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Four-dimensional (4D) printing through FDM: Effect of infill density and bed temperature on shape memory properties in different thermo-mechanical programming conditions

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JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2024年第8期38卷 4313-4319页

作者： Samal, Bijaya Bikram Varshney, Shailendra Kumar Kumar, Cheruvu Siva Indian Inst Technol Adv Technol Dev Ctr Kharagpur 721302 West Bengal India Indian Inst Technol Dept Elect & Elect Commun Engn Kharagpur 721302 West Bengal India Indian Inst Technol Kharagpur Dept Mech Engn Kharagpur 721302 West Bengal India

This study investigates the impact of key parameters in fused deposition modeling (FDM), i.e., infill density and bed temperature, on the shape memory properties of four-dimensional (4D) printed shape memory polymer (SMP). Two thermo-mechanical programming methodologies, namely programming during printing (PDP) and programming after printing (PAP), are used to examine their effects too. Increasing the infill percentage greatly improves the ability of the material to regain its original shape. This is achieved by increasing the amount of material and minimizing gaps between layers, which helps to build up the pre-strain, which causes shape morphing. On the other hand, higher bed temperatures decrease the shape recovery by slowing down cooling, decreasing residual strain, and minimizing thermal stresses. Compared to PAP samples, PDP samples show a significant 40 % increase in shape memory index (SMI), indicating the considerable influence of FDM printing rather than post-printing programming process.

关键词： 4D printing Four-dimensional printing Process parameter printing parameter FDM SMP

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Effect of Shot Peening parameters on PLA Parts Manufactured with Fused Deposition Modeling

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JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2023年第5期55卷 513-523页

作者： Herianto Mastrisiswadi, Hasan Nasution, Andri Atsani, Sarah Iftin Univ Gadjah Mada Dept Mech & Ind Engn Grafika St 2 Yogyakarta 55281 Indonesia Univ Pembangunan Nas Vet Yogyakarta Dept Ind Engn Babarsari St 2 Yogyakarta 55281 Indonesia Univ Sumatera Utara Dept Ind Engn Padang Bulan St Medan 20155 North Sumatera Indonesia Natl Univ Singapore Dept Mech Engn Blk EA 01-059 Engn Dr 1 Singapore 117575 Singapore

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a technology with potential benefits such as material versatility, user-friendliness, and cost-effectiveness. However, the mechanical properties of FDM-printed specimens are relatively low. To address this issue, post-processing techniques such as shot peening can be employed. Shot peening is utilized as a post-treatment for metalbased and ABS materials, but its application to PLA material has not been explored yet. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of shot peening on the mechanical properties of FDM-printed PLA samples. A full factorial experimental design was employed with shot peening speed, duration, and number of outer shells as parameters. The tensile strength of 72 samples after the shot peening process was measured and evaluated. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that all parameters had a significant influence on tensile strength. Additionally, the interaction of speed*time and speed*number of shells also had a significant influence. Meanwhile, the interaction of time*number of shells and speed*time*number of shells had no significant influence. The findings of this study demonstrate the potential of post-processing techniques to enhance the mechanical strength of FDM components, particularly those composed of PLA material.

关键词： 3D printing fused deposition modelling post processing printing parameter shot peening.

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Effect of extruder temperature and printing speed on the tensile strength of fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printed samples: a meta-analysis study

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTERACTIVE DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING - IJIDEM 2022年第1期16卷 305-316页

作者： Farashi, Sajjad Vafaee, Fariborz Hamadan Univ Med Sci Autism Spectrum Disorders Res Ctr Neurophysiol Res Ctr Hamadan Iran Hamadan Univ Med Sci Dent Implants Res Ctr Hamadan Iran Hamadan Univ Med Sci Sch Dent Dept Prosthodont Hamadan Iran

Fused filament fabrication that is also known as fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a widely used technology for fabricating 3-dimensional models. The properties of FDM 3D models are influenced by printing parameters. In this meta-analysis, the effect of printing speed or extruder temperature on the tensile strength of printed samples was investigated. The search strategy considering PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases was performed using suitable search terms. The eligible studies were found according to the PRISMA guidelines and relevant information regarding the effect size of printing parameters on the tensile strength of FDM printed samples were extracted. The effect size was calculated based on the Cohen's d as a standard mean difference (SMD) measure. The pooled effect size, heterogeneity analysis according to I-2 statistics and Q-test and publication bias analysis using funnel plot as well as Egger's and Begg's tests were performed in STATA software (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA). Twenty eligible studies were retrieved. Results showed the positive effect of extruder temperature rise on the tensile strength (SMD = 2.85, 95% CI [1.71, 3.98]), while a negative effect was observed for increasing printing speed (SMD = - 2.49, 95% CI [- 4.29, - 0.69]). Significant heterogeneity was observed between studies while the publication bias was negligible. This meta-analysis helped to enhance the statistical power for concluding the positive effect of extruder temperature and the negative effect of printing speed on the tensile strength of FDM printed samples.

关键词： 3D printing FDM technology printing parameter Meta-analysis

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Effect of layer thickness and raster angle on the tribological behavior of 3D printed materials 2

Effect of layer thickness and raster angle on the tribologic...

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2nd Innovative Manufacturing, Mechatronics and Materials Forum (IM3F)

作者： Amirruddin, Muhammad Syahmi Ismail, Khairul Izwan Yap, Tze Chuen KL Sentral Solaris Infiniti Sdn Bhd Kuala Lumpur 50470 Malaysia Heriot Watt Univ Malaysia Sch Engn & Phys Sci Putrajaya 62200 Malaysia

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a manufacturing process which add material into a solid 3-dimensional product. Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) or Fused filament Fabrication (FFF) is one of the most common additive manufacturing methods. Parts processed by FDM are usually serve as prototypes of concept design and unable to use a functioning part due to their mechanical and tribological properties. Material wear has been a huge problem for machines as it is the main contributor to machine failures. Tribological behavior of AM part are required to be enhanced if AM parts are purposed to be functioning parts. Due to the nature of manufacturing technique, the tribological properties are affected by the FDM printing parameters. In current work, tribological properties of 3D printed pins, printed at different raster angle and layer thickness were investigated. FDM printed Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) and Polylactic Acid (PLA) samples were printed at three raster angle 0 degrees, 45 degrees and 90 degrees and three layer thickness of 0.127 mm, 0.254 mm and 0.33 mm. Experiments were conducted on a pin-on-disk tribometer apparatus under dry sliding condition and fixed load of 10 N and 300 rpm. Results has shown that an increase of layer thickness promotes a decrease in friction force while an angle of 45 degrees displays the best wear resistance. ABS is proofed to have better wear resistance than PLA. Copyright (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Innovative Manufacturing, Mechatronics & Materials Forum 2021

关键词： Fused deposition modelling Fused filament fabrication printing parameter Friction coefficient Wear

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Influence of Processing Technology on Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V Alloys

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CORROSION 2021年第4期77卷 402-412页

作者： Bai, Caiyun Li, Peifeng Gang, Tieqiang Li, Jian Wei, Min Huang, Yongfang Chen, Lijie Xiamen Univ Sch Aerosp Engn Xiamen 361005 Peoples R China Univ Glasgow James Watt Sch Engn Glasgow G12 8QQ Lanark Scotland

Ti-6Al-4V alloys are typically used for biomedical implants, aerospace components, and offshore equipment, where corrosion resistance is critical. In the present paper, the electrochemical corrosion behaviors of Ti-6Al-4V alloys made by different traditional processing and 3D printing technologies in seawater, 3.5 wt% NaCl, 3.5 wt% HCl, 5 wt% HCl, and 10 wt% HCl solutions were studied through polarization curve and electrochemical impedance spectra analyses. The influences of microstructure and printing parameters on the corrosion behaviors of Ti-6Al-4V alloys were analyzed. In addition, the corrosion current density, film resistance, and charge transfer resistance of traditionally processed Ti-6Al-4V and 3D-printed Ti-6Al-4V in the five solutions were compared. The results show that Ti-6Al-4V possesses a better corrosion resistance in seawater than in 3.5 wt% NaCl, and that the corrosion rate increases with the HCl concentration. Besides, 3D printed Ti-6Al-4V shows a higher corrosion rate in comparison with traditionally processed Ti-6Al-4V because pores are effortless to enrich Cl-. Finally, the ratio of laser power to its scanning speed and the phase constituent composition of the alloy have slight influences on its electrochemical corrosion behavior. It is suggested that, for the 3D-printed alloy, the deterioration of mechanical properties induced by corrosion damage during servicing should be assessed and considered.

关键词： electrochemical corrosion electrochemical impedance spectra microstructure polarization curve printing parameter Ti-6Al-4V

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Preparation and performance optimization of resistive flexible temperature sensors prepared by inkjet printing method

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FLEXIBLE AND PRINTED ELECTRONICS 2023年第2期8卷 025016-025016页

作者： Wang, Shuilian Hu, Yuxuan Ma, Lisha Cui, Xiaoqing Peng, Yuan Zheng, Jiahui Qiao, Lu Ma, Haitao Wang, Rui Zhang, Hongyan Beijing Inst Fash Technol Beijing Engn Res Ctr Text Beijing Key Lab Clothing Mat R&D & Assessment Nanofiber Beijing 100029 Peoples R China Jilin Univ Coll Commun Engn Changchun 130012 Peoples R China

In recent years, inkjet printing has been widely used in the field of flexible sensor preparation. However, the effects of inkjet printing parameters and post-processing conditions on sensor performance have not been systematically investigated. Simple fabrication and optimized performance are eagerly desired for the practical use of temperature sensors in wearable healthcare devices. Herein, we report the resistive flexible temperature sensor fabricated on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)-based ink using an inkjet printer. We have thoroughly investigated and optimized the sensitivity and linearity between the resistance and temperature of inkjet-printed temperature sensors by adjusting droplet spacing and curing conditions (temperature and time). In conclusion, the droplet spacing of 20 & mu;m and the curing condition of 30 min at 150 & DEG;C were determined as the optimized parameters. With optimized process parameters, the temperature sensor has a high sensitivity of 0.084 & DEG;C-1 and a linear coefficient of 0.999 between relative resistance and temperature in the range of 30 & DEG;C-100 & DEG;C. Furthermore, it has a fast response time (7 s) and high stability against repeated bending deformation of 500 cycles. The prepared wearable sensors have potential application prospects in temperature monitoring.

关键词： printed electronics temperature sensor inkjet printing printing parameter curing condition

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Mechanical properties and healing efficiency of 3D-printed ABS vascular based self-healing cementitious composite: Experiments and modelling

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ENGINEERING FRACTURE MECHANICS 2022年 267卷

作者： Wan, Zhi Xu, Yading Zhang, Yu He, Shan Savija, Branko Delft Univ Technol Fac Civil Engn & Geosci NL-2628 CN Delft Netherlands

Cracking is one of the main causes for deterioration of concrete structures. Self-healing concrete with 3D-printed vascular networks has excellent potential for autonomous self-healing. This approach is scarcely investigated: no studies have been devoted to the influence of printing parameters on the properties of vascular based self-healing concrete. In this work, three-dimensional vascular structures with complex geometry were designed and printed with 4 different sets of printing parameters. First, the influence of the four, nominally identical, vascular networks on the initial flexural strength of self-healing concretes was experimentally investigated. In parallel, numerical modeling with a concrete damaged plasticity model (CDPM) in Abaqus software is used to simulate the influence of vascular networks on the mechanical properties of the self-healing composite. After the 4-point bending tests, epoxy resin is injected into the vascular networks as the healing agent to seal the cracks. Then, flexural strength regain and watertightness recovery were also measured. Based on the obtained results, we found that vascular based self-healing concretes have lower initial flexural strengths than the reference sample, as expected. The magnitude of the strength drop is shown to depend strongly on the printing parameters: the specimens with horizontally-printed vascular networks have higher flexural strength than the vertically-printed counterparts. Furthermore, vascular networks with a smaller printing layerheight have less influence on the initial flexural strength of vascular-based self-healing concrete compared to those with the larger printing layer-height. In terms of watertightness recovery, all tested vascular based self-healing samples showed a full (100%) recovery, which means that the printing direction and printing layer-height do not have an obvious effect on the watertightness recovery in this study. Numerical simulations of the mechanical performance of the co

关键词： 3D printing Vascular based self-healing concrete printing parameter Numerical simulation

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Mechanical characterisation of anisotropic silica sand/furan resin compound induced by binder jet 3D additive manufacturing technology

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CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL 2020年第11期46卷 17867-17880页

作者： Dana, H. Ramezani El Mansori, M. HESAM Univ Arts & Metiers Inst Technol Lab Mecan Surface Mat Proc MSMP EA 7350 2 Cours Arts & Metiers F-13617 Aix En Provence France Texas A&M Univ Texas A&M Engn Expt Stn TEES College Stn TX 77843 USA

Binder jet 3D printing of ceramic materials is an additive manufacturing technology that enables the production of complex and multi-functional parts through the selective jet binding of precursor powder beds. The present study makes use of the 3D Sand printing (3DSP) process to create moulds and cores in the casting industry. The use of the 3DSP components as functional parts in industrial production is limited due to the uncertainty associated with their mechanical properties, such as their permeability and thermal stability. Moreover, because of the porous nature of their printed structures, their mechanical properties are dispersed and rather difficult to reproduce. This study aims to characterise the impact of different printing parameters on the mechanical performance of printed parts. For this purpose, a specific device was made in order to assess the mechanical characteristics of samples printed via this technique. The effects of processing parameters such as the printing orientation and building direction on the compressive properties of the printed specimens have also been carefully studied. Microstructural analyses were performed to better understand the relationship between the 3DSP process and the mechanical properties of the components produced from it. The results show that the mechanical tests carried out significantly improve the property reproducibility of the samples made using this technique.

关键词： 3D sand print process Mechanical characterisation Compression test Microstructural printing parameter

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Design and preparation of 3D printing intelligent poly N,N-dimethylacrylamide hydrogel actuators

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E-POLYMERS 2020年第1期20卷 273-281页

作者： Zhou, Shengzhu Zhou, Qiang Lu, Chang Zhang, Zhihui Ren, Luquan Jilin Univ Key Lab Bion Engn Minist Educ Changchun 130022 Peoples R China First Hosp Jilin Univ Cadres Ward Changchun 130021 Peoples R China Second Hosp Jilin Univ Dept Anesthesiol Changchun Peoples R China

The intelligent poly N,N-dimethylacrylamide hydrogel material system with high mechanical strength and the 3D printable property was prepared via in situ free radical polymerization under vacuum successfully. With the increase in nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) content, stress and strain of hydrogels increased gradually. As the effective reinforcement, NFC enhanced the crosslinking density, which realized the controllable regulation of rheology behaviors including viscosity, storage modulus, and loss modulus of hydrogels. Combined with the swelling rate and the existence of the gel-sol transition point, a hydrogel with 10 mg/mL NFC was treated as the 3D printing ink of hydrogel actuators. Variation of printing parameters significantly affected self-driven deformations. The hydrogel actuators with 90 degrees/0 degrees and 45 degrees/135 degrees configurations owned bending and spiral deformations, respectively. Actuators with a larger length-width ratio owned a lower pitch value. The precise anisotropic swelling property of the printed bilayer structure was the self-driven deformation mechanism of hydrogel actuators, which provided material candidates for the preparation of soft robots and actuators.

关键词： hydrogel 3D printing mechanical strength printing parameter intelligent deformation

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Effect of layer thickness and raster angle on the tribological behavior of 3D printed materials

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Materials Today: Proceedings 2022年 48卷 1821-1825页

作者： Muhammad Syahmi Amirruddin Khairul Izwan Ismail Tze Chuen Yap Solaris Infiniti Sdn Bhd KL Sentral 50470 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia School of Engineering and Physical Sciences Heriot-Watt University Malaysia 62200 Putrajaya Malaysia

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a manufacturing process which add material into a solid 3-dimensional product. Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) or Fused filament Fabrication (FFF) is one of the most common additive manufacturing methods. Parts processed by FDM are usually serve as prototypes of concept design and unable to use a functioning part due to their mechanical and tribological properties. Material wear has been a huge problem for machines as it is the main contributor to machine failures. Tribological behavior of AM part are required to be enhanced if AM parts are purposed to be functioning parts. Due to the nature of manufacturing technique, the tribological properties are affected by the FDM printing parameters. In current work, tribological properties of 3D printed pins, printed at different raster angle and layer thickness were investigated. FDM printed Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) and Polylactic Acid (PLA) samples were printed at three raster angle 0°, 45° and 90° and three layer thickness of 0.127 mm, 0.254 mm and 0.33 mm. Experiments were conducted on a pin-on-disk tribometer apparatus under dry sliding condition and fixed load of 10 N and 300 rpm. Results has shown that an increase of layer thickness promotes a decrease in friction force while an angle of 45° displays the best wear resistance. ABS is proofed to have better wear resistance than PLA.

关键词： Fused deposition modelling Fused filament fabrication printing parameter Friction coefficient Wear

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