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Machine-Learning-Enhanced procedural modeling for 4D Historical Cities Reconstruction

REMOTE SENSING 2023年第13期15卷

作者： Vaienti, Beatrice Petitpierre, Remi di Lenardo, Isabella Kaplan, Frederic Swiss Fed Inst Technol Lausanne EPFL Digital Humanities Inst CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland

The generation of 3D models depicting cities in the past holds great potential for documentation and educational purposes. However, it is often hindered by incomplete historical data and the specialized expertise required. To address these challenges, we propose a framework for historical city reconstruction. By integrating procedural modeling techniques and machine learning models within a Geographic Information System (GIS) framework, our pipeline allows for effective management of spatial data and the generation of detailed 3D models. We developed an open-source Python module that fills gaps in 2D GIS datasets and directly generates 3D models up to LOD 2.1 from GIS files. The use of the CityJSON format ensures interoperability and accommodates the specific needs of historical models. A practical case study using footprints of the Old City of Jerusalem between 1840 and 1940 demonstrates the creation, completion, and 3D representation of the dataset, highlighting the versatility and effectiveness of our approach. This research contributes to the accessibility and accuracy of historical city models, providing tools for the generation of informative 3D models. By incorporating machine learning models and maintaining the dynamic nature of the models, we ensure the possibility of supporting ongoing updates and refinement based on newly acquired data. Our procedural modeling methodology offers a streamlined and open-source solution for historical city reconstruction, eliminating the need for additional software and increasing the usability and practicality of the process.

关键词： procedural modeling 4D urban reconstruction 4D city modeling GIS HBIM historical maps machine learning 3D building modeling CityJSON vectorization

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Generalized Use of Non-Terminal Symbols for procedural modeling

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2010年第8期29卷 2291-2303页

作者： Krecklau, L. Pavic, D. Kobbelt, L. Rhein Westfal TH Aachen Aachen Germany

We present the new procedural modeling language G(2), which adapts various concepts from general purpose programming languages to provide high descriptive power with well-defined semantics and a simple syntax which is easily readable even by non-programmers. The term 'Generalized' reflects two kinds of generalization. On the one hand, we extend the scope of previous architectural modeling languages by allowing for multiple types of non-terminal objects with domain-specific operators and attributes. On the other hand, the language accepts non-terminal symbols as parameters in modeling rules and thus enables the definition of abstract structure templates for flexible re-use within the grammar. By deriving G(2) from the well-established programming language Python, we can make sure that our modeling language has a well-defined semantics. For illustration, we apply G(2) to architectural as well as plant modeling to demonstrate its descriptive power with some complex examples.

关键词： procedural modeling L-Systems formal grammars architecture plants

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Automatic 3D Building Model Generation from Airborne LiDAR Data and OpenStreetMap Using procedural modeling

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INFORMATION 2023年第7期14卷

作者： Zupan, Robert Vinkovic, Adam Nikci, Rexhep Pinjatela, Bernarda Univ Zagreb Fac Geodesy Zagreb 10000 Croatia

This research is primarily focused on utilizing available airborne LiDAR data and spatial data from the OpenStreetMap (OSM) database to generate 3D models of buildings for a large-scale urban area. The city center of Ljubljana, Slovenia, was selected for the study area due to data availability and diversity of building shapes, heights, and functions, which presented a challenge for the automated generation of 3D models. To extract building heights, a range of data sources were utilized, including OSM attribute data, as well as georeferenced and classified point clouds and a digital elevation model (DEM) obtained from openly available LiDAR survey data of the Slovenian Environment Agency. A digital surface model (DSM) and digital terrain model (DTM) were derived from the processed LiDAR data. Building outlines and attributes were extracted from OSM and processed using QGIS. Spatial coverage of OSM data for buildings in the study area is excellent, whereas only 18% have attributes describing external appearance of the building and 6% describing roof type. LASTools software (rapidlasso GmbH, Friedrichshafener Strasse 1, 82205 Gilching, GERMANY) was used to derive and assign building heights from 3D coordinates of the segmented point clouds. Various software options for procedural modeling were compared and Blender was selected due to the ability to process OSM data, availability of documentation, and low computing requirements. Using procedural modeling, a 3D model with level of detail (LOD) 1 was created fully automated. After analyzing roof types, a 3D model with LOD2 was created fully automated for 87.64% of buildings. For the remaining buildings, a comparison of procedural roof modeling and manual roof editing was performed. Finally, a visual comparison between the resulting 3D model and Google Earth's model was performed. The main objective of this study is to demonstrate the efficient modeling process using open data and free software and resulting in an enhanced

关键词： LIDAR procedural modeling OSM Blender 3D model buildings

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An integrating contextual approach using architectural procedural modeling and augmented reality in residential buildings: the case of Amman city

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HELIYON 2022年第8期8卷 e10040页

作者： AlFadalat, Maha Al-Azhari, Wael Univ Jordan Dept Architecture Engn Amman Jordan

In architecture, context term refers to the surrounding area in which the building is situated. Context is crucial in architectural theory and practice when developing architectural vocabulary. Creating harmony with historic context amidst expanding development has been a primary concern and focus of designers since the midtwentieth century. Contextualism theory refers to the interaction between new buildings and their surroundings, as well as the challenge of integrating new and existing structures to establish congruence and continuity. When using a contextual design method, an analysis of traditional architectural style has a considerable impact on a designer's decision-making process (Lambe and Dongre, 2019). In this study, a general framework is proposed, which integrates shape grammar-based procedural modeling and augmented reality technology to create a harmonious environment through the generation of new designs based on the grammar of the existing architectural style of the residential buildings in Amman city without limiting the designer's creativity of order to address the issue of Western architectural movements influencing the architectural style in Amman, which is incompatible with the city's identity and it's context. This approach was tested on a group of University of Jordan students, and the results were evaluated using a machine learning model. The effectiveness of this method was discovered, and it can be regarded as a step toward achieving spatial congruence.

关键词： Contextual design theory procedural modeling Generative design Shape grammar Augmented reality

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Interactive translucent volume rendering and procedural modeling 02

Interactive translucent volume rendering and procedural mode...

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Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '02

作者： Joe Kniss Simon Premoze Charles Hansen David Ebert Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute School of Computing University of Utah Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute and School of Computing University of Utah School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Purdue University

ISBN: (纸本)9780780374980

Direct volume rendering is a commonly used technique in visualization applications. Many of these applications require sophisticated shading models to capture subtle lighting effects and characteristics of volumetric data and materials. Many common objects and natural phenomena exhibit visual quality that cannot be captured using simple lighting models or cannot be solved at interactive rates using more sophisticated methods. We present a simple yet effective interactive shading model which captures volumetric light attenuation effects to produce volumetric shadows and the subtle appearance of translucency. We also present a technique for volume displacement or perturbation that allows realistic interactive modeling of high frequency detail for real and synthetic volumetric data.

关键词： procedural modeling shading model volume rendering volume modeling

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modeling Urban Environments from Geospatial Data: A Pipeline for procedural modeling 12

Modeling Urban Environments from Geospatial Data: A Pipeline...

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Proceedings of the The third workshop on procedural Content Generation in Games

作者： Diego Jesus Antonio Coelho Carlos Rebelo Andre Cardoso Faculdade de Engenharia Universidade do Porto Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n 4200-465 Porto Portugal INESC TEC / DEI Faculdade de Engenharia Universidade do Porto Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n 4200-465 Porto Portugal 3Decide / Palcos da Realidade Praca Coronel Pacheco 2 4050-453 Porto Portugal

ISBN: (纸本)9781450314473

In game development there is often the need to generate realistic urban environments, i.e. 3D virtual environments that replicate existing urban areas. However, modeling such spaces using traditional techniques is both too slow and too expensive. A good solution is the use of procedural modeling techniques to automate the process. However these techniques require large amounts of geospatial data, which are usually stored in Geographic Information Systems (GIS).This paper presents a pipeline for the integration of both geometric and semantic data from GIS data sources into procedural modeling techniques used for the generation of 3D virtual urban environments. GIS data can already be used in procedural modeling tools but these do not provide an easy and uniform way to incorporate semantic information from different data sources. To solve this problem, the proposed pipeline is capable of transforming semantic and geometric information from different sources into 3D environments that replicate specific urban areas.

关键词： GIS procedural modeling Virtual urban environments

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procedural landscape modeling with geographic information: the IMAGIS approach

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LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING 2001年第1-4期54卷 33-47页

作者： Perrin, L Beauvais, N Puppo, M IAURIF F-75740 Paris 15 France BRA Boston MA 02201 USA Politecn Milan Dipartimento Progettazione Architettura I-20131 Milan Italy

In this paper, we present and discuss the procedural technology developed in the framework of the Image Metropolis project, to model landscapes at regional scale. We call it "IMAGIS" to symbolize the alliance, in one single information system, of the two most powerful visual media for the representation of a territory: the image and the map. IMAGIS is an interface between the 2 D world of plans and the 3 D world of perspectives. It implements a set of procedures specifically designed to transform landscape forms described in a GIS quite synthetically by 2 D entities, into much more elaborate objects in a 3 D space. It is intended for creating broad landscape models, from which photorealistic images can be computed with Atelier de Modelisation de l'Architecture des Plantes (AMAP) software. AMAP is a modeling workshop allowing users to generate and visualize a large number of plant models at various growth stages. AMAP was created from the outset for the needs of agronomists who seek to simulate very accurately the architecture and growth behavior of plants, in a natural or a designed environment. It is now quite established in the realm of landscape architecture. IMAGIS is aiming at a different community of users: the planning and GIS organizations who need to visualize regional development plans for impact assessment, communication and decision-making purposes. Although, it may be applied in a wide variety of contexts, its built-in features makes it particularly suitable for suburban planning. The first, part of the paper sets the rationale for the development of IMAGIS and focuses on issues of perception and representation of broad landscapes. The second part provides a short description of AMAP's features and introduces IMAGIS' new functions, showing how they widen the application spectrum of AMAP from the plant to the land cover. Finally, some preliminary conclusions from Imago Metropolis are presented, that set-up the agenda for future researches and development

关键词： landscape planning procedural modeling GIS simulation

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procedural urban modeling in practice

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IEEE COMPUTER GRAPHICS AND APPLICATIONS 2008年第3期28卷 18-26页

作者： Watson, Benjamin Mueller, Pascal Wonka, Peter Sexton, Chris Veryovka, Oleg Fuller, Andy N Carolina State Univ Raleigh NC 27695 USA Arizona State Univ Tempe AZ 85287 USA Johns Hopkins Univ Baltimore MD 21218 USA

Film and game studios can no longer meet audience demand for visual content by increasing production budgets. Instead they are turning to procedural modeling, particularly for modeling cities. The authors review procedural modeling, examine the CityEngine tool, and study the use of procedural urban modeling in Electronic Arts' Need for Speed games.

关键词： procedural modeling Urban modeling Urban Planning Archeology Digital Film Computer Games

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Realistic procedural Plant modeling from Multiple View Images

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2020年第2期26卷 1372-1384页

作者： Guo, Jianwei Xu, Shibiao Yan, Dong-Ming Cheng, Zhanglin Jaeger, Marc Zhang, Xiaopeng Chinese Acad Sci Natl Lab Pattern Recognit Inst Automat Beijing 100190 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci SIAT Shenzhen VisuCA Key Lab Beijing 100864 Peoples R China Montpellier Univ ICAR LIRMM F-34090 Montpellier France

In this paper, we describe a novel procedural modeling technique for generating realistic plant models from multi-view photographs. The realism is enhanced via visual and spatial information acquired from images. In contrast to previous approaches that heavily rely on user interaction to segment plants or recover branches in images, our method automatically estimates an accurate depth map of each image and extracts a 3D dense point cloud by exploiting an efficient stereophotogrammetry approach. Taking this point cloud as a soft constraint, we fit a parametric plant representation to simulate the plant growth progress. In this way, we are able to synthesize parametric plant models from real data provided by photos and 3D point clouds. We demonstrate the robustness of the proposed approach by modeling various plants with complex branching structures and significant self-occlusions. We also demonstrate that the proposed framework can be used to reconstruct ground-covering plants, such as bushes and shrubs which have been given little attention in the literature. The effectiveness of our approach is validated by visually and quantitatively comparing with the state-of-the-art approaches.

关键词： Three-dimensional displays Solid modeling Computational modeling Image reconstruction Shape Geometry Vegetation Multi-view images dense depth map procedural modeling plant reconstruction

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Rule-based procedural modeling of buildings

Rule-based procedural modeling of buildings

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2012 IEEE International Conference on Computer Science and Automation Engineering（CSAE 2012）

作者： Jiazhen Li,Yong Zhang,Dehui Kong Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Multimedia and Intelligent Software Technology College of Computer Science Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124,China

The demand of virtual 3D models is growing rapidly with the development of city informatization and *** are essential objects of virtual *** the years,researchers have made considerable progress towards developing efficient techniques for generating 3D buildings,however,procedural modeling is still a challenging task because of limitation of data sources and reality requirement *** overcome this problem,this paper introduces a procedural method based on rule sets according to certain criterion available to common building all over the *** describe the modeling processing based on two-dimension GIS data and digital *** experiments showed that the presented approach is an automatic and effective method for modeling mass buildings.

关键词： procedural modeling GIS 3D models digital image

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