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The influence of printing parameters on cell survival rate and printability in microextrusion-based 3D cell printing technology

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BIOFABRICATION 2015年第4期7卷 045002-045002页

作者： Zhao, Yu Li, Yang Mao, Shuangshuang Sun, Wei Yao, Rui Tsinghua Univ Biomfg Ctr Dept Mech Engn Beijing 100084 Peoples R China Biomfg & Rapid Forming Technol Key Lab Beijing Beijing Peoples R China Shenzhen Tsinghua Grad Sch Biomfg Engn Lab Shenzhen Peoples R China Drexel Univ Dept Mech Engn Philadelphia PA 19104 USA

Three-dimensional (3D) cell printing technology has provided a versatile methodology to fabricate cell-laden tissue-like constructs and in vitro tissue/pathological models for tissue engineering, drug testing and screening applications. However, it still remains a challenge to print bioinks with high viscoelasticity to achieve long-term stable structure and maintain high cell survival rate after printing at the same time. In this study, we systematically investigated the influence of 3D cell printing parameters, i.e. composition and concentration of bioink, holding temperature and holding time, on the printability and cell survival rate in microextrusion-based 3D cell printing technology. Rheological measurements were utilized to characterize the viscoelasticity of gelatin-based bioinks. Results demonstrated that the bioink viscoelasticity was increased when increasing the bioink concentration, increasing holding time and decreasing holding temperature below gelation temperature. The decline of cell survival rate after 3D cell printing process was observed when increasing the viscoelasticity of the gelatin-based bioinks. However, different process parameter combinations would result in the similar rheological characteristics and thus showed similar cell survival rate after 3D bioprinting process. On the other hand, bioink viscoelasticity should also reach a certain point to ensure good printability and shape fidelity. At last, we proposed a protocol for 3D bioprinting of temperature-sensitive gelatin-based hydrogel bioinks with both high cell survival rate and good printability. This research would be useful for biofabrication researchers to adjust the 3D bioprinting process parameters quickly and as a referable template for designing new bioinks.

关键词： 3D cell printing cell survival printability printing parameters

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Process Design and parameters Interaction in Material Extrusion 3D printing: A Review

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POLYMERS 2023年第10期15卷 2280-2280页

作者： Bouzaglou, Ouri Golan, Ofek Lachman, Noa Tel Aviv Univ Dept Mat Sci & Engn IL-6997801 Tel Aviv Israel

Additive Manufacturing (AM), commonly known as "3D printing", is rapidly integrated into many various fields, from everyday commercial to high-end medical and aerospace. Its production flexibility in small-scale and complex shapes is a significant advantage over conventional methods. However, inferior physical properties of parts manufactured by AM in general, and by material extrusion in particular, compared to traditional fabrication methods, inhibit its full assimilation. Specifically, the mechanical properties of printed parts are not high enough and, more importantly, not consistent enough. Optimization of the many various printing parameters is therefore required. This work reviews the influence of material selection, printing parameters such as path (e.g., layer thickness and raster angle), build (e.g., infill and building orientation) and temperature parameters (e.g., nozzle or platform temperature) on mechanical properties. Moreover, this work focuses on the interactions between the printing parameters, their mechanisms, and the statistical methods required to identify such interactions. Choosing the right parameters can increase mechanical properties by up to 60% (raster angle and orientation build), or render other parameters insignificant (material selection), while specific settings of certain parameters can completely inverse the influence trend of other parameters. Finally, trends for future research are suggested.

关键词： additive manufacturing mechanical properties polymers printing parameters governing mechanisms in FDM

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Investigation on influence of selective laser melting parameters on mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PART C-JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE 2025年第1期239卷 117-128页

作者： Kumar, Mandeep Nabi, Jahangir Singh, Harsimran Jeet Kaundal, Hemant Bera, Tarun Kumar Singh, Ratnesh Kumar Raj Chandigarh Engn Coll Chandigarh Grp Coll Dept Mech Engn Mohali Punjab India Thapar Inst Engn & Technol Dept Mech Engn Patiala 147001 Punjab India

This research investigates the effects of process parameters of selective laser melting (SLM) on mechanical and metallurgical properties of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V fabricated parts. Key printing parameters including scan speed, laser power, and printing strategies, are analyzed for their impact on properties of printed parts using Taguchi L9 statistical approach. It is found that increasing laser power and scan speed decreases strength in both the longitudinal and transverse directions of the printed samples. The study highlights that the bi-directional printing strategy yields the highest strength in both directions, while the stripe strategy results in the lowest strength. Additionally, higher scanning speeds increase porosity, subsequently lowering the overall strength of the printed components. Microstructural analysis reveals the presence of acicular alpha martensite within the prior beta grains in most samples.

关键词： Additive manufacturing SLM Ti-6Al-4V printing parameters scan speed laser power

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Manufacturing parameters' effects on the flexural properties of 3D-printed PLA

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MATERIALS TESTING 2025年第5期67卷 811-820页

作者： Ozdogan, Selim Meram, Ahmet Cetin, Mehmet Emin Necmettin Erbakan Univ Mech Engn Konya Turkiye KTO Karatay Univ Konya Turkiye Necmettin Erbakan Univ Aerosp Engn Konya Turkiye

In this study, the effects of infill ratio, layer thickness, nozzle temperature, and raster angle on the flexural strength of polylactic acid material were investigated through microstructural analysis. A total of 10 different sample groups were produced, changing the parameters of the filling ratio (20, 40, 60, 80 %), layer thickness (0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30 mm), nozzle temperature (210, 220, 230 degrees C), and raster angle (+/- 45 degrees, 0/90 degrees). Three-point bending tests were conducted using the Shimadzu bending machine, and the results were used to calculate maximum bending stress, modulus of elasticity, and strain values. The results showed that the values of maximum bending stress and modulus of elasticity vary significantly with changes in layer thickness, filling ratio, nozzle temperature, and raster angle. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images were obtained from the longitudinal cross-section of the samples in the failure area. The obtained images were used to identify the gaps between beads, voids, porosity, filament rapture, pull-out breakage, elongation, and necking patterns on the samples. The variations in flexural properties were verified by using SEM micrographs in the failure area.

关键词： 3D printing technology additive manufacturing microstructural analysis three-point bending printing parameters

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Mechanical behavior analysis of additively manufactured parts using the Taguchi method and artificial neural networks

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RAPID PROTOTYPING JOURNAL 2025年第4期31卷 794-816页

作者： Hiremath, Shivashankar Oh, Jeongwoo Jung, Younghoon Kim, Tae-Won Hanyang Univ Survivabil Signal Intelligence Res Ctr Seoul South Korea Hanyang Univ Dept Mech Convergence Engn Seoul South Korea Hanyang Univ Dept Mech Engn Seoul South Korea

PurposeAcrylonitrile butadiene styrene is an important material in 3D printing due to its strength, durability, heat resistance and cost-effectiveness. These properties make it suitable for various applications, from functional prototypes to end-use products. This study aims to model and predict the mechanical properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene parts produced using the fused deposition modeling ***/methodology/approachThe experiment was carefully designed to determine the optimal print parameters, including layer thickness, nozzle temperature and infill density. Tensile tests were performed on all printed samples following industry standards to gauge the mechanical properties such as elastic modulus, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and breakpoint. Taguchi optimization and variable analysis were used to explore the relationship between mechanical properties and print parameters. Furthermore, an artificial neural network (ANN) regression model was implemented to predict mechanical properties based on varying print *** results demonstrated that layer thickness has the most significant influence on mechanical properties when compared to other print conditions. The optimization approaches indicated a clear relationship between the selected print parameters and the material's mechanical response. For acrylonitrile butadiene styrene material, the optimal print settings were determined to be a 0.25 mm layer thickness, a 270 degrees C nozzle temperature and a 30 % infill density. Moreover, the ANN model notably excelled in predicting the yield strength of the material with greater accuracy than other mechanical ***/valueComparing the accuracy and capabilities of the Taguchi and ANN models in analyzing mechanical properties, it was found that both models closely matched the experimental data. However, the ANN model showed superior accuracy in predicting tensile outcomes. In conclusion, while the ANN model o

关键词： 3D printing printing parameters Tensile properties Taguchi optimization Artificial neural network Fused deposition modeling

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Optimisation of ink preparation for direct ink writing of defect-free, high-density Ce-TZP ceramics

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JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY 2025年第7期45卷

作者： Kovac, Mia Koos, Erin Van Meerbeek, Bart Vleugels, Jozef Braem, Annabel Katholieke Univ Leuven Dept Mat Engn Kasteelpark Arenberg 44 box 2450 B-3001 Leuven Belgium Katholieke Univ Leuven Dept Chem Engn Celestijnenlaan 200J Box 2424 B-3001 Leuven Belgium Katholieke Univ Leuven BIOMAT Dept Oral Hlth Sci Kapucijnenvoer 7 Box B-7001 Leuven Belgium UZ Leuven Dent Kapucijnenvoer 7 Box B-7001 Leuven Belgium

Direct ink writing (DIW) has emerged as a promising technique for fabricating dense ceramic components, focusing on yttria-stabilised tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP). However, the application of DIW to ceriastabilised zirconia (Ce-TZP) remains relatively unexplored. A critical factor in achieving dense, defect-free ceramic prints is the formulation of inks that balance optimal rheological properties with high solid loadings. This study investigates the influence of dispersion and mixing protocols on ink rheology and printing parameters, ultimately correlating these factors with the mechanical properties of the sintered components. Pre-milling the ceramic powder with a dispersant before hydrogel addition allowed producing highly homogeneous inks with minimal agglomeration, leading to consistent printing and high-density parts. The maximum achievable solid loading for these Ce-TZP inks, utilising 0.5 wt% Dolapix dispersant within a 25 wt% Pluronic F-127 solution, was 40 vol%. Notably, the mechanical properties of these DIW-produced components were comparable to those of conventionally processed ceramics.

关键词： Dispersion Ceria stabilised zirconia printing parameters Rheology

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A Technical-Economic Study on Optimizing FDM parameters to Manufacture Pieces Using Recycled PETG and ASA Materials in the Context of the Circular Economy Transition

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POLYMERS 2025年第1期17卷 122-122页

作者： Zisopol, Dragos Gabriel Minescu, Mihail Iacob, Dragos Valentin Petr Gas Univ Ploiesti Mech Engn Dept Ploiesti 100680 Romania Petr Gas Univ Ploiesti Doctoral Sch Dept Mech Engn Ploiesti 100680 Romania

This paper presents the results of research on the technical-economic optimization of FDM parameters (Lh-layer height and Id-infill density percentage) for the manufacture of tensile and compression samples from recycled materials (r) of PETG (polyethylene terephthalate glycol) and ASA (acrylonitrile styrene acrylate) in the context of the transition to a circular economy. To carry out our technical-economic study, the fundamental principle of value analysis was used, which consists of maximizing the ratio between Vi and Cp, where Vi represents the mechanical characteristic (tensile strength or compressive strength) and Cp represents the production cost. The results of this study showed that, in the case of tensile samples manufactured by recycled PETG (rPETG), the parameter that significantly influences the results of the Vi/Cp ratios is Lh (the height of the layer), while for the samples manufactured additively from recycled ASA (rASA), the parameter that decisively influences the tensile strength is Id (the infill density percentage). In the case of compression samples manufactured by FDM from recycled PETG (rPETG) and recycled ASA (rASA), the parameter that signified influences the results of the Vi/Cp ratios is Id (the infill density percentage). Following the optimization of the FDM parameters, using multiple-response optimization, we identified the optimal parameters for the manufacture of parts by FDM from rPETG and rASA: Lh = 0.20 mm and Id = 100%. The results of this study demonstrated that the use of recycled plastics from PETG and ASA lends itself to a production and consumption model based on a circular economy.

关键词： 3D printing FDM value analysis printing parameters optimization rPETG rASA tensile compressive

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Multi-scale mechanical properties of Al-Mg-Zr-Sc alloys fabricated by direct metal laser sintering: Towards single-material composites

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JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-JMR&T 2025年 35卷 2887-2913页

作者： Zettel, Dominic Breitkopf, Piotr Cauvin, Ludovic Nicolay, Pascal Willmann, Roland Carinthia Univ Appl Sci CUAS Res Grp AMAViS 2 Europastr 4 A-9524 Villach Austria Carinthia Univ Appl Sci CUAS Res Grp CiSMAT Europastr 4 A-9524 Villach Austria Univ Technol Compiegne UTC Ctr Rech Royallieu Roberval Mechan Energy & Elect CS 60319 F-60203 Compiegne France

This study proposes a methodology for experimentally deriving parameter-dependent mechanical properties of DMLS-printed aluminum. Eighty-five specimens were produced using seventeen distinct parameter sets, designed through a Design of Experiments approach, and subjected to non-destructive and destructive testing. The results reveal a strong correlation between printing parameters, porosity, and mechanical performance, with average pore areas ranging from 0.037% to 21.161% and varied pore types (spherical pores, keyhole pores, and lack of fusion). Correspondingly, mechanical properties showed a broad range: tensile strength (105.3 MPa-459.0 MPa), Young's modulus (23.38 GPa-69.77 GPa), and yield strength (105.2 MPa-444.8 MPa). Single-material composites were fabricated by integrating dense and porous structures within a single geometry. Tensile testing of these composites showed that geometry and the cross-sectional ratio of ductile material influence mechanical properties significantly (tensile strengths ranging from 89.8 MPa to 112.2 MPa), with stress-strain responses displaying atypical behavior due to the brittle, porous matrix and embedded ductile truss-lattice structures.

关键词： Direct metal laser sintering Aluminum printing parameters Brittle Ductile Material behavior

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Soft Actuator with Integrated and Localized Sensing Properties through Parameter-Encoded 4D printing

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Journal of Bionic Engineering 2024年第5期21卷 2302-2312页

作者： Yang Li Xinyu Yang Jianyang Li Qingping Liu Bingqian Li Kunyang Wang School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Jilin UniversityChangchun130025China Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering(Ministry of Education) Jilin UniversityChangchun130022China Weihai Institute for Bionics Jilin UniversityWeihai264207China Institute of Structured and Architected Materials Liaoning Academy of MaterialsShenyang110167China

4D printed smart materials is mostly relying on thermal stimulation to actuate,limiting their widely application requiring precise and localized control of the *** existing strategies for achieving localized control rely on hetero-geneous material systems and structural design,thereby increasing design and manufacturing ***,we endow localized electrothermal,actuation,and sensing properties in electrically-driven soft actuator through parameter-encoded 4D *** analyzed the effects of printing parameters on shape memory properties and conductivity,and then explored the multi-directional sensing performance of the 4D printed *** demonstrated an integrated actuator-sensor device capable of both shape recovery and perceiving its own position and obstacles ***,it can adjust its sensing characteristics through temporary shape programming to adapt to different application *** study achieves integrated and localized actuation-sensing without the need for multi-material systems and intricate structural designs,offering an efficient solution for the intelligent and lightweight design in the fields of soft robotics,biomedical applications,and aerospace.

关键词： Soft actuators 4D printing Integrated sensing Localized sensing printing parameters

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Geometric quality evaluation of three-dimensional printable concrete using computational fluid dynamics

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Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2024年第7期18卷 963-976页

作者： Weijiu CUI Haijun SUN Jiangang ZHOU Sheng WANG Xinyu SHI Yaxin TAO Department of Civil Engineering Qingdao University of TechnologyQingdao 266000China Innovation Institute for Sustainable Maritime Architecture Research and Technology Qingdao University of TechnologyQingdao 266000China Intelligent Construction Lab Qingdao University of TechnologyQingdao 266000China Shandong Zhaojin Industrial Development Co. Ltd.Yantai 264000China Architectural Engineering Institute Weifang Engineering Vocational CollegeWeifang 261000China Qingjian Group Co. Ltd.Qingdao 266000China College of Architecture and Urban Planning Qingdao University of TechnologyQingdao 266000China Department of Structural Engineering and Building Materials Ghent UniversityGhent 9000Belgium Institute of Building Materials ETH ZurichZurich 8064Switzerland

The importance of geometrical control of three dimensional(3D)printable concrete without the support of formwork is widely *** this study,a numerical model based on computational fluid dynamics was developed to evaluate the geometrical quality of a 3D printed *** numerical results were compared,using image analysis,with physical cross-sectional sawn *** influence of printing parameters(printing speed,nozzle height,and nozzle diameter)and the rheological behavior of printed materials(yield stress),on the geometrical quality of one printed layer was *** addition,the yield zone of the printed layer was analyzed,giving insights on the critical factors for geometrical control in 3D concrete *** indicated that the developed model can precisely describe the extrusion process,as well as the cross-sectional quality.

关键词： digital fabrication 3D concrete printing geometric quality computational fluid dynamics printing parameters yield stress

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