x 10(-6)) risks of human exposed to OPEs were low, mainly attributed to OPEs-containing material emissions (47.5-62.0 %) in urban soil and industrial/traffic activities (57.8-92.2 %) in surface dust. Reducing the frequency of human exposed to the two media and controlling the release of OPEs from pollution sources may mitigate population exposure risks.

关键词： Organophosphate ester positive matrix factorization Affecting factor Exposure risk

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From input to transformation: Investigating the dynamic evolution of volatile organic compounds and driving mechanisms during sandstorms

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ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION 2025年 374卷 126192页

作者： Wang, Linzhen Shi, Guangyao Du, Huihui Zhang, Jinsong Yao, Liangjin Du, Lingtong Ni, Xilu Hu, Yang Pang, Danbo Ningxia Univ Sch Ecol & Environm Breeding Base State Key Lab Land Degradat & Ecol R Yinchuan 750021 Peoples R China Ningxia Yinchuan Urban Ecosyst Res Stn Yinchuan 750021 Peoples R China Yinchuan Ecol Environm Monitoring Stn Yinchuan 750001 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Forestry Res Inst Forestry Beijing 100091 Peoples R China Zhejiang Acad Forestry Sci Hangzhou 310023 Peoples R China

Sandstorms are frequent natural phenomena in arid and semi-arid regions, with significant impacts on air quality and ecological systems. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) demonstrate high photochemical reactivity and a strong tendency to form secondary pollutants during sandstorm events. However, the mechanisms governing their interactions with dust particles remain poorly understood. This study was conducted using synchronous observations at the Yinchuan Urban Ecosystem Positioning Station in Ningxia, where data on meteorological parameters, atmospheric pollutants, and VOCs were collected across different dust storm stages. By integrating positive matrix factorization and Structural Equation Model, we systematically examined the dynamic evolution of VOCs, pollution sources, and their driving mechanisms during dust storm events. Results showed that during sandstorm period, the total VOCs concentration declined from 36.14 x 10-9 (pre-sandstorm period) to 20.76 x 10-9, then gradually increased to 23.58 x 10-9 (post-sandstorm period). The primary contributors to VOCs included alkanes and oxygenated VOCs. Sandstorm inputs altered the VOCs component ratios, with the most pronounced reduction observed in low-reactivity alkanes. In the pre-sandstorm period, VOCs primarily originated from industrial activities and motor vehicle emissions, contributing 28 % and 23 %, respectively. During the sandstorm and post-sandstorm period, solvent sources and motor vehicle emissions emerged as the primary sources of VOCs. Meteorological factors, such as wind speed, primarily exerted a dilution effect on VOCs, whereas temperature and humidity promoted VOCs generation in the post-sandstorm period. During the sandstorm period, dust particles mainly diluted VOCs concentrations, whereas in the post-sandstorm period, they contributed to increased VOCs levels by facilitating secondary pollutant formation. This study enhances the theoretical understanding of compound pollution formation during

关键词： Sandstorms Structural equation modeling positive matrix factorization Meteorological variables VOCs

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Heavy Metals in Urban and Rural Indoor Dust in Plateau Homes: Levels, Sources, and Health Risks

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AEROSOL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2025年 1-13页

作者： Hou, Weiying Hu, Ruijing Cui, Zhanpeng Wang, Jinze Sun, Jie Zhang, Bingyan Han, Xiaoyu Chen, Yuanchen Zhang, Yong Yang, Dong Du, Wei Kunming Univ Sci &Technol Fac Environm Sci & Engn Yunnan Prov Key Lab Soil Carbon Sequestrat & Pollu Kunming 650500 Peoples R China Peking Univ Coll Urban & Environm Sci Lab Earth Surface Proc Beijing 100871 Peoples R China Zhejiang Univ Technol Coll Environm Res Ctr Environm Sci Hangzhou 310032 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Inst Earth Environm State Key Lab Loess & Quaternary Geol Xian 710061 Peoples R China Arable Soil Qual & Fertilizer Adm Bur Zhejiang Pro Hangzhou 310020 Peoples R China Southwest United Grad Sch Kunming 650092 Peoples R China

The significant amount of people spend time indoors necessitates attention to health risks associated with heavy metals in indoor dust. This study quantified the concentrations of nine heavy metals, including manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), and cadmium (Cd), and evaluated their rural-urban distribution, potential sources, and associated health risks through the analysis of indoor dust samples collected from Yunnan Province. The results showed that the heavy metal concentrations in indoor rural households were approximately 2-3 times higher than those in urban households. The application of positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis indicated that traffic is the dominant source, contributing 37.92% in rural and 44.53% in urban areas, and that indoor sources contributed more to urban than rural areas (41.09% vs 24.64%). Furthermore, the carcinogenic risk of indoor dust for children is seven times higher than that in adults (7.68 and 1.00 in rural areas and 7.41 and 0.96 in urban areas, respectively). Among the heavy metals, As presents the most significant risk to human health, warranting a priority focus on its mitigation. The study findings are intended to provide guidance on the prevention measures necessary to control heavy metal indoor pollution.

关键词： Heavy metals Indoor dust Rural-urban differences positive matrix factorization Health risk

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