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Understanding behaviour in problem structuring methods interventions with activity theory

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF OPERATIONAL RESEARCH 2016年第3期249卷 983-1004页

作者： White, Leroy Burger, Katharina Yearworth, Mike Univ Warwick Warwick Business Sch Coventry CV4 7AL W Midlands England Univ Bristol Fac Engn Bristol BS8 1TN Avon England

This article argues that OR interventions, particularly problem structuring methods (PSM), are complex events that cannot be understood by conventional methods alone. In this paper an alternative approach is introduced, where the units of analysis are the activity systems constituted by and constitutive of PSM interventions. The paper outlines the main theoretical and methodological concerns that need to be appreciated in studying PSM interventions. The paper then explores activity theory as an approach to study them. A case study describing the use of this approach is provided. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. and Association of European Operational Research Societies (EURO) within the International Federation of Operational Research Societies (IFORS). All rights reserved.

关键词： problem structuring methods Behavioural OR Activity theory Collective intentionality

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Integration of problem structuring methods: A Methodological Proposal for Complex Regional Decision-Making Processes

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY 2015年第2期7卷 58-83页

作者： Norese, Maria Franca Rolando, Diana Fregonara, Elena Politecn Torino Dept Management & Prod Engn Turin Italy Politecn Torino Architecture & Design Dept Turin Italy

A high level of complexity usually characterises public projects that involve extended area and several actors with conflicting objectives, and are related to decision processes that continuously change the action space. This complexity should induce local authorities to use problem structuring methods (PSM) in the project definition, to have a clear, complete and unambiguous overview of the context, with the main decision problems and the associated uncertainties, and the actual roles and potential interests of the actors potentially affected by the project. The paper proposes an approach based on the integration of two PSM and finalized to create a knowledge framework of the project context and to control uncertainties and complexities. The methodology is illustrated in relation to a public project in north-west Italy, in which this integrated approach is required because it is difficult or premature to involve the actors in the concept phase, but knowledge of the potential negative/positive impacts on them is essential to structure the decision process and to activate the project.

关键词： Community Impact Analysis Decision-Making Process Integration of methods Political Action and Public Projects problem structuring methods Strategic Choice Approach Uncertainty

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OR competences: the demands of problem structuring methods

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EURO JOURNAL ON DECISION PROCESSES 2014年第3-4期2卷 313-340页

作者： Ormerod, Richard John Univ Warwick Coventry W Midlands England

OR interventions involve the deployment of three core competences: (1) conducting analysis, (2) managing the process of intervention, and (3) understanding context. The nature of these competences is reasonably well understood in terms of traditional interventions but problem structuring methods (PSMs) make additional demands on practitioners. PSMs are designed to help the OR consultant structure an intervention in which actors relevant to the situation engage in interpreting the context, do some qualitative analysis, debate the issues, and agree some future actions. The OR consultant is required to master the methods, design the intervention, facilitate the set pieces such as workshops, and manage the process overall. The paper considers the burgeoning literature on the competences required to deploy PSMs. It is concluded that these competences can be considered under the same broad headings as those for traditional OR, but the skills and the process of obtaining them make new demands. An enhanced schema of OR competence is developed and its application in education and practice is suggested.

关键词： OR competence problem structuring methods Process of OR Critical pragmatism Transformation competence perspective

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Digital health at Central Lisbon University Hospital Center: strategic reflections and value proposition

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INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS IN OPERATIONAL RESEARCH 2025年第4期32卷 2089-2116页

作者： Varela, Maria R. V. Ferreira, Fernando A. F. Ferreira, Neuza C. M. Q. F. Correia, Ricardo J. C. Cent Lisbon Univ Hosp Ctr Rua Jose Antonio Serrano Lisbon Portugal Univ Inst Lisbon ISCTE Business Sch Ave Forcas Armadas P-1649026 Lisbon Portugal Univ Inst Lisbon ISCTE Business Sch BRU IUL Ave Forcas Armadas P-1649026 Lisbon Portugal Univ Memphis Fogelman Coll Business & Econ Memphis TN 38152 USA Univ Beira Interior Res Ctr Business Sci NECE UBI Estr Sineiro P-6200209 Covilha Portugal Polytech Inst Beja Sch Technol & Management Rua Pedro SoaresApartado 6155 P-7800295 Beja Portugal Univ Madeira Fac Social Sci CiTUR Madeira Campus Univ Penteada P-9020105 Funchal Portugal

Digital health emerges in the context of technological advancement, responding to the challenges of healthcare systems based on safe, quality healthcare services, offered in a timely manner, and in an efficient and effective way. However, digital health also brings challenges that are essentially related to change management within organizations. Based on problem structuring methods, this study sought to investigate the digital health topic in the specific case of Central Lisbon University Hospital Center (CHULC in Portuguese), aiming to reflect on initiatives that enhance digital health benefits within this organization and that contribute to its digital transformation. For this purpose, interpretive structural modeling was used to identify and understand the cause-effect relationships between determinants of digital health in this context, involving CHULC in the strategic reflection on the subject through a collaborative and constructivist approach. The main results include a set of actions formalized to enhance the center's digital health value proposition.

关键词： artificial intelligence Central Lisbon University Hospital Center digital health digitalization in healthcare service interpretive structural modeling problem structuring methods

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A cascading model of stakeholder engagement for large-scale regional development using structured dialogical design

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EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF OPERATIONAL RESEARCH 2024年第1期315卷 307-323页

作者： Michaelides, Marios Laouris, Yiannis Cyprus Acad Publ Adm 17 &19 Klimentos St CY-1473 Nicosia Cyprus Future Worlds Ctr Futures Design Unit 2 Thrakis CY-2313 Nicosia Cyprus

We present a large-scale systemic intervention conducted in the wine village communities of Cyprus. The scientific aim of this paper is to contribute to expanding community operational research's purpose, scope, and tools by reflecting on a cascading engagement model of stakeholders toward regional development in Cyprus. An ad-hoc committee comprising three representatives of the Department of Town Planning and Housing, three members of the Cyprus Academy of Public Administration, and a few external consultants came up initially with about a dozen stakeholders' categories they considered "relevant." Using a stepwise (cascading) expansion, they eventually engaged over 200 actors representing 26 stakeholder categories. The first 29 stakeholders identified 71 obstacles to developing the wine villages using Structured Democratic Dialogue (SDD). They clustered the obstacles into themes and formed working groups to address them. Each group identified and invited experts and additional stakeholders they considered relevant to form extended theme-specific groups. Each group conducted a SWOT analysis to deepen understanding and produced a thematic vision map using SDD. A holistic vision map was constructed through a final SDD process in which participants were the authors of the most influential factors from each thematic vision map. The approach adheres to the bottom-up, community-led method and falls within community operational research and citizen science. The cascading model offers a formula for multimethodological intervention. The stepwise bottom-up identification and engagement of stakeholders empowers and engages authentically, especially those marginalised. The expansion in numbers and the effective engagement of stakeholders creates the required momentum for societal change. We discuss the model's broader applicability, frame it within third-phase science, and suggest future directions.

关键词： Community operational research Stakeholders Large-scale reforms problem structuring methods Structured democratic dialogue

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Designing interagency responses to wicked problems: A viable system model board game

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EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF OPERATIONAL RESEARCH 2024年第2期312卷 746-764页

作者： Sydelko, Pamela Espinosa, Angela Midgley, Gerald Argonne Natl Lab Syst Sci Ctr Global Secur Sci Div Lemont IL 60439 USA Fat Node Consulting LLC POB 366 Watkins Glen NY 14891 USA Univ Hull Fac Business Law & Polit Ctr Syst Studies Kingston Upon Hull England Univ Exeter Fac Humanities Arts & Social Sci Exeter England Univ Birmingham Birmingham Leadership Inst Birmingham England Linnaeus Univ Fac Technol Dept Informat Vaxjo Sweden Malardalen Univ Sch Innovat Design & Engn Eskilstuna Sweden Schumacher Inst Bristol England

Government agencies struggle to address wicked problems because they are open-ended, highly interdependent issues that cross agency, stakeholder, jurisdictional, and geopolitical boundaries. While both quantitative modelling and qualitative problem structuring methodologies have been used to support interagency decision making in the past, co-designing an effective interagency organization to collaboratively tackle wicked problems is more challenging. Few approaches have been developed to enable such efforts. This paper explains how the viable system model (VSM) was implemented through a board game, which was employed to co-design an interagency meta-organization that would be capable of more effectively collaborating to jointly address a wicked problem: international organized drug crime and its interface with local gangs in Chicago, USA. The board game was developed to make the VSM easier for the participants to learn, given that the cybernetic language and engineering-influenced diagrams in the original literature can be off-putting to leaders and managers. The board game was used as the final stage of a multi-method, systemic approach, which involved boundary critique and problem structuring as well as deployment of the VSM. The research findings indicate that the VSM board game, used as part of a larger mixed-methods systemic intervention, contributes to building trust in the value of systems thinking amongst the participants, and sets up a rich context for collaboration on multi-agency co-design. The game therefore offers significant promise as part of the co-design of interagency responses to wicked problems because it creates an embodied process for stakeholders to learn about the VSM. It also reduces the work involved in this learning. Thus, the game enables an effective appropriation of the VSM language and criteria.

关键词： problem structuring methods Viable system model OR in government Serious games Interagency organization

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Multi-level participation in integrative, systemic planning: The case of climate adaptation in Ghana

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EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF OPERATIONAL RESEARCH 2023年第3期309卷 1201-1217页

作者： Helfgott, Ariella Midgley, Gerald Chaudhury, Abrar Vervoort, Joost Sova, Chase Ryan, Alex Govt South Australia Dept Premier & Cabinet Adelaide Australia Collaborat Futures Strathfield Australia Univ Hull Fac Business Law & Polit Ctr Syst Studies Kingston Upon Hull England Linnaeus Univ Fac Technol Dept Informat Vaxjo Sweden Malardalen Univ Sch Innovat Design & Engn Eskilstuna Sweden Victoria Univ Wellington Victoria Business Sch Wellington New Zealand Univ Canterbury Sch Polit & Social Sci Christchurch New Zealand Univ Queensland Sch Agr & Food Sci Brisbane Qld Australia Univ Oxford Said Business Sch Oxford England Univ Utrecht Copernicus Inst Sustainable Dev Utrecht Netherlands World Food Program Ctr Strateg & Int Studies USA DC USA MaRS Discovery Dist Toronto ON Canada

Adaptation to climate change is impacted by a range of interrelated processes operating from local to global levels. There are often significant disconnects between different people's perceptions of responsibilities, capabilities and motivations, and divergent understandings of how the system works across actors, sectors and levels of governance. This results in misalignments of policies and practices, plus ineffective flows of resources and knowledge across the network of climate adaptation actors. As these disconnects are rooted in deep misunderstandings of the grounded realities of different actors, an experiential process of mutual discovery is required to build shared understanding and mutual respect. While it is common in the literature for people to talk about multi-level governance, most existing planning processes involve the production of separate plans at each individual level, based on the often-mistaken assumption that they will aggregate into an effective multi-level approach. This paper presents a new, multi-level integrated planning and implementation (MIPI) process, bringing together diverse actors from community, district, regional and national levels in the same workshop. The MIPI process creates a safe space that allows participants to interact directly in conducting systemic, cross-level analyses, as well as the multi-level integration of policies, plans and programs. The paper describes how the MIPI process was designed and facilitated in Ghana to address climate change, agricultural development and food security. This methodology has potential for much broader applicability to complex, multi-level planning and implementation processes.

关键词： problem structuring methods Climate adaptation Community operational research OR in developing countries OR in government

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Towards a new framework for evaluating systemic problem structuring methods

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EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF OPERATIONAL RESEARCH 2013年第1期229卷 143-154页

作者： Midgley, Gerald Cavana, Robert Y. Brocklesby, John Foote, Jeff L. Wood, David R. R. Ahuriri-Driscoll, Annabel Univ Hull Sch Business Ctr Syst Studies Kingston Upon Hull HU6 7RX N Humberside England Victoria Univ Wellington Victoria Business Sch Wellington New Zealand Malardalen Univ Sch Innovat Design & Engn Vasteras Sweden Univ Canterbury Sch Polit & Social Sci Christchurch 1 New Zealand Univ Queensland Sch Agr & Food Sci Brisbane Qld 4072 Australia Inst Environm Sci & Res Ltd Christchurch New Zealand Univ Canterbury Sch Hlth Sci Christchurch 1 New Zealand

Operational researchers and social scientists often make significant claims for the value of systemic problem structuring and other participative methods. However, when they present evidence to support these claims, it is usually based on single case studies of intervention. There have been very few attempts at evaluating across methods and across interventions undertaken by different people. This is because, in any local intervention, contextual factors, the skills of the researcher and the purposes being pursued by stakeholders affect the perceived success or failure of a method. The use of standard criteria for comparing methods is therefore made problematic by the need to consider what is unique in each intervention. So, is it possible to develop a single evaluation approach that can support both locally meaningful evaluations and longer-term comparisons between methods? This paper outlines a methodological framework for the evaluation of systemic problem structuring methods that seeks to do just this. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： problem structuring methods Soft operational research Evaluation of methods Participative methods Systems methodology Systems thinking

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The challenge of inclusivity, capability and change in complex, multi-stakeholder problem situations-Practical insight from the application of participative systems methods, models and facilitation within an organisational setting

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SYSTEMS RESEARCH AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2023年第4期40卷 639-653页

作者： Newsome, Ian Lloyd, David Univ Hull Ctr Syst Studies Kingston Upon Hull England Sheffield Hallam Univ Sheffield England

Reflecting on learning from the practical experience in the employment of systems thinking and facilitation to tackle complex, multi-stakeholder problems in work settings, three interconnected challenges were commonly encountered: an inclusivity challenge, a capability challenge and a change challenge. A series of typical cases are outlined to help illustrate these challenges, where combinations of participative systems methods, models and facilitation practices were employed within complex, multi-stakeholder policing problem situations.

关键词： critical systems thinking large group interventions problem structuring methods policing soft OR

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From soft to hard elicitation

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JOURNAL OF THE OPERATIONAL RESEARCH SOCIETY 2022年第6期73卷 1181-1197页

作者： French, Simon Univ Warwick Coventry W Midlands England Univ Warwick Appl Stat & Risk Unit Dept Stat Coventry CV4 7AL W Midlands England

At the outset of an analysis, there is a need to interact with the problem-owners to understand their perspectives on the issues. This understanding leads to the construction of one or more models to reflect their views, their values and their uncertainties. Some models are qualitative;others, quantitative. Quantitative models need populating with numbers, either from data or from further judgements elicited from the problem-owners, their stakeholders or their experts. The model(s) may then be analysed to provide feedback to the problem-owners on the possible resolution of the problem. In practice, the process may iterate, cycling through more sophisticated models, which require further inputs from the problem-owners. This paper discusses the elicitation processes involved, arguing that the current literature has developed if not in silos, then in pockets of activity that do not reflect the more joined up processes that often take place in practice. Furthermore, it is suggested that potential psychological and behavioural biases that may occur in quantitative elicitation are reasonably well understood and guarded against, whereas less attention has been paid to similar biases that may affect more qualitative model building.

关键词： Behavioural and psychological biases elicitation problem structuring methods qualitative and quantitative analyses soft OR

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