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UKSim-AMSS 7th European modelling Symposium on Computer modelling and Simulation (EMS)

作者： Peng, Zhaoguang Lu, Yu Miller, Alice Johnson, Chris Zhao, Tingdi Beijing Univ Aeronaut & Astronaut Sch Reliabil & Syst Engn Beijing 100083 Peoples R China Univ Glasgow Sch Comp Sci Glasgow G12 8RZ Lanark Scotland

ISBN: (纸本)9781479925780

Satellites now form a core component for space based systems such as GPS and GLONAS which provide location and timing information for a variety of uses. Such satellites are designed to operate in-orbit and have lifetimes of 10 years or more. Reliability, availability and maintainability (RAM) analysis of these systems has been indispensable in the design phase of satellites in order to achieve minimum failures or to increase mean time between failures (MTBF) and thus to plan maintainability strategies, optimise reliability and maximise availability. In this paper, we present formal modelling of a single satellite and logical specification of its reliability, availability and maintainability properties. The probabilistic model checker PRISM has been used to perform automated quantitative analyses of these properties.

关键词： satellite systems reliability availability and maintainability (RAM) analysis probabilistic model checking continuous time Markov chains (CTMCs)

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A probabilistic model checking Approach to Self-adapting Machine Learning Systems

A Probabilistic Model Checking Approach to Self-adapting Mac...

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19th International Conference on Software Engineering and Formal Methods (SEFM)

作者： Casimiro, Maria Garlan, David Camara, Javier Rodrigues, Luis Romano, Paolo Carnegie Mellon Univ Inst Software Res Pittsburgh PA USA Univ Lisbon Inst Super Tecnico INESC ID Lisbon Portugal Univ Malaga ITIS Software Malaga Spain

ISBN: (纸本)9783031124297;9783031124280

Machine Learning (ML) is increasingly used in domains such as cyber-physical systems and enterprise systems. These systems typically operate in non-static environments, prone to unpredictable changes that can adversely impact the accuracy of the ML models, which are usually in the critical path of the systems. Mispredictions of ML components can thus affect other components in the system, and ultimately impact overall system utility in non-trivial ways. From this perspective, self-adaptation techniques appear as a natural solution to reason about how to react to environment changes via adaptation tactics that can potentially improve the quality of ML models (e.g., model retrain), and ultimately maximize system utility. However, adapting ML components is non-trivial, since adaptation tactics have costs and it may not be clear in a given context whether the benefits of ML adaptation outweigh its costs. In this paper, we present a formal probabilistic framework, based on model checking, that incorporates the essential governing factors for reasoning at an architectural level about adapting ML classifiers in a system context. The proposed framework can be used in a selfadaptive system to create adaptation strategies that maximize rewards of a multi-dimensional utility space. Resorting to a running example from the enterprise systems domain, we show how the proposed framework can be employed to determine the gains achievable via ML adaptation and to find the boundary that renders adaptation worthwhile.

关键词： Machine-learning based systems Self-adaptation probabilistic model checking Architectural framework

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Formal Analysis of MAC in IEEE 802.11p with probabilistic model checking

Formal Analysis of MAC in IEEE 802.11p with Probabilistic Mo...

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International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Software Engineering

作者： Zhou, Conghua Wang, Yong Cao, Meiling Shi, Jianqi Liu, Yang Jiangsu Univ Sch Comp Sci & Telecommun Engn Zhenjiang Jiangsu Peoples R China East China Normal Univ Shanghai Key Lab Trustworthy Comp Shanghai Peoples R China Nanyang Technol Univ Sch Comp Engn Singapore Singapore

ISBN: (纸本)9781467376129

In vehicular ad-hoc network, Media Access Control (MAC) is one of the technologies which determine whether the information is transferred reliably and timely or not. It is also a key to the quality of service of self organization networks. Some behaviors of the MAC protocol can be estimated by experiment and simulation. But the main drawback of these methods is that the estimation can not be accurate to support the enough confidence. In this paper, we complete the precise analysis of the MAC protocol by probabilistic model checking. First, based on the nature of MAC, its dynamic behavior is abstracted into a probabilistic timed automata which can describe non-deterministic, continuous time and the probability selection of MAC. Then we calculate the probability of the data sent successfully and the probability of the backoff counter reaching the maximum value. The analysis result shows that the probability of conflict in 802.11p is much smaller than the 802.11 standard. Therefore the waiting time in 802.11p is significantly reduced and in the case of fast-moving, the data can be sent timely. Further we calculate the maximum expect conflict number under the different values of maximum backoff and the longest time to complete the data transmission. The result shows that when the value of maximum backoff increases, the number of collisions that occurred in 802.11p tends to be stable, which is less than the 802.11 standard's collisions, and the average speed of the data transmission in 802.11p is as four times faster as the 802.11 standard.

关键词： IEEE 802.11p media access control probabilistic model checking probabilistic timed automata

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Parametric and probabilistic model checking of Confidentiality in Data Dispersal Algorithms 14

Parametric and Probabilistic Model Checking of Confidentiali...

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14th International Conference on High Performance Computing & Simulation (HPCS)

作者： Baldi, Marco Cucchiarelli, Alessandro Senigagliesi, Linda Spalazzi, Luca Spegni, Francesco Univ Politecn Marche Dipartimento Ingn Informaz Ancona Italy

ISBN: (纸本)9781509020881

Recent developments in cloud storage architectures have originated new models of online storage as cooperative storage systems and interconnected clouds. Such distributed environments involve many organizations, thus ensuring confidentiality becomes crucial: only legitimate clients should recover the information they distribute among storage nodes. In this work we present a unified framework for verifying confidentiality of dispersal algorithms against probabilistic models of intruders. Two models of intruders are given, corresponding to different types of attackers: one aiming at intercepting as many slices of information as possible, and the other aiming at attacking the storage providers in the network. Both try to recover the original information, given the intercepted slices. By using probabilistic model checking, we can measure the degree of confidentiality of the system exploring exhaustively all possible behaviors. Our experiments suggest that dispersal algorithms ensure a high degree of confidentiality against the slice intruder, no matter the number of storage providers in the system. On the contrary, they show a low level of confidentiality against the provider intruder in networks with few storage providers (e.g. interconnected cloud storage solutions).

关键词： probabilistic model checking parameters security confidentiality information dispersal

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Solving Influence Problems on the DeGroot model with a probabilistic model checking Tool 16

Solving Influence Problems on the DeGroot Model with a Proba...

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20th Pan-Hellenic Conference on Informatics (PCI)

作者： Gyftopoulos, Sotirios Efraimidis, Pavlos S. Katsaros, Panagiotis Democritus Univ Thrace Dept Elect & Comp Engn Komotini Greece Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki Dept Informat Thessaloniki Greece

ISBN: (纸本)9781450347891

DeGroot learning is a model of opinion diffusion and formation in a social network of individuals. We examine the behavior of the DeGroot learning model when external strategic players that aim to bias the final consensus of the social network, are introduced to the model. More precisely, we consider the case of a single decision maker and the case of two competing external players, and a fixed number of possible influence actions on each individual. When studying the influence problems, we focus on the stochastic processes underlying the solution of DeGroot problems. In case of one decision maker, the analysis of the DeGroot model leads to the formation of a Markov Decision Process (MDP) and in the case of two external competing players the model is reduced to a Stochastic Game (SG). Since such models are heavily used in probabilistic model checking we apply tools of the field to solve them. Preliminary experimental results confirm the viability of our approach, which relies on the common mathematical foundations of the DeGroot problems and probabilistic model checking.

关键词： Social networks Opinion dynamics DeGroot model Stochastic games probabilistic model checking

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Analysis on EURORADIO Safety Critical Protocol by probabilistic model checking

Analysis on EURORADIO Safety Critical Protocol by Probabilis...

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IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Rail Transportation (ICIRT)

作者： Quan Hongyu Zhao Huibing Zhou Guo Beijing Jiaotong Univ Sch Elect & Informat Engn Beijing Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781467352789;9781467352772

The The EURORADIO system provides communication services for safety-related application processes using open network. The EURORADIO protocol controls the establishment of safety connection between on-board and trackside, and the time for establishment of safety connection is a key parameter to communication system. After describing the requirements in the EURORADIO specification, the probabilistic model checking tool PRISM is used to implement a formal analysis on the property of safety connection, combing the stochastic characters of communication channel. Verification results show that, when the protocol is applied in China Train Control System level 3 in case of 0.01 of message loss, the probability for establishment of safety connection in 8.5 seconds is 0.96059, and the probability is 0.99844 after establishing safety connection twice, it can fulfil the requirements of the specification.

关键词： EURORADIO protocol probabilistic model checking formal analysis PRISM

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Validity of QoS Requirements for Application Using probabilistic model checking

Validity of QoS Requirements for Application Using Probabili...

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作者： AHMED, HANAN AHMED ALI Sudan University of Science and Technology

学位级别：硕士

In the field of computer applications when be there need for design application to present certain service for specific customer, this application must design in care of how satisfy customer needs, therefore any application must evaluate if satisfy all customer needs or has violation in some needs. Customer needs is customer requirements, and customer satisfaction level sometimes called Quality of Services (QoS), so the customer requirements are main factor use to evaluate QoS. The customer requirements differ according to the type of service. The study was initiated to solve the problem of validity of QoS requirements for application, it is to evaluate if the application satisfy user requirements or not, the user requirements is considered as QoS requirements because it represented according to agreements between customer and service provider which called service level agreement (SLA), the violation in one of QoS requirements means there defect in application, and must redesign of application. To validate QoS requirements the study use probabilistic model checking, this technique depends on probabilistic techniques and model checker software. The probabilistic technique was used to represent system states and their requirements which represented as probability values, the system states represented using Markov chains, these states is represented according to system navigation, mean when system transfer from certain state to another and probability of navigation. The system quality requirements represented using Discrete Time Markov Chain (DTMC) and Continuous Time Markov Chain (CTMC) which specify according to time state, the requirements represented in DTMC transform to probabilistic Computation Tree Logic (PCTL) formula, and another one transform to Continuous Stochastic Logic (CSL) formula. Then use software PRISM as model checker, in software represent system states and probabilities in modules using model language, and then run module for each one to gai

关键词： Web Applications probabilistic model checking Requirements for Application

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Integrating Process Mining with probabilistic model checking via Continuous Time Markov Chains

Integrating Process Mining with Probabilistic Model Checking...

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2023 Congress in Computer Science, Computer Engineering, and Applied Computing, CSCE 2023

作者： Mangi, Fawad Ali Su, Guoxin Zhang, Minjie University of Wollongong Australia

ISBN: (纸本)9798350327595

Process mining represents a methodological approach that facilitates the in-depth analysis of business operations with the aim of revealing significant insights pertaining to their efficacy, efficiency, and regulatory compliance. In a seamless business setting, it's essential to evaluate, refine, and confirm these process models. Traditional methods for checking these models excel in validating their accuracy but cannot handle the inherent probabilistic and real-time behavior of these models. To address this, our research paper presents a new methodology that enhances probabilistic model checking (PMC) for process models. This is made possible by leveraging continuous time Markov chains (CTMCs) as the basic model. This amalgamation creates an inclusive analytical structure that improves the reliability and accuracy of process mining results, thereby enabling corporations to derive deeper insights from their processes and make decisions based on data. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： continuous time Markov chain Petri net probabilistic model checking process discovery process mining

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Counterexample Generation for probabilistic model checking Micro-Scale Cyber-Physical Systems

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MICROMACHINES 2021年第9期12卷 1059-1059页

作者： Liu, Yang Ma, Yan Yang, Yongsheng Zheng, Tingting Shanghai Maritime Univ Inst Logist Sci & Engn Shanghai 201306 Peoples R China Natl Univ Singapore Sch Comp Singapore 117417 Singapore

Micro-scale Cyber-Physical Systems (MCPSs) can be automatically and formally estimated by probabilistic model checking, on the level of system model MDPs (Markov Decision Processes) against desired requirements in PCTL (probabilistic Computation Tree Logic). The counterexamples in probabilistic model checking are witnesses of requirements violation, which can provide the meaningful information for debugging, control, and synthesis of MCPSs. Solving the smallest counterexample for probabilistic model checking MDP has been proven to be an NPC (Non-deterministic Polynomial complete) problem. Although some heuristic methods are designed for this, it is usually difficult to fix the heuristic functions. In this paper, the Genetic algorithm optimized with heuristic, i.e., the heuristic Genetic algorithm, is firstly proposed to generate a counterexample for the probabilistic model checking MDP model of MCPSs. The diagnostic subgraph serves as a compact counterexample, and diagnostic paths of MDP constitute an AND/OR tree for constructing a diagnostic subgraph. Indirect path coding of the Genetic algorithm is used to extend the search range of the state space, and a heuristic crossover operator is used to generate more effective diagnostic paths. A prototype tool based on the probabilistic model checker PAT is developed, and some cases (dynamic power management and some communication protocols) are used to illustrate its feasibility and efficiency.

关键词： probabilistic model checking micro-scale cyber-physical systems counterexample genetic algorithm

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Applying probabilistic model checking to the Behavior Guidance and Abnormality Detection for A-MCI Patients underWireless Sensor Network

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ACM TRANSACTIONS ON SENSOR NETWORKS 2023年第3期19卷 48-48页

作者： Gao, Honghao Zhou, Lin Kim, Jung Yoon Li, Ying Huang, Wanqiu Shanghai Univ Sch Comp Engn & Sci Shanghai 200444 Peoples R China Gachon Univ Coll Future Ind Seongnam 461701 South Korea Zhejiang Univ Sch Comp Sci Hangzhou 310013 Peoples R China

With the development of the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), indoor wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been used to monitor Alzheimer's disease patients daily and guide their behaviors. Alzheimer's disease may seriously impact patients' memory, and thoughts of "what should I do" can unexpectedly form in their mind. This cognitive impairment can affect patients' independence and well-being. As a basic infrastructure for future healthcare systems, WSN can collect patient behaviors, such as their positions and states, to support safety and health analyses. Therefore, this paper proposes a probabilistic model checking-based method to predict patient behaviors and detect abnormal behaviors related to mild cognitive impairment to help patients rebuild their confidence and perception. First, the layout of the home environment is abstracted as a formal grid, and a user activity model (UAM) is proposed in the form of discrete-time Markov chain (DTMC) to describe patients' activity based on data collected by sensors. Second, because Alzheimer's patients with mild cognitive impairment (A-MCI) often forget their next daily activities, we classify and describe their daily behaviors as verification requirements in the form of probabilistic computational tree logic (PCTL). Then, the UAM is input into a probabilistic model checking tool and compared against the verification property PCTL to calculate the probability values and assess temporal behaviors. As result, the activity with the largest probability is selected for behavior guidance. Third, we demonstrate the process of detecting abnormalities, including activities with abnormal temporal behaviors and activities with normal temporal behaviors but unexpected probabilities that may be repeated more than twice. The key states are extracted from the UAM to specify the verification properties for abnormality detection. Finally, a case study is presented to demonstrate the usability and feasibility of our proposed method.

关键词： Alzheimer's disease Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) probabilistic model checking mild cognitive impairment behavior guidance abnormality detection

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