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A Comparative Performance Evaluation of Routing protocols for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED COMPUTER SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS 2023年第4期14卷 438-446页

作者： Khudayer, Baidaa Hamza Alzabin, Lial Raja Anbar, Mohammed Tawafak, Ragad M. Wan, Tat-Chee AlSideiri, Abir Malik, Sohail Iqbal Al-Amiedy, Taief Alaa Univ Sains Malaysia Natl Adv Ctr IPv6 USM George Town 11800 Malaysia AlBuraimi Univ Coll Informat Technol Dept Buraimi Oman AlZahra Coll Women Muscat Oman

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a group of wireless mobile nodes that can connect with each other over a number of hops without the need for centralized management or pre-existing infrastructure. MANET has been used in several commercial areas such as intelligent shipping systems, ad hoc gaming, and clever agriculture, and non-commercial areas such as army applications, disaster rescue, and wildlife observing domains. One of the main challenges in MANET is routing mobility management which affects the performance of MANET seriously. The routing protocols have been functionally classified into proactive routing protocols, reactive routing protocols, and hybrid routing protocols. The objective of this paper is to create observations about the advantages and disadvantages of these protocols. Thus, the aim of this paper is to conduct a comparative analysis of the three groups of MANET routing protocols by comparing their features and methods in terms of routing overhead, scalability, delay, and other factors. It was shown that the proactive protocols guarantee the availability of the routes. However, it suffers from scalability and overhead. Whereas, reactive protocols initiate route discovery only when data needs to be sent. However, reactive protocols introduce an undesirable delay due to route establishment, which affects the network performance. Hybrid protocols, attempt to utilize the beneficial features of both reactive and proactive protocols, hybrid protocols are suitable for large networks and keep up-to-date information, but they increase operational complexity. It was concluded that MANET needs enhancement with regard to routing in order to meet the required performance.

关键词： MANET routing protocols proactive protocols reactive protocols hybrid protocols Ad Hoc Networks

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REFLOOD: Reactive routing protocol for wake-up radio in IoT

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AD HOC NETWORKS 2021年 121卷 102578-102578页

作者： Sampayo, Sebastian L. Montavont, Julien Noel, Thomas Univ Strasbourg ICube Lab F-67412 Illkirch Graffenstaden France

The Internet of Things and the Wireless Sensor Networks are providing new ways to connect physical variables from the environment to the cybernetic world. As their applications become more ubiquitous, they require better energy efficiency to reduce the size of the batteries or extend their lifetime as much as possible, while keeping good quality network performance. Traditional solutions to this challenge have used a duty-cycle approach at the medium access control layer of the communication stack trading off latency for energy efficiency. Wake-up radios is a new technology for wireless communications that promises the end of this tradeoff thanks to its ultra-low power consumption. This module is attached to a regular node as a secondary receiver that listens to the channel continuously while the main radio stays sleeping. Unfortunately, the sensitivity of the wake-up receiver is very low creating a range mismatch with the main radio. This leads to very dense networks according to the very short range of the wake-up radio. In such a scenario, the data frame must pass through every node in the path from source to destination, wasting the benefits of the main radio technology. To take advantage of the full range of the main radio, the signals on the wake-up radio have to be routed through intermediate nodes before waking up the destination, so that the data can be sent directly from source to destination. In this article, we present REFLOOD, a reactive routing protocol for WuR networks that tackles this challenge taking advantage of multiple paths and achieving load balancing. We compare it with a proactive approach as well as a traditional solution in ContikiOS, through simulations in different scenarios for convergecast traffic. The results show that REFLOOD represents an improvement to 300% of the network lifetime of traditional solutions. Its multi-path feature maximizes the chances to wake-up a destination successfully, improving the packet delivery ratio, and re

关键词： Wake-up radios Routing protocols Wireless sensor networks Reactive protocols proactive protocols

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Simulation of Routing in an Ad-hoc Network in Conditions of Limited Availability 11

Simulation of Routing in an Ad-hoc Network in Conditions of ...

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11th International IEEE Scientific and Technical Conference on Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics)

作者： Monakhov, Yuri M. Monakhov, Mikhail Yu. Telny, Andrey V. Vladimir State Univ Vladimir Russia

ISBN: (纸本)9781538618219;9781538618202

This article presents simulation results for a mobile ad-hoc network running Dynamic Source Routing reactive protocol under the conditions of limited availability and heightened response times of network nodes. Authors conclude that dynamic source routing stops being efficient in large networks and propose a hybrid routing protocol that includes the proactive phase and uses availability criterion as a metric. Authors provide experimental results for the dynamic source routing protocol simulation, as well as the message headers and functional outline of the hybrid routing scheme.

关键词： ad-hoc network MANET dynamic-source routing proactive protocols availability

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Review on MANET Routing protocols and Challenges 11

Review on MANET Routing Protocols and Challenges

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IEEE Student Conference on Research and Developement

作者： Habib, Shabana Saleem, Somaila Saqib, Khawaja Muhammad Natl Univ Malaysia Dept Elect Elect & Syst Engn Bangi Selangor Malaysia Govt Coll Women Dept Comp Sci Peshawar Kpk Pakistan Govt Coll Peshawar Higher Educ Dept Dept Comp Sci Kpk Pakistan

ISBN: (纸本)9781479926565

A Mobile Ad-hoc Network ( MANET) is composed of Mobile Nodes ( MNs) without any fix infrastructure. Currently, It is one of the most attractive research topics in the wireless communication. These MNs dynamically create temporary network and transferring messages from one MN to others in peer to peer fashion. A routing protocol runs on every mobile host and therefore subjected to the limitation of resources on every node. Therefore, to guarantee communication an efficient routing technique is desirable to that allow nodes to communicate in a timely manner. This routing technique must be able to minimize the computation overload on mobile host as well as overhead of traffic on network. This paper, review the MANET and recent routing protocols for efficient communication

关键词： MANET proactive protocols Reative protocols Manet charecteristics

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Comparative Study of proactive Protocol of Mobile Ad-Hoc Network

Comparative Study of Proactive Protocol of Mobile Ad-Hoc Net...

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3rd International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies (CSNT)

作者： Kumar, Das Prashanta Bhadoria, Robin Singh Chandra, Deka Ganesh Mudgal, Praveen Govt ITI Dhansiri Assam India

ISBN: (纸本)9780769549583;9781467356039

Mobile Ad hoc networks are the collection of wireless nodes that can exchange information dynamically among them without pre existing fixed infrastructure. Due to extremely dynamic in nature, evaluation of routing protocols is an important issue. In this paper, we focus on analysis for impact of proactive protocols by growing the density of nodes in network and keeping source node fixed and movable destination node and lastly, keeping the destination node fixed and move source node. All three cases, behavior of the routing protocol have been analyzed to progress and choose efficient and proficient routing protocol for network setup. The performance matrix contains delivery fraction, packet loss and end-to-end delay. We emphasis and compare the routing protocols from different factors and find best one for smooth functioning our networks.

关键词： MANET proactive protocols

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Comparative Study of proactive Protocol of Mobile Ad-Hoc Network

Comparative Study of Proactive Protocol of Mobile Ad-Hoc Net...

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International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies

作者： Das Prashanta Kumar Deka Ganesh Chandra Robin Singh Bhadoria Praveen Mudgal Govt. ITI Dhansiri Assam-INDIA DGE&T MoLE New Delhi Dept. of CSE IITMGwalior(MP)-INDIA Dept of CSE IITM GwaliorIndia

ISBN: (纸本)9781467356039

关键词： MANET proactive protocols

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PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF REACTIVE AND proactive protocols FOR AD-HOC SENSOR NETWORKS USING DIFFERENT RADIO MODELS

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Journal of Interconnection Networks 2007年第4期8卷 387-405页

作者： TAO YANG LEONARD BAROLLI MAKOTO IKEDA ARJAN DURRESI FATOS XHAFA Graduate School of Engineering Fukuoka Institute of Technology (FIT) 3-30-1 Wajiro-Higashi Higashi-Ku Fukuoka 811-0295 Japan Department of Information and Communication Engineering Fukuoka Institute of Technology (FIT) 3-30-1 Wajiro-Higashi Higashi-ku Fukuoka 811-0295 Japan Department of Computer and Information Science Indiana University Perdue University Indianapolis 723 W. Michigan Street SL 280 Indianapolis IN 46202 USA Polytechnic University of Catalonia Department of Languages and Informatics Systems C/Jordi Girona 1-3 08034 Barcelona Spain

In this paper, we consider the behavior of a wireless ad-hoc sensor network for different radio models. By means of simulations, we analyze the performance of three protocols: AODV, DSR, and DSDV considering two radio models TwoRayGround and Shadowing. In difference with other works, we generalize the type of radio model by allowing the path loss randomnesses to be present in the service environment of the network. We study the perceived Goodput and Depletion of the ad-hoc sensor network and compare the performance of three protocols for different scenarios. The simulation results confirm the fact that the shadowing phenomena, by destroying the regularity of the network, reduce the mean distance among nodes and at the same time increase the interference level and the latency of packet transmission. In particular, we found a maximum relative difference of 70%. On the other hand, for the proactive DSDV routing protocol the energy consumption rate seems to be independent of the radio model, at least for moderate size of the network (256 nodes). Also, we found that the packet delivery ratio of AODV and DSR routing protocols are more stable than DSDV protocol.

关键词： Sensor networks Sensor-actor networks Ad-hoc networks Radio models Reactive protocols proactive protocols

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On Tree-Based Routing in Multi-Gateway Association based Wireless Mesh Networks

On Tree-Based Routing in Multi-Gateway Association based Wir...

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20th IEEE Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications

作者： Maurina, Stefano Riggio, Roberto Rasheed, Tinku Granelli, Fabrizio Univ Coll Dublin Sch Comp Sci & Informat Dublin 4 Ireland CREATE NET Trenton NJ 38123 USA DISI Univ Trento I-38050 Trento Italy

ISBN: (纸本)9781424451234

There is an increasing acceptance for Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) as the potential 'last-mile' access technology running media-rich applications with stringent quality of service (QoS) requirements. As WMNs are envisioned to provide high bandwidth broadband services to a large community of users, the Internet Gateway which acts as a central point of attachment for the mesh routers is likely to be a potential bottleneck because of its limited wireless link capacity. We propose TBMGA (Tree-Based with Multi-gateway Association), a novel routing protocol that elegantly balances the load among the different Internet gateways in a WMN. With TBMGA, we combine the flexibility of layer-2 routing with the self-configuring and self-healing capabilities of MANET routing. TBMGA switches the point of attachment of an active source-serviced gateway depending on a global metric estimated based on the average queue length and expected availability at the Internet gateway. The protocol is evaluated using simulations and we observe that the proposed scheme is able to efficiently balance the traffic between multiple gateways.

关键词： Wireless Mesh Network proactive protocols Link Quality Metrics Tree-based Routing Load Balancing Multi-Gateway Association

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U-MAC: a proactive and adaptive UWB medium access control protocol

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WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS & MOBILE COMPUTING 2005年第5期5卷 551-566页

作者： Jurdak, R Baldi, P Lopes, CV Ctr Pervas Commun & Comp Donald Bren Sch Informat & Comp Sci Irvine CA USA Cal IT Irvine CA USA

Ultra wide band (UWB) technology has received increasing recognition in recent years for its potential applications beyond radar technology to communication networks. UWB is a spread spectrum technology that requires careful coordination among communicating nodes to jointly control link power and transmission rates. Here, we present ultra wide band MAC (U-MAC), an adaptive medium access control (MAC) protocol for UWB in which nodes periodically declare their current state, so that neighbors can proactively assign power and rate values for new links locally in order to optimize global network performance. Simulations comparing U-MAC to the reactive approach confirm that U-MAC lowers link setup latency and control overhead, doubles the throughput and adapts better to high network loads. Simulations also reveal that the basic form of U-MAC favors nodes that are closer to the receiver. As a result, we also introduce novel mechanisms that control the radius around a receiver within which nodes can have fair access to it. We show through simulations the effect of the mechanisms on the tradeoff between network throughput and fair access. Copyright (c) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

关键词： ultra wide band medium access control proactive protocols quality of service ad hoc networks sensor networks

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Mobility patterns for mobile ad hoc network using OLSR

Mobility patterns for mobile ad hoc network using OLSR

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International Conference on Emerging Technologies

作者： Mirza, KA Iqbal, A PIEAS CIS DEPTT Islamabad Pakistan

ISBN: (纸本)0780392477

Distributed mobility patterns based on relative speed, direction of mobile nodes with variable communication. On range in mobile ad hoc networks are proposed. In these patterns, transient disturbances in routing tables and neighbor lot tables due to fast moving nodes and their effect on performance network is considered. We introduced the concept of communication range and remoteness for mobile nodes and integrate these with the mobility of nodes through random waypoint mobility model. We characterized the mobility of nodes with new mobility patterns through optimized link state routing (OLSR) protocol, without breaking the backward compatibility with earlier versions, Simulation results show that communication range should have value constraint according to mobility of node within network. Throughput also increases during mobility of nodes after establishing bidirectional link without any forwarding node as compared to static network.

关键词： battery power link change rate throughput mobile ad hoc networks reactive protocols proactive protocols

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