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problexity-An open-source Python library for supervised learning problem complexity assessment

NEUROCOMPUTING 2023年 521卷 126-136页

作者： Komorniczak, Joanna Ksieniewicz, Pawel Wroclaw Univ Sci & Technol Fac Informat & Commun Technol Dept Syst & Comp Networks Wybrze Wyspianskiego 27 PL-50370 Wroclaw Poland

The problem's complexity assessment is an essential element of many topics in the supervised learning domain. It plays a significant role in meta-learning - becoming the basis for determining meta-attributes or multi-criteria optimization - allowing the evaluation of the training set resampling without needing to rebuild the recognition model. The tools currently available for the academic community, which would enable the calculation of problem complexity measures, are available only as libraries of the C++ and R languages. This paper describes the software module that allows for the estimation of 22 classification complexity measures and 12 regression complexity measures for the Python language - compatible with the scikit-learn programming interface - allowing for the implementation of research using them in the most popular programming environment of the machine learning community. (c) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： problem complexity Classification Regression Python

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Human vs. AI: Exploring students' preferences between human and AI TA and the effect of social anxiety and problem complexity

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EDUCATION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES 2024年第1期29卷 1217-1246页

作者： Peng, Ziqing Wan, Yan Beijing Univ Posts & Telecommun Sch Econ & Management Beijing 100876 Peoples R China

Understanding preferences surrounding artificial intelligence (AI) and human teaching assistants (TAs) helps managers improve AI TAs, effectively deploying AI and human TAs, and providing better services to learners. The literature has explored how AI TAs' characteristics affect students' use intention, neglecting students' comparative behaviors between AI and human TAs, and overlooking the influence of differences between AI and human TAs on student preferences. Based on preference theory, trust theory, and the stimulus-organism-response (SOR) framework, we constructed a mechanism model by which differences between AI and human TAs affect student preferences. We held 26 semi-structured interviews and collected 401 valid questionnaires to validate it. We also examined the influence and moderating effect of social anxiety and problem complexity on student preferences. Differences in response quality and communication ability impacted differences in ability trust;differences in service attitude and psychological safety influenced differences in benevolent trust;differences in response time impacted differences in integrity trust. In turn, differences in trust affected student preferences. Social anxiety positively impacted students' AI TA preferences and negatively moderated the effect of differences in ability trust on students' AI TA preferences. problem complexity negatively affected students' AI TA preferences and moderated the effects of benevolence and differences in integrity trust on students' AI TA preferences. We propose a theoretical model to clarify the effects of differences between AI and human TAs on student preferences and to identify boundary conditions. Our findings provide new insights into AI TA research and offer suggestions for AI TA developers, managers, human TAs, and learners.

关键词： Chatbot AI teaching assistant Usage preference Trust Social anxiety problem complexity

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Breakthrough invention and problem complexity: Evidence from a quasi-experiment

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STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT JOURNAL 2022年第12期43卷 2510-2544页

作者： Zhang, Yuchen Yang, Wei Tulane Univ Freeman Sch Business 7 McAlister Dr New Orleans LA 70118 USA China Europe Int Business Sch CEIBS Dept Strategy & Entrepreneurship Shanghai Peoples R China

Research Summary problem formulation is central to recombinant invention, and problem complexity particularly shapes the process and outcome of knowledge recombination. However, research on the antecedents of problem complexity remains limited. This study examines how breakthrough inventions may serve as an important antecedent of the complexity of problems formulated by individual inventors. We propose that a breakthrough invention may facilitate inventors' appreciation of novel knowledge couplings and improve their overall comprehension of knowledge interdependence for problem formulation, thus increasing problem complexity. We further argue that inventors' prior search breadth and experimentation strengthen the above effect. By exploiting the unexpected victory of AlphaGo and tracking the questions posted on *** by developers interested in deep learning, we find empirical evidence that supports our hypotheses. Managerial Summary Because formulating complex problems may result in novel and valuable inventions, it is helpful to understand what drives inventors to formulate problems of higher complexity. In this study, we propose that breakthrough inventions can serve as an important antecedent of problem complexity. In the context of deep learning, we find that developers formulate problems of higher complexity after the unexpected victory of AlphaGo, a widely acknowledged inventive breakthrough. Further, the above effect is more pronounced when developers have broad search experience in the past or engage frequently in experimentation. The insights of this study are not only relevant to managerial practices within the dynamic field of deep learning but also generalizable to broader technological contexts with breakthrough inventions.

关键词： breakthrough invention deep learning knowledge recombination machine learning problem complexity problem formulation

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A Research on Measuring and Reducing problem complexity to Increase System Affordability: From Theory to Practice 1

A Research on Measuring and Reducing Problem Complexity to I...

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Conference on Systems Engineering Research

作者： Salado, Alejandro Nilchiani, Roshanak Stevens Inst Technol Hoboken NJ 07030 USA

Requirement engineering is the cornerstone of systems engineering. Numerous large scale engineered systems face schedule delays, cost overruns and performance shortfalls that can be traced back to the requirements they need to fulfill. In fact, previous research has demonstrated strong relationship between requirements and systems affordability. This paper summarizes and puts into context the authors' novel contributions in three domains of requirements engineering: systems theory, complexity science, and systems methodologies. The authors propose new theorems and their proofs on requirements affecting affordability, propose a new complexity metric at requirement stage that measures the complexity limit of the system at conceptual stage (even before a specific design is determined), and propose two methodologies to elicit excess-free requirement sets and to identify conflicting requirements more effectively. The paper showcases the value of structuring a research in such a manner, i.e. from theory to practice, enabling strengthening the bounds between theorists and practitioners. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

关键词： problem complexity systems theory systems engineering methods requirements engineering

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A Research on Measuring and Reducing problem complexity to Increase System Affordability: From Theory to Practice

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Procedia Computer Science 2015年 44卷 21-30页

作者： Alejandro Salado Roshanak Nilchiani Stevens Institute of Technology Hoboken NJ 07030 NJ (USA)

Requirement engineering is the cornerstone of systems engineering. Numerous large scale engineered systems face schedule delays, cost overruns and performance shortfalls that can be traced back to the requirements they need to fulfill. In fact, previous research has demonstrated strong relationship between requirements and systems affordability. This paper summarizes and puts into context the authors’ novel contributions in three domains of requirements engineering: systems theory, complexity science, and systems methodologies. The authors propose new theorems and their proofs on requirements affecting affordability, propose a new complexity metric at requirement stage that measures the complexity limit of the system at conceptual stage (even before a specific design is determined), and propose two methodologies to elicit excess-free requirement sets and to identify conflicting requirements more effectively. The paper showcases the value of structuring a research in such a manner, i.e. from theory to practice, enabling strengthening the bounds between theorists and practitioners.

关键词： problem complexity systems theory systems engineering methods requirements engineering.

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How people do relational reasoning? Role of problem complexity and domain familiarity

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COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2014年 41卷 319-326页

作者： Kumar, Shikhar Cervesato, Iliano Gonzalez, Cleotilde Univ Arizona Sch Informat Sci Technol & Arts Tucson AZ 85721 USA Carnegie Mellon Univ Qatar Sch Comp Sci Doha Qatar Carnegie Mellon Univ Dept Social & Decis Sci Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA

The goal of this paper is to study how people do relational reasoning, such as selecting the grade of all students in a class with GPA (Grade Point Average) greater than 3.5. Literature in the field of psychology of human reasoning offer little insight as to how people solve relational problems. We present two studies that look at human performance in relational problems that use basic relational operators. Our results present the first evidence toward the role of problem complexity on performance as determined by the accuracy and discrimination rates. We also look at the role of familiarity with tabular representation of information, as found in spreadsheets for example, and other factors for relational reasoning, and show that familiarity does not play a significant role in determining performance in relational problem solving, which we found counterintuitive. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Relational reasoning problem solving Spreadsheet Domain familiarity problem complexity

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A survey of selected characteristics and contexts of the analysis and planning phase of software development projects and their connections to project success

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INFORMATION AND SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY 2025年 185卷

作者： Jorgensen, Magne Simula Metropolitan Ctr Digital Engn Stensberggata 27 N-0170 Oslo Norway

Context: The initial planning and analysis phase of software development projects has received limited research attention. Objective: This paper aims to improve our knowledge about this phase and its connection to the project outcomes. Method: Information about 116 software projects was collected and analyzed. Results: Public sector projects performed similarly to private sector projects regarding project efficiency (project performance) but worse regarding effectiveness (benefits realized). More than half (54 %) of the software projects were modernization projects, replacing or improving old software systems. The outcomes of the modernization projects were positively connected with more agility, and negatively connected with insufficient planning and analysis, and when they were motivated by technical debt. The outcomes of the new services and product projects were negatively connected with insufficient planning and analysis, and when they were motivated by market pressure or opportunity. Conclusion: There are characteristics and contexts of the analysis and planning phase potentially useful as indicators of project success.

关键词： Analysis and planning phase Motivation for project initiation problem complexity Success indicators

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problem Types and Open Innovation Governance Modes: A Project-Level Empirical Exploration

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT 2022年第2期69卷 287-301页

作者： Bagherzadeh, Mehdi Gurca, Andrei Brunswicker, Sabine NEOMA Business Sch Dept Strategy & Entrepreneurship Campus Reims F-51100 Reims France NEOMA Business Sch Campus Reims F-51100 Reims France Purdue Univ W Lafayette IN 47907 USA

Irrefutable evidence shows that greater openness toward external partners enhances a firm's ability to solve innovation-related problems. To manage open innovation (OI) projects, firms use a variety of governance modes, including market-based contracts, platform intermediaries, and equity and non-equity partnerships. While innovation projects can be very diverse and characterized by various attributes, such as complexity and knowledge hiddenness, only a few conceptual studies have hitherto considered project attributes as drivers of OI governance mode selection. Using a sample of 85 OI projects and a set of illustrative cases, this article explores empirically how project attributes influence OI governance mode selection. This empirical study advances previous conceptual work on OI governance. By accounting for project-level heterogeneity, we explore the microfoundations of OI and provide more stable and fundamental insights into OI governance than previous industry- and firm-level analyses did. In addition, we suggest that effective OI management depends on matching project attributes with the benefits and costs of specific governance modes. Finally, we argue that this study enhances understanding and conceptualization of the relationship between project complexity and decomposability in the context of OI.

关键词： Technological innovation complexity theory Investment Contracts problem-solving Task analysis Industries Knowledge hiddenness open innovation open innovation governance problem complexity problem solving

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Directionality-centric bus transit network segmentation for on-demand public transit

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IET INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEMS 2020年第13期14卷 1871-1881页

作者： Perera, Thilina Wijesundera, Deshya Wijerathna, Lahiru Srikanthan, Thambipillai Nanyang Technol Univ Sch Comp Sci & Engn 50 Nanyang Ave Singapore Singapore Univ Moratuwa Dept Elect & Telecommun Engn Moratuwa Sri Lanka

The recent growth in real-time, high-capacity ride-sharing has made on-demand public transit (ODPT) a reality. ODPT systems serving passengers using a vehicle fleet that operates with flexible routes, strive to minimise fleet travel distance. Heuristic routing algorithms have been integrated in ODPT systems in order to improve responsiveness. However, route computation time in such algorithms depends on problem complexity and hence increases for large scale problems. Thus, network segmentation techniques that exploit parallel computing have been proposed in order to reduce route computation time. Even though computation time can be reduced using segmentation in existing techniques, it comes at the cost of degradation of route quality due to static demarcation of boundaries and disregarding real road network distances. Thus, this work proposes, a directionality-centric bus transit network segmentation technique that exploits parallel computation capable of computing routes in near real-time while providing high scalability. Additionally, a dynamic fleet allocation algorithm that exploits proximity and flexibility to minimise vehicle detours while maximising fleet utilisation is proposed. Experimental evaluations on a real road network confirm that the proposed method achieves notable speed-up in flexible route computation without compromising route quality compared to a widely used unsupervised learning technique.

关键词： road vehicles road traffic resource allocation minimisation vehicle routing on-demand public transit ODPT systems vehicle fleet flexible routes fleet travel distance heuristic routing algorithms route computation time problem complexity network segmentation techniques parallel computing route quality road network distances directionality-centric bus transit network segmentation technique parallel computation dynamic fleet allocation algorithm fleet utilisation flexible route computation high-capacity ride-sharing

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Global adaptation governance: Explaining the governance responses of international organizations to new issue linkages

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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY 2020年 114卷 204-215页

作者： Maria, Dellmuth Lisa Maria-Therese, Gustafsson Ece, Kural Stockholm Univ Dept Econ Hist & Int Relat SE-10691 Stockholm Sweden Stockholm Univ Maria Therese Dept Polit Sci SE-10691 Stockholm Sweden

Climate change adaptation is increasingly perceived as a global and interconnected policy challenge among practitioners and academics, making localized solutions insufficient. In parallel to this trend, a growing number of international organizations that do not have climate as their core mandates link adaptation to various issue areas, such as energy, health, and conflict resolution. Yet we still know little about how and why international organizations respond to adaptation challenges. This article develops an innovative theoretical framework to understand the factors that influence the governance responses of international organizations to adaptation challenges in the context of their respective issue areas. Our analysis reveals that there are three main and interrelated factors influencing international governance responses: problem complexity, institutional fragmentation, and fiscal pressures. We examine our framework by drawing on of two sources of data: first, a yearly large-n dataset at the level of fourteen international organizations from 2007 to 2017 created on the basis of official documents;and second, in-depth case studies of three UN agencies central in addressing three prominent issue linkages: climate-conflict, climate-health, and climate-migration. We conclude by sketching broader implications for the theory and practice of global adaptation governance.

关键词： Global adaptation governance Governance responses International organizations problem complexity Institutional fragmentation Resource availability

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