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Reflections on 40 years in the management field: A Parthian shot (friendly)

JOURNAL OF THE OPERATIONAL RESEARCH SOCIETY 2019年第8期70卷 1219-1223页

作者： Checkland, Peter Univ Lancaster Management Sch Bailrigg England

These reflections, both as a presentation at OR60 in 2018 and here, in written form, stem from many years of professional life spent trying to understand the everyday real world in order to bring about positive changes in real-world situations which are taken to be problematical. This paper has two aims: firstly, to explore some of the activities which have affected the development of Operational Research (OR) as a whole during its 60-odd year history;second, to introduce work by Sir Geoffrey Vickers. This focusses on what he calls the "appreciative settings" which create, structure, and change the patterns of on-going everyday life in the human tribe. This is work which can help to illuminate OR itself as a single coherent whole.

关键词： Soft systems methodology problem structuring methods appreciative systems soft OR OR history holism reductionism Geoffrey Vickers

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A question of interpretation: The Viable System Model (VSM)

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EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF OPERATIONAL RESEARCH 2019年第3期274卷 1198-1201页

作者： Harwood, Stephen A. Univ Edinburgh Business Sch 29 Buccleuch Pl Edinburgh EH8 9JS Midlothian Scotland

Smith and Shaw (2018) The characteristics of problem structuring methods: A literature review. European Journal of Operational Research. https://***/10.1016/***.2018.05.003) offer an interesting insight into the characteristics of problem structuring methods (PSMs) grounding this upon a literature review. However, their evaluation of Stafford Beer's Viable System Model (VSM) is open to a different interpretation to the one they offer, drawing upon significant literatures seemingly not considered. Whilst Smith and Shaw argue that the VSM is not a PSM, the characterisation of the VSM presented in this short communication suggests that in terms of the thirteen questions posed by these authors, that indeed, the VSM can be viewed as PSM. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： problem structuring methods Viable system model Models Cybernetics Soft OR

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A Conceptual Framework for Integrating Methodologies in Management: Partial Results of a Systemic Intervention in a Textile SME in Argentina

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SYSTEMS RESEARCH AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2019年第1期36卷 20-35页

作者： Alejandra Castellini, Maria Paucar-Caceres, Alberto Univ Belgrano Fac Ingn & Tecnol Informat Buenos Aires DF Argentina Univ Buenos Aires Fac Ingn Buenos Aires DF Argentina Manchester Metropolitan Univ Business Sch All St CampusOxford Rd Manchester M15 6BH Lancs England

We report on the partial results of a systemic intervention in which a combined range of methods from classical operational research (OR), problem structuring methods and quality management tools was deployed in a small and medium-sized enterprise in Argentina. Involving a full stakeholders' participation, the intervention allowed the team to appreciate and better understand the features of the problematic situation and its underlying causes and helped the management to define action plans to bring improvements to the organization. Using the multi-methodological framework proposed by Mingers and Brockelsby for integrating methodologies as a starting point, we advance and test a modified framework that distinguish methodologies/methods by its location in the real world or in the thinking/conceptual world. The article contributes to the current debate on OR multiple paradigmatic practice and follows the trend to combine hard methods, well-known soft OR tools with some less-known methodologies from the ever increasing portfolio of methodologies. (c) 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

关键词： soft operation research problem structuring methods quality management multimethodologies systemic intervention

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Performance Based Planning of complex urban social-ecological systems: The quest for sustainability through the promotion of resilience

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SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY 2020年 56卷 102089-000页

作者： Botequilha-Leitao, Andre Diaz-Varela, Emilio R. Univ Algarve Dept Earth Marine & Environm Sci Fac Sci & Technol Campus Gambelas P-8005139 Faro Portugal Univ Algarve CEPAC Study Ctr Campus Gambelas P-8005139 Faro Portugal Univ Santiago de Compostela ECOAGRASOC Res Grp Santiago de Compostela Spain

Urban systems and human settlements have been growing exponentially in size and complexity in the last decades, defying current approaches to sustainable development. While urban planning has been identified as one of the main tools for attaining specific sustainability goals, consideration of cities as complex social-ecological and adaptive systems challenges traditional views, demanding new flexible and creative planning solutions. In this conceptual study, we analyse the capacity of performance-based planning (PBP) to provide sustainable solutions for urban planning problems. To do so, we examine the different conceptualizations of PBP in the current planning environment. To better define the challenges posed by the complexity of urban systems, we explore the similarities and common ground between PBP and other approaches such as adaptive planning and management (APM) and problem structuring methods (PSM). We analyse a case study, in Queensland (Australia), using SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis to identify potential advantages and barriers to the implementation of PBP. Finally, we discuss the potential role of APM and PSM in PBP, the utility of an extended conceptualization of resilience as an important reference for its implementation and a potentially stronger role for planners in PBP as decision shapers.

关键词： Strategic planning Performance-based planning Complex adaptive systems Adaptive planning and management problem structuring methods Resilience

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Avaliação de proficiência oral em língua estrangeira: uma proposta de abordagem avaliativa em um exame para professores de línguas com base em métodos de estruturação de problemas e em métodos multicritério de análise da decisão

Avaliação de proficiência oral em língua estrangeira: um...

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作者： Colombo, Camila Sthéfanie Universidade Estadual Paulista

Neste trabalho investiga-se a abordagem de avaliação da proficiência oral do professor de línguas estrangeiras empregado por um exame brasileiro voltado a essa finalidade específica, o EPPLE – Exame de Proficiência para Professores de Línguas Estrangeiras. O estudo tem por objetivo propor uma abordagem que atenda a necessidades levantadas pela literatura da área acerca da importância da democratização e transparência do processo avaliativo e do emprego de processos decisórios que garantam os princípios de validade sem causar interferências na praticidade das avaliações. Assim, a abordagem proposta subordina-se à elaboração de uma escala de mensuração e à reestruturação da escala de proficiência do exame, agregando-se a opinião de usuários com diferentes graus de especialidade sobre a avaliação de proficiência. Trata-se, portanto, de um estudo de caso de natureza híbrida e cunho exploratório-descritivo que se utiliza de dados secundários e primários para auxiliar a investigação. Os dados secundários consistem em estudos e documentos sobre a caracterização da proficiência linguística para finalidades gerais e para finalidades de ensino, bem como sobre a avaliação dessas proficiências; em dados de fala do teste oral do EPPLE referentes à participação de formandos em Letras de uma universidade pública paulista e de duas universidades públicas mineiras, na qualidade de candidatos ao exame, nos anos de 2015 e 2017; e nos respectivos conceitos atribuídos aos candidatos, seguindo-se os princípios determinados pela escala de proficiência oral original do exame. Os dados primários, por sua vez, consistem nas respostas obtidas por meio da aplicação sucessiva de dois questionários estruturados com base nos princípios do método de estruturação de problemas VFT – Pensamento Focado no Valor; o primeiro, com a finalidade de coletar informações a respeito do perfil dos participantes da pesquisa e de suas opiniões sobre as características da proficiência do professor de línguas e de

关键词： Avaliação Proficiência oral Proficiência do professor de línguas Métodos de estruturação de problemas Métodos multicritério de análise da decisão Language testing Oral proficiency problem structuring methods Multicriteria decision-analysis methods

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A systemic framework based on Soft OR approaches to support teamwork strategy: An aviation manufacturer Brazilian company case

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JOURNAL OF THE OPERATIONAL RESEARCH SOCIETY 2018年第2期69卷 220-234页

作者： Abuabara, Leila Paucar-Caceres, Alberto Neyra Belderrain, Mischel Carmen Burrowes-Cromwell, Toni Univ Fed Sao Paulo ITA UNIFESP Sao Jose Dos Campos Brazil Manchester Metropolitan Univ Business Sch Manchester Lancs England ITA CNPq Sao Jose Dos Campos Brazil

The paper reports on the application of a combination of Operational Research (OR) approaches to a real-world case of re-designing the strategy of a department management team, in an aircraft manufacturing organisation in Brazil. We combine approaches from Soft OR problem structuring methods in a multi-methodological framework arguing that this helps to discuss, develop and implement a new departmental strategy. The proposed framework uses elements of Soft Systems Methodology;Strategic Options Development and Analysis to understand and structure the situation;Value-Focused Thinking to define the means and objectives;and Value-Focused Brainstorming to highlight the potential solutions. We conceptualise a four-phased systemic framework linking elements of the above four Soft OR approaches and apply it to a real-world case in a department where a new team leader was appointed with the specific brief to improve the departmental strategy and its performance in general. Findings suggest that combining the approaches into a framework encourages trust and participation from stakeholders which, in practice, is translated into an improved strategy for the organisation. A reflection on the multi-methodological approach is proposed. Conclusions and points for further research are suggested.

关键词： Cognitive mapping SODA value-focused thinking value-focused brainstorming problem structuring methods participative leadership SSM

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Extending community operational research to address institutional aspects of societal problems: Experiences from peri-urban Bangladesh

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EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF OPERATIONAL RESEARCH 2018年第3期268卷 904-917页

作者： Gomes, Sharlene L. Hermans, Leon M. Thissen, Wil A. H. Delft Univ Technol Fac Technol Policy & Management Dept Multiactor Syst Bldg 31Jaffalaan 5 NL-2628 BX Delft Netherlands

Community operational research (COR) helps local stakeholders address complex, messy problems related to public goods. Many of these problems feature an institutional dimension, whereby institutions refer to rules that structure behaviour and interactions in society. If a sound analysis of this institutional dimension is limited in scope, or even completely absent, then the result is an incomplete problem understanding or a narrower solution space. In this paper, we outline a COR approach for participatory institutional analysis of local problems aimed at enhancing problem formulation and solution-finding efforts. The process has four main steps: problem identification, institutional system mapping, strategic analysis, and strategy exploration. This approach is applied to the issue of water supply in a marginalized, peri-urban village near Khulna city, Bangladesh. Our paper discusses the results achieved thus far, and we argue that our analytical framework and methods prove to be promising for this peri-urban application. However, their use with local stakeholders requires an intensive process of two-way capacity building between communities and analysts, developing a joint understanding of both local problems and key components/mechanisms in institutional development. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Community operational research problem structuring methods OR in natural resources Institutional analysis Game theory

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Systemic Lean Intervention: Enhancing Lean with Community Operational Research

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EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF OPERATIONAL RESEARCH 2018年第3期268卷 1134-1148页

作者： Ufua, Daniel E. Papadopoulos, Thanos Midgley, Gerald Covenant Univ Dept Business Management Coll Business & Social Sci Idiroko Rd Ota Ogun State Nigeria Univ Kent Kent Business Sch Chatham ME4 4TE Kent England Univ Hull Ctr Syst Studies Sch Business Cottingham Rd Kingston Upon Hull HU6 7RX N Humberside England Malardalen Univ Sch Innovat Design & Engn Box 325 S-63105 Eskilstuna Sweden Victoria Univ Wellington Victoria Business Sch POB 600 Wellington 6140 New Zealand Univ Canterbury Sch Polit & Social Sci Private Bag 4800 Christchurch 8140 New Zealand Univ Queensland Sch Agr & Food Sci Brisbane Qld 4072 Australia

This paper explores how theory and methodology from Community Operational Research (Community OR) can enhance Lean initiatives. We are driven by the paucity of the literature discussing the involvement of non-obvious stakeholders, particularly local communities, in the adoption of Lean. We present a project undertaken with a food production company in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria, where we employed a Systemic Intervention methodology to integrate theory and methods from Community OR with those from Lean. Based on this example, we argue that the inclusion of community representatives is necessary if Lean waste-reduction initiatives are to benefit both organizations and their local communities. Our only proviso is that, in the spirit of Community OR, the involvement of community representatives must be meaningful, so change is agreed through stakeholder engagements that respect their inputs and framings, and do not result in organizations imposing unwanted 'solutions' on communities. The paper ends with some reflections on the added value that Community OR can offer Lean practitioners. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Community operational research Lean Operational research in developing countries problem structuring methods Systems thinking

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Community Operational Research and Citizen Science: Two icons in need of each other?

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EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF OPERATIONAL RESEARCH 2018年第3期268卷 1111-1124页

作者： Gregory, Amanda J. Atkins, Jonathan P. Univ Hull Ctr Syst Studies Sch Business Kingston Upon Hull HU6 7RX N Humberside England Univ Hull Sch Business Kingston Upon Hull HU6 7RX N Humberside England

Citizen Science attracts a lot of positive attention and a convenient alignment with it might offer multiple benefits for Community Operational Research. But what would be the basis for such an alignment? Could it offer important reciprocal benefits for Citizen Science? We address our first question by conducting a systematic comparison of Community Operational Research and Citizen Science to reveal points of commonality and difference between the two. Having established the basis for alignment, we then address our second question by exploring how alignment might be realised at micro, meso and macro levels. Through this exploration, we highlight opportunities for Community Operational Research to avail itself of Citizen Science's proximity to policy makers, and we make available to Citizen Science some approaches from Community Operational Research for structuring issues and dealing with contestable knowledge claims. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Community Operational Research Citizen Science problem structuring methods OR in environment and climate change Systems thinking

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What is Community Operational Research?

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EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF OPERATIONAL RESEARCH 2018年第3期268卷 771-783页

作者： Midgley, Gerald Johnson, Michael P. Chichirau, George Univ Hull Business Sch Ctr Syst Studies Cottingham Rd Kingston Upon Hull HU6 7RX N Humberside England Malardalen Univ Sch Innovat Design & Engn Eskilstuna Sweden Victoria Univ Wellington Victoria Business Sch Wellington New Zealand Univ Canterbury Sch Polit & Social Sci Christchurch New Zealand Univ Queensland Sch Agr & Food Sci Brisbane Qld Australia Univ Massachusetts Dept Publ Policy & Publ Affairs Boston MA 02125 USA

Community Operational Research (Community OR) has been an explicit sub-domain of OR for more than 30 years. In this paper, we tackle the controversial issue of how it can be differentiated from other forms of OR. While it has been persuasively argued that Community OR cannot be defined by its clients, practitioners or methods, we argue that the common concern of all Community OR practice is the meaningful engagement of communities, whatever form that may take - and the legitimacy of different forms of engagement may be open to debate. We then move on to discuss four other controversies that have implications for the future development of Community OR and its relationship with its parent discipline: the desire for Community OR to be more explicitly political;claims that it should be grounded in the theory, methodology and practice of systems thinking;the similarities and differences between the UK and US traditions;and the extent to which Community OR offers an enhanced understanding of practice that could be useful to OR more generally. Our positions on these controversies all follow from our identification of 'meaningful engagement' as a central feature of Community OR. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Community operational research Community-based operations research Engaged OR problem structuring methods Process of OR

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