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A power hardware-in-the-loop test bench for emulation of test scenarios and mission profiles for high-power DC charging stations

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ELEKTROTECHNIK UND INFORMATIONSTECHNIK 2025年第1期142卷 30-41页

作者： Kleutgens, P. H. Julius Hagemann, Lars Meissen, Anton Mortimer, Benedict J. De Doncker, Rik W. Rhein Westfal TH Aachen Inst Power Generat & Storage Syst Mathieustr 10 D-52074 Aachen North Rhine Wes Germany

This paper presents a power hardware-in-the-loop test bench for high-power DC charging stations for battery electric vehicles. The test bench emulates the three-phase grid and the behavior of the electric vehicle battery, creating a dynamic and flexible testing environment. The employed grid emulator allows for reproducible testing of various grid conditions. The introduced grid conditions include the nominal three-phase grid and selected grid faults. The presented grid fault test scenarios of superimposed harmonic content of the grid voltage, voltage sags and short-term supply interruption enable testing of the charging station for resilience to these fault conditions. The significance of these test scenarios for high-power DC chargers is outlined and derived using standards. The reproducible execution of these scenarios allows the characterization and iterative adaption of the DC charging station during development to increase the resilience to these grid faults. The battery emulator enables the emulation of different battery system voltages, cell characteristics and aged batteries simultaneously to the employed AC grid scenarios. Measurements are conducted using the test bench and an industry grade high-power DC charger presenting the impact of the proposed test scenarios on the output charging current. The results show a significant dependency of the charging current ripple on the grid fault event magnitude, proving the significance of suitable testing environments for compliance with standards and for decreasing the susceptibility of the charging process to grid faults. In dieser Arbeit wird ein hardware-In-The-loop-Pr & uuml;fstand f & uuml;r DC-Schnellladestationen f & uuml;r batteriebetriebene Elektrofahrzeuge vorgestellt. Der Pr & uuml;fstand emuliert das Dreiphasennetz und das Batterieverhalten des Elektrofahrzeugs und schafft so eine dynamische und flexible Testumgebung. Der eingesetzte Netzemulator erm & ouml;glicht die reproduzierbare Pr & uuml;fung der

关键词： power hardware-In-The-loop DC Charging Stations Grid Emulation Battery Emulation Test Scenarios power-hardware-in-the-loop DC-Schnellladestation Netzemulator Batterieemulator Testszenarien

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power-hardware-in-the-loop Emulation of the Low-Frequency Oscillation Phenomenon in AC Railway Networks

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IEEE ACCESS 2022年 10卷 87374-87386页

作者： Paul, Frutos-Galarza Guerrero, Juan M. Muniategui-Aspiazu, Iker Vicente-Makazaga, Iban Endemano-Isasi, Aitor Ortega-Rodriguez, David Briz, Fernando Univ Oviedo Dept Elect Comp & Syst Engn Gijon 33204 Spain Ingeteam Power Technol SA Tract Res & Dev Dept Zamudio 48170 Spain

Dynamic interactions among the AC railway traction network and power electronics converters feeding the trains have been reported to cause low-frequency oscillations (LFO) of the catenary voltage and current. This can result in railway system instability, eventually leading to a power outage and the shutdown of the train traffic. To avoid LFO, control of train power electronic converters must be properly designed and tuned. Experimental verification of control performance regarding the LFO phenomenon in the railway traction network is not easy. Alternatively, the railway traction network can be emulated using a power electronic converter, which would feed the train power converter under test. This paper addresses the design of a network emulator able to reproduce the dynamic behavior of the actual network at low frequencies, including LFO. Three different options will be considered for the network emulator. Their performance will be studied first by means of simulations. Finally, the selected solution will be verified on a downscale test bench.

关键词： Rail transportation Voltage control Phase locked loops power supplies Substations Real-time systems power system stability Oscillators Traction power supplies hardware-in-the-loop simulation power grids Low-frequency oscillations resonant stability railway system traction unit railway traction power supply catenary emulator power-hardware-in-the-loop real-time simulation grid-forming voltage source inverter

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power-hardware-in-the-loop for Model-Less Emulation of PM Electrical Machines

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS 2024年第6期60卷 9090-9099页

作者： Baschera, Nicolas Eugenio Lima di Benedetto, Marco Lidozzi, Alessandro Solero, Luca Bigarelli, Luca Roma Tre Univ Dept Civil Comp Sci & Aeronaut Technol Engn I-00154 Rome Italy Roma Tre Univ Dept Ind Elect & Mech Engn I-00154 Rome Italy Avio SpA Km 5-2 I-00034 Rome Italy

power-hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) is gaining increasing attention as a technology enabling rapid testing and development in power electronics and variable speed drive applications. When Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines (PMSMs) emulation is used within the PHIL platform, the electrical and mechanical model of the machine must be solved in real-time by a Digital Real-Time Simulator (DRTS). The real-time resolution of the electrical model is one of the challenging aspects of PHIL implementation of PMSMs. This paper shows that the electrical model can be removed and accurate emulation of the PMSM can still be achieved. Such a solution allows to reduce the development time of the PHIL platforms and its cost. In this work, a theoretical analysis is carried out to compare the novel Model-less solution to the state-of-the-art implementation of PHIL. The theoretical work is supported and validated through experimental results, confirming the fairness of the proposed approach.

关键词： Permanent magnet synchronous machine machine emulation power-hardware-in-the-loop power-hardware-in-the-loop model-less model-less power-hardware-in-the-loop model-less

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power-hardware-in-the-loop stability analysis of inverter 22

Power-Hardware-In-The-Loop stability analysis of inverter

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22nd International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS)

作者： Li, Fei Huang, Yao Wu, Fan Zhang, Xin Zhao, Wei Hefei Univ Technol Sch Elect & Automat Engn Hefei Peoples R China Sungrow Hefei Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781728133980

power-hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) combines the advantages of digital real-time simulation and physical simulation to provide a powerful tool for examining the interaction of new energy equipment into the grid. Due to the inherent delay of the hardware device and the characteristics of the emulation device running in steps, there is a delay in the PHIL system, which may cause instability in the system. Since the PHIL system needs to convert between the power signal and the digital signal, it belongs to the digital-analog hybrid simulation, and the stability analysis based on continuous-domain modeling cannot reflect the characteristics of signal discretization. In this paper, the discrete PHIL model of inverter power hardware in the loop is established. Compared with the actual inverter grid-connected system, it is shown that the PHIL system will reduce the stability boundary compared with the actual system. Finally, the correctness of the conclusion is verified by simulation experiments.

关键词： power-hardware-in-the-loop hybrid simulation discrete modeling

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power-hardware-in-the-loop Interfaces for Inverter-Based Microgrid Experiments Including Transitions

Power-Hardware-in-the-Loop Interfaces for Inverter-Based Mic...

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2023 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, ECCE 2023

作者： Pratt, Annabelle Prabakar, Kumaraguru Ganguly, Subhankar Tiwari, Soumya National Renewable Energy Laboratory GoldenCO United States

ISBN: (纸本)9798350316445

Microgrids continue to proliferate, particularly those that rely on inverter-based resources as the microgrid's voltage and frequency leader. hardware-in-the-loop simulations can de-risk microgrid deployments, and therefore we need power-hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) interfaces for grid-forming (GFM) inverters to enable simulations of seamless transitions between islanded and grid-connected operation. Such interfaces are particularly challenging when the inverters need to switch modes, i.e., between grid-following (GFL) and GFM as the microgrid transitions between grid-connected and islanded operation. This paper presents two PHIL interfaces for such microgrids and the preliminary experimental results: One interface is suitable for those who have access to a power amplifier that can operate as a controllable current source, and the other is for those who need a solution that uses a voltage-mode power amplifier. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： Battery energy storage system fuel cells grid-following inverter grid-forming inverter microgrid transition microgrids power-hardware-in-the-loop

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Digital twin integrated power-hardware-in-the-loop for the assessment of distributed renewable energy resources

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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 2022年第2期104卷 377-388页

作者： Nguyen, Van Hoa Tran, Quoc Tuan Besanger, Yvon Jung, Marc Nguyen, Tung Lam Univ Grenoble Alpes Grenoble INP G2Elab F-38000 Grenoble France Univ Grenoble Alpes CEA LITEN INES F-73375 Le Bourget Du Lac France Univ Sci & Technol Univ Danang Danang Vietnam

In this paper, the method of digital twin integrated power-hardware-in-the-loop for the assessment of distributed renewable energy resources is presented. The digital twin of the electrical grid is created via synchronization between the real-time simulator and the supervision, control and data acquisition system. The digital twin can be integrated to larger system with the addition of simulated devices, with or without reconfiguration of topology. The setup is then completed with power-hardware-in-the-loop interface where the real distributed energy resource can be physically integrated. The impact can then be analysed locally and globally as it propagates through the desired deployment environment.

关键词： Distributed renewable energy resources SCADA-as-a-service Digital twin power-hardware-in-the-loop Holistic testing

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Gain Scheduling Control Design for Active Front End for power-hardware-in-the-loop Application: An LMI Approach

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION 2022年第4期37卷 2974-2983页

作者： Rimorov, Dmitry Tremblay, Olivier Slimani, Karim Gagnon, Richard Couillard, Benjamin Hydroquebec Res Inst Varennes PQ J3X 1S1 Canada

The paper proposes a control design approach for the three-phase grid-side converter of a power amplifier inverter for power-hardware-in-the-loop application. The main challenge for the controller design is to achieve a trade-off between the tight DC link voltage regulation and grid-side power quality objectives due to the established topology of the power amplifier and the associated ripple of the DC link voltage. To this end, a full-state feedback controller with a gain scheduling strategy is adopted to ensure fast control of the DC link voltage, while minimizing the negative impact of DC link voltage ripple on the AC output current. We formulate the problem of gain selection as a two-stage semidefinite programming problem, which allows using efficient convex program solvers. We also describe a bumpless transfer strategy to minimize any transients associated with control output discontinuities following gain transition. The paper demonstrates comprehensive validation of the designed controller, including offline simulations, Control-hardware-In-the-loop tests with an embedded controller, as well as experimental validation on a 2-kV 167-kVA module.

关键词： power-hardware-in-the-loop active front end linear matrix inequalities gain scheduling

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Cascaded H-Bridge based Parallel Hybrid Converter - A new Voltage Source for power-hardware-in-the-loop Emulation Systems 21

Cascaded H-Bridge based Parallel Hybrid Converter - A new Vo...

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21st IEEE Workshop on Control and Modeling for power Electronics (COMPEL)

作者： Stefanski, Lukas Schwendemann, Ruediger Bernet, Daniel Widenmeyer, Martin Liske, Andreas Hiller, Marc Karlsruhe Inst Technol Inst Elect Engn ETI Kaiserstr 12 D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany

ISBN: (数字)9781728171609

ISBN: (纸本)9781728171616

This paper presents a new 50 kVA Parallel Hybrid Converter (PHC) for power-hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) emulation systems. The converter combines the high output voltage quality of a low power 17-level Cascaded H-Bridge (CHB) converter in star configuration with the high efficiency and high power density of a 2-level converter. The requirements a converter topology must fulfill in order to be used for PHIL emulation systems are derived and it is shown, that the PHC topology characteristics ideally meet these requirements.

关键词： Parallel Hybrid Converter (PHC) energy and balancing control predictive current control power-hardware-in-the-loop Cascaded H-Bridge Converter (CHB) Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC)

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Site-Specific Evaluation of Microgrid Controller Using Controller and power-hardware-in-the-loop 45

Site-Specific Evaluation of Microgrid Controller Using Contr...

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45th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON)

作者： Prabakar, Kumaraguru Pratt, Annabelle Fossum, John Wang, Jing Miller, Brian Symko-Davies, Martha Usman, Muhammad Usama Bialek, Thomas Natl Renewable Energy Lab Golden CO 80401 USA San Diego Gas & Elect Co San Diego CA 92123 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781728148786

Microgrid assets are built by utilities to improve the resilience and reliability of segments of the distribution system. Controllers with advanced capabilities will operate and control these microgrids with diverse energy technologies, which vary from inverter-based photovoltaics and energy storage systems to conventional diesel generators. There are multiple challenges to building a microgrid controller for a site because of the unique requirements presented by the controllable and uncontrollable elements in a specific microgrid. There are also challenges to testing the performance of the microgrid controller for such unique microgrids. This paper presents the controller and power-hardware-in-the-loop evaluation platform built to enable site-specific evaluation for a microgrid as well as the test cases used to evaluate the operation of a microgrid controller for a specific site. Finally, this paper presents the results from a subset of the experiments performed to evaluate the microgrid controller.

关键词： Controller-hardware-in-the-loop IEEE 2030.8 microgrids microgrid controller power-hardware-in-the-loop

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Analysis of Grid Support Functionality Dynamics Under Ride-Through Requirements Using power-hardware-in-the-loop Implementation 48

Analysis of Grid Support Functionality Dynamics Under Ride-T...

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48th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC)

作者： Desarden-Carrero, Edgardo Darbali-Zamora, Rachid Aponte-Bezares, Erick E. Univ Puerto Rico Mayaguez PR 00682 USA Sandia Natl Labs POB 5800 Albuquerque NM 87185 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781665419222

Due to the increased penetration in Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), especially in Photovoltaic (PV) systems, voltage and frequency regulation has become a topic of interest. Utilities have been requesting DER voltage and frequency support for almost two decades. Their request was addressed by standards such as the IEEE Std 1547-2018. With the continuous improvements in inverters' ability to control their output voltage, power, and frequency, a group of advanced techniques to support the grid is now required by the interconnection standard. These techniques are known as Grid Support Functions (GSF), and they allow the inverter to provide voltage and frequency support to the grid as well as the ability to ride-through abnormal events. Understanding how a GSF behaves is challenging, especially when multiple GSFs are combined to help the utility to control the system voltage and frequency. This paper evaluates the effects of GSF's on the IEEE Std 1547.1-2020 Unintentional Islanding Test 5B by comparing simulation results from a developed PV inverter model and experimental results from a power hardware-in-theloop platform.

关键词： photovoltaic inverter grid support functions ride-through power-hardware-in-the-loop

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