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Effects of printing parameters on the fracture toughness of 3D-printed polymer parts

Procedia Structural Integrity 2023年 47卷 454-459页

作者： Mohammad Reza Khosravani Tamara Reinicke

Additive manufacturing (AM) has been introduced for production of prototypes, but it has been recently used for fabrication of end-use products. Therefore, the mechanical strength and structural integrity of 3D-printed parts have become of significant importance. AM also known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, has been considered as a revolutionary manufacturing process that can create geometrically complex parts through a digital model. In the current study, we investigate effects of printing parameters on the fracture toughness of 3D-printed polymer parts. To this aim, polylactic acid (PLA) material was used to fabricate specimens based on the fused deposition modeling process. The specimens were printed with different orientations at different printing speeds. Particularly, the specimens were printed with 45°/-45° and 0°/90° filament orientations at printing speed of 20 mm/s and 80 mm/s. A series of compact tension tests was conducted and linear elastic fracture mechanics approach was used to determine the fracture toughness values for each group of specimen. The experimental results indicate that the lowest fracture load was belong to the specimens printed at the highest speed. The reported results of this study can be used for future design and next computational modeling of 3D-printed PLA parts.

关键词： Additive manufacturing fracture toughness fused deposition modeling printing parameters fracture behavior

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Influence analysis and low carbon evaluation of 3D sand printing process parameters on efficiency, resource consumption, and carbon emission

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ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT 2024年第5期35卷 2608-2635页

作者： Zheng, Jun Lin, Feng Shi, Junjie Hu, Xinyu Pan, Qi Qi, Tiening Ren, Yicheng Guan, Aizhi Zhang, Zhiyi Ling, Wei Zhejiang Univ Sci & Technol Sch Mech & Energy Engn Hangzhou Peoples R China Georgia Inst Technol Ind & Syst Engn Atlanta GA USA Zhejiang Univ Sci & Technol Sch Mech & Energy Engn Hangzhou 310023 Peoples R China

The 3D sand printing (3DSP) technology provides a richer realization path for the sustainable development of the manufacturing industry. It has the advantages of one-time molding, reducing design constraints and machining amount, and easy control of casting dimensional accuracy. Therefore, studying the impact of process parameters of the printing process on printing efficiency, resource consumption, and carbon emissions is the basis for the sustainable development of 3DSP technology. In this paper, starting from the main influencing parameters such as printing layer thickness, recoater speed, printing angle, and single printing quantity, a relationship model between printing parameters and carbon emission sources is constructed. A total factor carbon emission prediction model of 3DSP process including the impact of capital and labor is established. Build an influence relationship with printing parameters as independent variables and carbon emissions as dependent variables. Taking the sand casting industry as an example to verify the above model, the experimental results show that the thickness of the printing layer has the greatest impact on carbon emissions. When the layer thickness is 0.36 mm, the speed of the recoater is 0.22 m/s, the printing angle is (0 degrees, 0 degrees, 90 degrees), and the single print quantity is 84, the total carbon emission is the lowest and 28.77% less compared to the parameter with the highest carbon emission. The average relative error of the predictive model is 1.929%. The results of this study can provide some new ideas for sustainable development of additive manufacturing technology.

关键词： 3D sand printing low carbon evaluation printing parameters sustainable manufacturing influence analysis

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Optimization of printing parameters to Maximize the Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed PETG-Based Parts

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POLYMERS 2022年第13期14卷 2564-2564页

作者： Valvez, Sara Silva, Abilio P. Reis, Paulo N. B. Univ Beira Interior CMAST Dept Electromech Engn P-6201001 Covilha Portugal Univ Coimbra CEMMPRE Dept Mech Engn P-3030194 Coimbra Portugal

Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is the most popular additive manufacturing method, which allows the production of highly complex three-dimensional parts with minimal material waste. On the other hand, polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) has been used to replace traditional polymers for 3D printing due to its chemical resistance and mechanical performance, among other benefits. However, when fibres are added, these PETG-based composites can be suitable for many different applications. Nevertheless, to guarantee their good performance in-service in these applications, and even extend to new ones, it is necessary for their mechanical properties to be maximized. Therefore, this study intends to optimize the printing parameters (nozzle temperature, printing speed, layer height and filling) in order to maximize the mechanical properties of printed PETG, PETG+CF (carbon fibre-reinforced PETG composites) and PETG+KF (aramid fibre-reinforced PETG composites). The Taguchi method was used for the experimental procedure design, and the specimens were produced according to the L16 orthogonal array. Finally, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed, with a 95% confidence interval, to analyse the effect of the printing parameters on the bending properties. It was possible to conclude that the best bending properties for PETG, PETG+CF and PETG+KF were obtained for extrusion temperatures of 265 degrees C, 195 degrees C and 265 degrees C, printing speeds of 20, 60 and 20 mm/s, layer heights of 0.4, 0.53 and 0.35 mm and an infill density of 100% for the three materials, respectively.

关键词： additive manufacturing FFF design of experiments printing parameters mechanical properties thermal conductivity mechanical testing

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Influence of printing parameters on Self-Cleaning Properties of 3D Printed Polymeric Fabrics

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POLYMERS 2022年第15期14卷 3128-3128页

作者： Atwah, Ayat Adnan Almutairi, Mohammed Dukhi He, Feiyang Khan, Muhammad A. Umm Al Qura Univ Coll Designs & Arts Al Taif RdPOB 715 Mecca 21955 Saudi Arabia Cranfield Univ Sch Aerosp Transport & Mfg Cranfield MK43 0AL Beds England Cranfield Univ Ctr Life Cyde Engn & Management Coll Rd Cranfield MK43 0AL Beds England

The processes for making self-cleaning textile fabrics have been extensively discussed in the literature. However, the exploration of the potential for self-cleaning by controlling the fabrication parameters of the fabric at the microscopic level has not been addressed. The current evolution in 3D printing technology provides an opportunity to control parameters during fabric manufacturing and generate self-cleaning features at the woven structural level. Fabrication of 3D printed textile fabrics using the low-cost fused filament fabrication (FFF) technique has been achieved. printing parameters such as orientation angle, layer height, and extruder width were used to control self-cleaning microscopic features in the printed fabrics. Self-cleaning features such as surface roughness, wettability contact angle, and porosity were analyzed for different values of printing parameters. The combination of three printing parameters was adjusted to provide the best self-cleaning textile fabric surface: layer height (LH) (0.15, 0.13, 0.10 mm) and extruder width (EW) (0.5, 0.4, 0.3 mm) along with two different angular printing orientations (O) (45 degrees and 90 degrees). Three different thermoplastic flexible filaments printing materials were used: thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU 98A), thermoplastic elastomers (TPE felaflex), and thermoplastic co-polyester (TPC flex45). Self-cleaning properties were quantified using a pre-set defined criterion. The optimization of printing parameters was modeled to achieve the best self-cleaning features for the printed specimens.

关键词： 3D printing self-cleaning fabric microscopic features printing parameters (TPU 98A) thermoplastic elastomers (TPE felaflex) thermoplastic co-polyester (TPC flex45)

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The influence of printing parameters on multi-material two-photon polymerisation based micro additive manufacturing

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ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2022年 51卷

作者： Hu, Qin Rance, Graham A. Trindade, Gustavo F. Pervan, David Jiang, Long Foerster, Aleksandra Turyanska, Lyudmila Tuck, Christopher Irvine, Derek J. Hague, Richard Wildman, Ricky D. Univ Nottingham Fac Engn Nottingham NG7 2RD England Univ Nottingham Nanoscale & Microscale Res Ctr Nottingham NG7 2RD England Univ Nottingham Sch Pharm Nottingham NG7 2RD England

Two-photon polymerisation (2PP) based additive manufacturing has emerged as a powerful technology to fabricate complex three-dimensional micro- and nanoscale architectures. However, a comprehensive understanding of the effect of printing parameters on the functional properties of these structures is needed to unleash the potential of 2PP and enable controlled deposition / integration of various materials into multi-material structures. In this study we investigate the correlation between printing parameters, resin composition and the final properties of 2PP structures fabricated with different monomers and initiators. The link between 2PP process and final material properties is validated by morphological studies, vibrational spectroscopy and advanced mass spectrometry, ToF-SIMS, imaging. We establish empirical relationships between printing parameters and mechanical properties, and achieve controlled deposition of different monomers with high precision and uniform composition. The approaches developed here are successfully used to demonstrate multi-material 2PP and produce complex 3D architectures incorporating three polymers. The 2PP structures produced can be transferred into solution or onto different substrates, in addition to direct fabrication on flexible substrates. This work advances the understanding of the 2PP process, which enable rational design and manufacture of complex geometries and additive manufacturing of nanoscale multi-material structures.

关键词： Two-photon polymerisation printing parameters Micro additive manufacturing Multi-material printing

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Standardization of 3D printing parameters to control the size and shape of pores in Polylactic acid scaffolds

MedComm - Biomaterials and Applications

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MedComm - Biomaterials and Applications 2024年第1期3卷

作者： Pérez-Sánchez, Lucía Ortiz de la O, Misael A. Álvarez-Pérez, Marco A. Llaguno-Munive, Monserrat Chanes-Cuevas, Osmar A. Serrano-Bello, Janeth Laboratorio de Bioingeniería de Tejidos División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación Facultad de Odontología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Circuito Exterior s/n. Cd. Universitaria CDMX Mexico Laboratorio de Física Médica Subdirección de Investigación Básica Instituto Nacional de Cancerología CDMX Mexico Laboratorio de Investigación de Materiales Dentales y Biomateriales División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación Facultad de Odontología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Circuito Exterior s/n. Cd. Universitaria CDMX Mexico

The challenge of three-dimensional (3D) printing by polymeric extrusion in tissue bioengineering is to control with precision the microarchitecture and porous interconnectivity of scaffolds, as well as search for models that allow and facilitate the development of personalized constructs that meet optimal characteristics for the regeneration of significant bone defects. In this study, anatomically accurate scaffolds were designed and printed to a critical size defect from a microtomography image of the rat calvaria. Different software is used to design a scaffold with exact anatomy. With Ultimaker Cura software, distinct printing parameters were standardized, permitting the printing of different types of pores and graded porosity scaffolds, with exact adaptation to the bone defect, utilizing a commercial 3D printer with a fused deposition modeling technique and compensating for the limitations of the method. The scaffolds were characterized by evaluating their mechanical properties and surface characteristics (pore size and porosity), employing scanning electron microscopy images, verifying that the size and shape of the pores were controlled, and evaluating cell viability and cell distribution on the 3D printed scaffold. Therefore, this work proves that by standardizing the printing parameters, it was possible to print a unique customized scaffold, controlling the shape and size of pores. © 2024 The Authors. MedComm – Biomaterials and Applications published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Sichuan International Medical Exchange & Promotion Association (SCIMEA).

关键词： 3D printing graded porosity printing parameters scaffolding

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Effect of 3D printing parameters on Self-Driven Deformation Characteristics of Intelligent Hydrogel Actuators

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CHEMISTRYSELECT 2020年第33期5卷 10367-10373页

作者： Liang, Yunhong Liu, Chang Xiu, Haohua Chang, Yanjiao Zhao, Qian Ren, Luquan Jilin Univ Key Lab Bion Engn Minist Educ Changchun 130025 Peoples R China

By changing printing parameters, a serious of hydrogel actuators with high mechanical strength and multiple deformation were successfully prepared through three-dimensional (3D) printing. Base on the enhancement role of cross-linking density of hydrogel inks, nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) was treated as reinforcement phase to realize controllable regulation of rheology characteristics. With the increase of NFC content, stress and strain values of hydrogels increased gradually. Attributed to swelling rate and gel-sol transition point, hydrogel with 12 mg/mL NFC was treated as 3D printing ink. The 3D printing parameters significantly affected self-driven deformations. The hydrogel actuators with 0 degrees/90 degrees, 45 degrees/135 degrees and Archimedes chord configurations owned bending, spiral and twist deformations, respectively. The hydrogel actuators with relative larger length-width ratio exhibited higher spiral degree. The high precise anisotropic swelling property of printed bilayer structure was the self-driven deformation mechanism of hydrogel actuators. The combination of hydrogels and 3D printing extended the application of intelligent hydrogels.

关键词： Cross-linking density Hydrogel Polymerization printing parameters 3D printing

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Robocasting of advanced ceramics: ink optimization and protocol to predict the printing parameters-A review

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HELIYON 2022年第9期8卷 e10651页

作者： Lamnini, Soukaina Elsayed, Hamada Lakhdar, Yazid Baino, Francesco Smeacetto, Federico Bernardo, Enrico Politecn Torino Inst Mat Phys & Engn Dept Appl Sci & Technol I-10129 Turin Italy Univ Mohammed VI Polytech Benguerir MSN Dept Mat Sci Energy & Nano Engn Benguerir Morocco Univ Padua Dept Ind Engn I-35100 Padua Italy Natl Res Ctr Ceram Dept El-Bohous St Cairo 12622 Egypt Univ Birmingham Sch Met & Mat Birmingham B15 2TT England

Direct-Ink-Writing (or robocasting) is a subset of extrusion-based additive manufacturing techniques that has grown significantly in recent years to design simple to complex ceramic structures. Robocasting, relies on the use of high-concentration powder pastes, also known as inks. A successful optimization of ink rheology and formu-lation constitutes the major key factor to ensure printability for the fabrication of self-supporting ceramic structures with a very precise dimensional resolution. However, to date achieving a real balance between a comprehensive optimization of ink rheology and the determination of a relevant protocol to predict the printing parameters for a given ink is still relatively scarce and has been not yet standardized in the *** current review reports, in its first part, a detailed survey of recent studies on how ink constituents and composition affect the direct-ink-writing of ceramic parts, taking into account innovative ceramic-based-inks formulations and processing techniques. Precisely, the review elaborates the major factors influencing on ink rheology and printability, specifically binder type, particle physical features (size, morphology and density) and ceramic feedstock *** the second part, this review suggests a standardized guideline to effectively adapt a suitable setting of the printing parameters, such as printing speed and pressure, printing substrate, strut spacing, layer height, nozzle diameter in function of ink intrinsic rheology.

关键词： Robocasting Glass Ceramics Feedstock features printing parameters

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Influence of the printing parameters on the properties of Poly(lactic acid) scaffolds obtained by fused deposition modeling 3D printing

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POLYMERS & POLYMER COMPOSITES 2021年第9_SUPPL期29卷 S1052-S1062页

作者： Nascimento, Abraao C. D., Jr. Mota, Raquel C. D. A. G. Menezes, Livia R. D. Silva, Emerson O. D. Univ Fed Rio Janeiro Inst Macromoleculas Professora Eloisa Mano IMA Rio De Janeiro Brazil

3D printing techniques are of great interest in the sector of scaffold development aiming for bone tissue regeneration mainly due to the possibility of customizing the scaffold according to the area of the bone defect to be regenerated. Among the 3D printing techniques, the fused deposition modeling (FDM) stands out as promising because it does not require the use of solvents and toxic components throughout the manufacturing process of the scaffold. In this sense, the present article aims to evaluate the influence of the printing speed and the temperature of the printing head on the properties of poly(lactic acid) scaffolds. Three speeds of the printing head (4600 mm/min, 480 mm/min, and 500 mm/min) and two different extrusion temperatures (200 degrees C and 220 degrees C) were evaluated, maintaining the architecture and all other printing conditions constant. After obtaining the scaffolds, they were characterized by the following techniques: Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance (TD-NMR), compressive modulus, L929 cell viability, and enzymatic degradation. The results obtained showed that the increase in printing temperature and speed was able to influence some properties of the material: increase crystallinity, compressive modulus, thermal resistance, and reduce molecular mobility and enzymatic degradation rate of the scaffolds. These findings are promising and indicate that, by altering only the basic parameters of 3D printing, it is possible to modulate the properties of the scaffolds obtained, to achieve greater crystallinity and a superior compressive modulus.

关键词： poly(lactic acid) 3D printing properties printing parameters

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Binder jetting process with ceramic powders: Influence of powder properties and printing parameters

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OPEN CERAMICS 2022年 9卷

作者： Chen, Qirong Juste, Enrique Lasgorceix, Marie Petit, Fabrice Leriche, Anne Belgium Ceram Res Ctr Ave Gouverneur E Cornez 4 B-7000 Mons Belgium Univ Polytech Hauts De France Lab Mat Ceram & Proc Associes F-59313 Valenciennes France

Binder jetting (BJ) is an additive manufacturing process in which powder materials are selectively joined by a binder. BJ is plagued by its high sensitivity to both powder properties and process parameters which critically affect the quality of powder beds and final products. Alumina powder was used as a model material processed using different routes to obtain granules with various characteristics. Granule properties (particle size, morphology, flowability), characteristics of powder bed (roughness, packing density) and process parameters (binder saturation, layer thickness) were highly optimized in order to achieve the highest printed parts quality in terms of compressive strength and volume density. Optimized values reach 102.2 +/- 11.1 MPa and 64.2 +/- 1.9% T. D respectively which are close to expectations for this process. The paper serves as an aid in understanding the influence of powder properties and processing parameters and provides general guidelines to rapidly develop ceramic powders for conventional binder jetting process.

关键词： Binder jetting Powder properties printing parameters

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