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An online distributed optimisation model solving the time-coupled conundrum by the Lyapunov drift plus penalty method

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IET GENERATION TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION 2025年第1期19卷

作者： An, Molin Lu, Tianguang Han, Xueshan Ding, Zhaohao Shandong Univ Sch Elect Engn 17923 Jingshi Rd Jinan Peoples R China North China Elect Power Univ Sch Elect & Elect Engn State Key Lab Alternate Elect Power Syst Renewable Beijing Peoples R China

With the increasing proportion of distributed energy resources, optimisation in the active distribution network becomes highly complex and challenging. To protect user privacy and perform efficient calculations, this paper proposes an online distributed optimisation between the user and the operator. To overcome the constraint non-linearity, a new linear power flow model is adopted, which can be updated online. In addition, to solve the time-coupled conundrum of energy storage, the Lyapunov drift plus penalty method is employed to transform the long-time scale optimisation problem into an instantaneous problem. Furthermore, a novel proportional integral derivative (PID)-Lagrange algorithm is proposed to improve the efficiency, where the distributed optimisation algorithm is considered as a control process, and a PID controller is used to control it. The proposed PID-Lagrange algorithm has an explicit parameter tuning strategy and significantly improves the efficiency by 54.23% in the case study.

关键词： power distribution control power engineering computing

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A Survey of Open-Source Tools for Transmission and Distribution Systems Research

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IEEE ACCESS 2025年 13卷 4966-4983页

作者： Appiah-Kubi, Jennifer Anderson, Alexander A. Reeve, Hayden M. Pacific Northwest Natl Lab Elect Infrastruct & Bldg Div Richland WA 99352 USA

This work presents a review of open-source electric power transmission and distribution systems analysis tools suitable for use by industry professionals and academic researchers. Due to the high complexity of the electric grid, there exist numerous tools and extensive research pertaining to nearly every aspect of the design, operation, and control of transmission and distribution networks. In addition to the commercial tools, a wide range of free, open-source tools, models, and data usable by the scientific community for related research have been developed by different organizations, including both international and US universities and national laboratories. However, due to the absence of a catalog of available tools, models and data, researchers often lack a knowledge of existing capabilities and may develop duplicative software and tools. Increasing awareness of these available resources seeks to accelerate their broader use, leading to more efficient and standardized grid analysis. This review paper (which is part of a larger survey effort that studied over 400 tools in the transmission, distribution, buildings, and electric vehicles space) outlines selected open-source resources that have been developed in power transmission and distribution systems research. It is anticipated that this work can serve as a guide for industry and academic researchers alike, ensuring that research efforts are well-channeled.

关键词： power systems Linux Distributed power generation power system stability Load modeling Capacity planning Software tools Software Reviews Planning Open-source software power distribution planning power engineering computing power system simulation power transmission

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Battery voltage fault diagnosis for electric vehicles considering driving condition variation

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IET INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEMS 2024年第4期18卷 574-590页

作者： Zhang, Hui Li, Shaopeng Chen, Feng Pan, Xiaofeng Feng, Hongxia Sun, Yifan Wuhan Univ Technol Intelligent Transportat Syst Res Ctr Wuhan 430063 Hubei Peoples R China

To ensure the real-time operation safety of electric vehicles (EVs), it is essential to diagnose the fault in a battery pack timely and accurately. In this paper, with considering driving condition, a battery voltage fault diagnosis method is proposed based on the real-world operation data of EVs with a high sampling frequency. Firstly, based on driving behaviour, the driving condition of EVs is classified into four categories, and accordingly, the operation process is divided into four segments. The influencing mechanism of driving condition on battery voltage is revealed by detailed analysis on extracted operation segments. Secondly, four BP neural network (BPNN)-based voltage prediction models are developed, respectively, for the four kinds of driving conditions. Based on the statistical analysis of prediction error and the comparison with other voltage prediction models, the superiority and stability of the four well-trained BPNN models are verified. Thirdly, the voltage abnormity levels and thresholds for fault diagnosis are set considering driving condition differences. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified using the actual operational data. The verification results show that the proposed method can achieve good voltage prediction and fault diagnosis for EVs under various driving conditions during the entire operation process.

关键词： BP neural network-based voltage prediction models power engineering computing voltage abnormity thresholds automotive electric vehicles neural nets fault diagnosis Other topics in statistics sampling frequency Neural nets automotive computing Automobile electronics and electrics operation safety traffic engineering computing driving behaviour battery voltage fault diagnosis method electric vehicles voltage abnormity levels BPNN models backpropagation driving condition variation statistical analysis battery powered vehicles power engineering computing Traffic engineering computing

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Probabilistic optimal power flow computation for power grid including correlated wind sources

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IET GENERATION TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION 2024年第14期18卷 2383-2396页

作者： Xiao, Qing Tan, Zhuangxi Du, Min Hunan Univ Sci & Technol Sch Informat & Elect Engn Xiangtan Hunan Peoples R China Univ Sheffield Dept Automat Control & Syst Engn Sheffield S Yorkshire England

This paper sets out to develop an efficient probabilistic optimal power flow (POPF) algorithm to assess the influence of wind power on power grid. Given a set of wind data at multiple sites, their marginal distributions are fitted by a newly developed generalized Johnson system, whose parameters are specified by a percentile matching method. The correlation of wind speeds is characterized by a flexible Liouville copula, which allows to model the asymmetric dependence structure. In order to improve the efficiency for solving POPF problem, a lattice sampling method is developed to generate wind samples at multiple sites, and a logistic mixture model is proposed to fit distributions of POPF outputs. Finally, case studies are performed, the generalized Johnson system is compared with Weibull distribution and the original Johnson system for fitting wind samples, Liouville copula is compared against Archimedean copula for modelling correlated wind samples, and lattice sampling method is compared with Sobol sequence and Latin hypercube sampling for solving POPF problem on IEEE 118-bus system, the results indicate the higher accuracy of the proposed methods for recovering the joint cumulative distribution function of correlated wind samples, as well as the higher efficiency for calculating statistical information of POPF outputs. Probabilistic optimal power flow computation using Liouville copula and latttice rule. image

关键词： optimal control power engineering computing power system simulation probability

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Service restoration for resilient distribution system with coordination of battery swapping stations and distributed generations

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IET RENEWABLE power GENERATION 2023年第4期17卷 814-828页

作者： Guo, Yina Liao, Kai Yang, Jianwei He, Zhengyou Southwest Jiaotong Univ Sch Elect Engn Chengdu 611756 Peoples R China

Due to sufficient energy storage resources and central dispatch, the battery swapping station (BSS) offers a promising solution for the service restoration and resilience enhancement of the distribution system (DS). This paper proposes a joint service restoration strategy for the DS by coordinating BSSs and distributed generations (DGs) with distribution network reconfiguration. Firstly, the spatio-temporal distribution of battery swapping demand for electric vehicles (EVs) is analyzed. On this basis, the participation of the BSS in the DS service restoration is investigated, and the model of restoration capacity for the BSS is established, which can describe the power supply ability of the BSS to support the DS restoration. Secondly, a mathematical model for the resilient DS restoration with coordination between BSSs and DGs is established, aiming to minimize the total system cost by optimally allocating BSSs and DGs during the restoration stage. The second-order cone programming (SOCP) relaxation is also adopted to transform the proposed restoration model into a mixed-integer convex formulation, which can be tractably solved. Finally, numerical simulations are conducted based on the modified IEEE 33-bus distribution test system. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy for the service restoration and resilience enhancement of the DS.

关键词： Distribution networks battery powered vehicles Optimisation techniques power system management, operation and economics resilient distribution system joint service restoration strategy total system cost BSS resilient DS restoration convex programming distribution network reconfiguration distribution networks Transportation power system restoration sufficient energy storage resources restoration model battery swapping station distributed power generation DS service restoration restoration capacity integer programming restoration stage power engineering computing electric vehicle charging modified IEEE 33-bus distribution test system Distributed power generation resilience enhancement

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A superimposed current based busbar protection scheme using slope degree of grey incidence analysis model

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IET GENERATION TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION 2023年第1期17卷 161-180页

作者： Joband, M. Homayounifar, S. Sarlak, M. Jundi Shapur Univ Technol Dept Elect & Comp Engn POB 64615-334 Dezful Iran

Superimposed current components contain effective information, which can be employed to enhance the dependability and security of busbar protection relays. This study aims to investigate the use of the slope degree of grey incidence analysis model to design a methodology for busbar protection. A grey-based busbar protection criterion has been established to inspect the similarities of the superimposed currents measured by nearby CTs inside busbar protection zone. It is concluded that fault is internal if all of the superimposed currents are similar, otherwise, fault is external. It is shown that in all of the simulated cases, the authors' methodology can make reliable discrimination between internal and external faults. Moreover, the results demonstrated that the protection indexes of the proposed scheme including security, dependability, sensitivity, and selectivity, are satisfactory for different conditions including fault type, fault resistance (to 500 ohm), fault inception angle, simultaneous faults, evolving faults, faults during transformer energization, CT saturation and normal operating switchings and white noise. Besides, the improvements noted in our algorithm are achieved with a low computational burden and sampling rate. Also, the scheme can be implemented in digital relays. It means that the existing busbar protection scheme can be replaced by the proposed scheme.

关键词： power transmission protection external faults power transmission faults grey-based busbar protection criterion different conditions including fault type grey incidence analysis model scheme including security power system protection grey systems power system protection protection indexes electric current measurement relay protection busbar protection relays busbars white noise existing busbar protection scheme slope degree Transformers and reactors simultaneous faults Current measurement internal faults busbar protection zone superimposed current components power engineering computing fault resistance superimposed current based busbar protection scheme superimposed currents

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A study on the effects of electromagnetic coupling mechanisms in the event of an indirect lightning strike near photovoltaic arrays

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IET RENEWABLE power GENERATION 2023年第4期17卷 935-950页

作者： Hernandez, Jesus De La Casa Sutil, Francisco Jose Sanchez Petrarca, Carlo Formisano, Alessandro Univ Jaen Dept Elect Engn Campus Lagunillas s-nEdificio A3 Jaen Spain Univ Napoli Federico II Dept Elect Engn & Informat Technol Naples Italy Univ Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Dept Engn Aversa Caserta Italy Univ Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Dept Engn I-81031 Aversa Caserta Italy

Indirect lightning strikes hitting near photovoltaic installations are much more frequent than direct hits, and can generate overvoltage in their electric circuitry. The authors developed a method to estimate the induced overvoltage on single photovoltaic modules. Using a model of the whole array also including Inter-Module Coupling Mechanisms (IMCMs), a new approach to estimate overvoltage induced on full arrays is presented in this paper. The procedure first estimates lumped parameters, modelling either the coupling between the lightning channel and each module in the array or between each couple of modules in array. Several circuital simulations are then run using suitable equivalent circuits. The aim is to consider different array configurations and groundings schemes. This allows extracting the most relevant configuration parameters influencing overvoltage/overcurrent. Results show that the groundings scheme impacts negligibly, but the single module electric stress is decreased by 35% in the case of ungrounded configurations. Among the considered array configurations, the honey-comb and total cross-tied showed the smallest impact on overvoltage. Statistical analysis on random LC tortuous geometry leads to a non-negligible rise of overvoltage peak values, up to 24%. Finally, the relevance of different IMCMs is analysed, showing a strong impact just on frame-ground voltages and currents.

关键词： indirect lightning strike lightning Solar power stations and photovoltaic power systems different array configurations lightning channel groundings schemes equivalent circuits direct hits ungrounded configurations power system protection lightning protection relevant configuration parameters overvoltage peak values induced overvoltage considered array configurations overvoltage protection Inter-Module Coupling Mechanisms statistical analysis overvoltage earthing different IMCMs single module electric stress suitable equivalent circuits single photovoltaic modules photovoltaic arrays groundings scheme power engineering computing circuital simulations circuit simulation electric circuitry lumped parameters parameters, modelling Overhead power lines electromagnetic coupling mechanisms electromagnetic coupling photovoltaic installations

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Very fast transient overvoltage calculation and evaluation for 500-kV gas insulated substation power substation with double circuit and long gas insulated substation busbar

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IET GENERATION TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION 2023年第1期17卷 252-262页

作者： Fu, Runyu Wang, Jianguo Wang, Jianping Zhou, Mi Li, Cai Zhao, Yating Fan, Yadong Wuhan Univ Sch Elect Engn & Automat Wuhan Peoples R China

The operation of disconnectors in gas insulated substation (GIS) or power plant will produce very fast transient overvoltage (VFTO), which is considered to have serious harm to transformer longitudinal insulation and other high-voltage equipment insulation. VFTO may also lead to secondary circuit failure. In this paper, the holistic modelling of 500 kV GIS step-up substation equipment with a double circuit and long GIS busbar in a coastal power plant is established using Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP). The authors calculated the VFTO waveform that may be generated in different operations of the GIS substation. The authors analyze the amplitude and frequency characteristics of the VFTO waveform at lightning arresters and the entrance of transformers and find that the amplitude of VFTO at the entrance of #1 MT is less than its impulse withstand voltage. In some cases, the VFTO waveform at the entrance of #1 MT has high-frequency content with fast attenuation. The VFTO waveform generated when operating the disconnector close to the arrester will cause the arrester to act many times and count frequently in a short time.

关键词： substation equipment 500 kV GIS long GIS busbar GIS substation lightning protection gas insulated substations Substations VFTO waveform coastal power plant Electromagnetic Transient Program high-voltage equipment insulation busbars overvoltage protection overvoltage fast transient overvoltage calculation 500-kV gas insulated substation power substation arresters fast attenuation substations Transformers and reactors Protection apparatus double circuit gas insulated switchgear secondary circuit failure power engineering computing Switchgear long gas insulated substation busbar transformer longitudinal insulation entrance EMTP

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Shifted frequency-based electromagnetic transient simulation for AC power systems in symmetrical component domain

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IET RENEWABLE power GENERATION 2023年第1期17卷 83-94页

作者： Gao, Shilin Song, Yankan Chen, Ying Yu, Zhitong Tan, Zhendong Tsinghua Univ Dept Elect Engn Beijing Peoples R China Tsinghua Univ Sichuan Energy Internet Res Inst Second North Jingrong St Chengdu Peoples R China

power systems are becoming more and more complicated. Traditional simulation tools such as transient stability programs and electromagnetic transients (EMT) programs are unable to meet the accuracy or efficiency requirements. This paper proposes a shifted frequency-based EMT (SFEMT) simulation in the symmetrical component-domain (abbreviated as SCSFEMT simulation) for the three-phase transmission system. The sequence-decoupled SCSFEMT modeling for the power system components is first presented based on the symmetrical component transformation. Then, the solution procedure of the presented SCSFEMT simulation algorithm is elaborated in detail based on the EMTP-type solution and multi-sequence Thevenin equivalence (MSTE). With the MSTE, the three sequence networks can be decoupled during the whole simulation. Thus, the dimension of the system is greatly reduced. Last, the accuracy and efficiency of the SCSFEMT simulation are validated on the 10-machine 39-bus New England system by comparing it with traditional EMT and SFEMT simulation. Test results show that the SCSFEMT simulation algorithm is much more efficient than traditional SFEMT simulation.

关键词： three-phase transmission system MSTE 10-machine 39-bus New England system multisequence Thevenin equivalence model traditional SFEMT simulation algorithm power system transient stability transient stability programs AC power system components sequence-decoupled SCSFEMT modeling symmetrical component transformation shifted frequency-based EMT simulation electromagnetic fields symmetrical component-domain model power system simulation power system control shifted frequency-based electromagnetic transient simulation power engineering computing EMTP-type solution traditional simulation tools EMTP

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A two-stage robust optimal configuration model of generation-side cloud energy storage system based on cooperative game

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IET GENERATION TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION 2023年第8期17卷 1723-1733页

作者： Wang, Chutong Zhang, Xiaoyan Xia, Yuanxing Xiong, Houbo Guo, Chuangxin Wang, Luyu Wang, Yucui Zhejiang Univ Coll Elect Engn Hangzhou Peoples R China SouthEast Univ Coll Elect Engn Nanjing Peoples R China

Cloud energy storage system (CESS) can effectively improve the utilization rate of the energy storage system (ESS) and reduce the cost. However, there is a lack of a model designed for large-scale renewable energy power plants (REPPs). Due to the volatility and intermittency of renewable energy power generation, as well as the demand of following scheduling plan and market arbitrage, it is also necessary to configure ESS for REPPs. However, if the REPP builds ESS by itself, the investment is relatively high. Therefore, the application of CESS on the renewable energy generation side can reduce the investment cost and increase the revenue by utilizing the difference between actual output and demand. Considering the uncertainties of renewable energy, this paper proposes a robust optimal configuration model of CESS based on the cooperative game. Firstly, the CESS model on the generation side is developed to describe the formation mechanism of ESS supply and demand. Then, the proposed model aims at maximizing the revenue of REPPs. The participants of the coalition are each REPP. By taking the renewable power uncertainty into consideration, the novel nested column-and-constraint generation (nested C&CG) method is utilized to solve the proposed model based on the min-max-min form. Furthermore, the Shapley-value method is used to distribute the benefits to each member of the grand coalition. Finally, case studies verify the rationality and validity of the proposed model.

关键词： investment cost Other energy storage Optimisation techniques renewable energy power generation power system management, operation and economics power generation scheduling renewable energy generation side renewable energy sources power markets renewable power uncertainty energy storage Game theory investment game theory REPP Internet software cloud energy storage system novel nested column power grids ESS supply two-stage robust optimal configuration model power engineering computing power engineering computing minimax techniques cloud computing Distributed power generation large-scale renewable energy power plants CESS model

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