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Ericoid mycorrhizal fungi mediate the response of ombrotrophic peatlands to fertilization: a modeling study

NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023年第1期238卷 80-95页

作者： Shao, Siya Wu, Jianghua He, Hongxing Moore, Tim R. Bubier, Jill Larmola, Tuula Juutinen, Sari Roulet, Nigel T. McGill Univ Dept Geog Montreal PQ H3A 0G4 Canada Dartmouth Coll Dept Biol Sci Hanover NH 03755 USA Mem Univ Newfoundland Sch Sci & Environm Environm & Sustainabil St John NF A1C 5S7 Canada Mt Holyoke Coll Dept Environm Studies South Hadley MA 01075 USA Nat Resources Inst Finland Luke Helsinki 00790 Finland Finnish Meteorol Inst Helsinki 00560 Finland

Ericaceous shrubs adapt to the nutrient-poor conditions in ombrotrophic peatlands by forming symbiotic associations with ericoid mycorrhizal (ERM) fungi. Increased nutrient availability may diminish the role of ERM pathways in shrub nutrient uptake, consequently altering the biogeochemical cycling within bogs. To explore the significance of ERM fungi in ombrotrophic peatlands, we developed the model MWMmic (a peat cohort-based biogeochemical model) into MWMmic-NP by explicitly incorporating plant-soil nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycling and ERM fungi processes. The new model was applied to simulate the biogeochemical cycles in the Mer Bleue (MB) bog in Ontario, Canada, and their responses to fertilization. MWMmic_NP reproduced the carbon(C)-N-P cycles and vegetation dynamics observed in the MB bog, and their responses to fertilization. Our simulations showed that fertilization increased shrub biomass by reducing the C allocation to ERM fungi, subsequently suppressing the growth of underlying Sphagnum mosses, and decreasing the peatland C sequestration. Our species removal simulation further demonstrated that ERM fungi were key to maintaining the shrub-moss coexistence and C sink function of bogs. Our results suggest that ERM fungi play a significant role in the biogeochemical cycles in ombrotrophic peatlands and should be considered in future modeling efforts.

关键词： carbon cycling ericaceous shrub ericoid mycorrhizal (ERM) fungi nutrient cycling ombrotrophic peatland process-based modeling Sphagnum

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High Expectations and Open Questions: Using High-Frequency Proxy Data to Calibrate a Catchment-Scale Phosphorus Model

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ACS ES&T WATER 2024年第5期4卷 2135-2143页

作者： Lannergard, Emma E. Sandstrom, Sara Nilsson, Elin Widen Lewan, Elisabet Futter, Martyn N. Swedish Univ Agr Sci Dept Aquat Sci & Assessment S-75007 Uppsala Sweden Swedish Univ Agr Sci Dept Soil & Environm Box 7014 S-75007 Uppsala Sweden

High-frequency (HF) in situ sensor data capture temporal water quality variability. Using HF data to calibrate catchment-scale water quality models remains uncommon, despite previous studies demonstrating the value of HF data in reducing uncertainty in model output. This study aims to provide new insights regarding the use of HF proxy data [turbidity as a proxy for total phosphorus (TP) and total suspended solids (TSS)] compared to low-frequency (LF) data for model calibration. Four calibration data sets were used to calibrate a catchment-scale water quality model: monthly grab samples of TSS and TP (LF) and HF in situ sensor turbidity proxies for TSS and TP, alone and in combinations. These calibration data sets resulted in significant differences in model output, with HF data sets projecting more variable results and affecting modeled TP/TSS concentrations, loads, and performance statistics. Multiobjective calibration using HF proxy data highlighted important knowledge gaps concerning the theoretical and practical implications of using HF turbidity for model calibration, which is why it should be used with caution in future studies. Further research areas include investigating the nature of proxy relationships, such as linearity/nonlinearity, exploring the concentration range coverage, and an improved understanding of turbidity and TSS- and TP-generating processes.

关键词： high-frequency monitoring proxy relationships INCA-PEco process-based modeling turbidity total phosphorus total suspended solids

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Morphological evolution of the channel-shoal system in the South Channel of the Changjiang Estuary during 1958–2018:Causes and future trends

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2022年第11期32卷 2291-2310页

作者： LUAN Hualong YAO Shiming QU Geng LEI Wentao River Research Department Changjiang River Scientific Research InstituteWuhan 430010China

The stability of estuarine channel-shoal systems is important for port utilization,navigation maintenance,habitat protection and ecosystem service *** paper uses the South Channel of the Changjiang(Yangtze River)Estuary as a typical example to investigate the channel-shoal adjustment mechanism and its future *** combined approaches of bathymetric data analysis and process-based modeling(Delft3D)are *** analysis of morphological changes indicates that the South Channel experienced remarkable channel-shoal adjustment during 1958–*** evolution was identified,including shoal migration,incision and emergence under natural conditions before the *** then,fluvial sediment decline and local human intervention have interrupted the periodic *** 1986,as river sediment discharge started to decline,the South Channel converted to net erosion,and both the mid-channel shoal at the bifurcation node and the tail of the Ruifeng Shoal showed significant ***-based hydrodynamic simulations revealed that the northern rotation of the mainstream downstream of Wusong triggered the erosion of the Ruifeng Shoal,while unordered sand mining at the shoal tail in approximately 2002 enhanced shoal *** addition,the self-adjustment of the transverse section shape resulted in abnormal accretion in 2002–***,the South Channel underwent overall erosion as sediment discharge decreased to a low level(<150 Mt/a).Five stages of channel-shoal pattern adjustment and accretion/erosion status during the past 60years were defined,i.e.,the accretion stage(1958–1965),remarkable channel-shoal adjustment stage(1978–1986),slow erosion stage(1986–1997),shoal scour and shrinkage stage(1997–2007)and overall channel-shoal erosion stage(2007–2018).Model prediction of the evolutionary trend indicates that overall erosion within the South Channel is most likely to continue in 2015–*** adjustment of the South Channel unde

关键词： channel-shoal pattern morphological evolution process-based modeling South Channel Changjiang Estuary

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Accuracy, realism and general applicability of European forest models

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GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022年第23期28卷 6921-6943页

作者： Mahnken, Mats Cailleret, Maxime Collalti, Alessio Trotta, Carlo Biondo, Corrado D'Andrea, Ettore Dalmonech, Daniela Marano, Gina Makela, Annikki Minunno, Francesco Peltoniemi, Mikko Trotsiuk, Volodymyr Nadal-Sala, Daniel Sabate, Santiago Vallet, Patrick Aussenac, Raphael Cameron, David R. Bohn, Friedrich J. Grote, Ruediger Augustynczik, Andrey L. D. Yousefpour, Rasoul Huber, Nica Bugmann, Harald Merganicova, Katarina Merganic, Jan Valent, Peter Lasch-Born, Petra Hartig, Florian del Valle, Iliusi D. Vega Volkholz, Jan Gutsch, Martin Matteucci, Giorgio Krejza, Jan Ibrom, Andreas Meesenburg, Henning Roetzer, Thomas van der Maaten-Theunissen, Marieke van der Maaten, Ernst Reyer, Christopher P. O. Potsdam Inst Climate Impact Res PIK Leibniz Assoc D-14473 Potsdam Germany Tech Univ Dresden Forest Growth & Woody Biomass Prod Tharandt Germany Aix Marseille Univ INRAE UMR RECOVER Aix En Provence France Swiss Fed Res Inst WSL Forest Dynam Unit Birmensdorf Switzerland Natl Res Council Italy Inst Agr & Forestry Syst Mediterranean CNR ISAFOM Forest Modelling Lab Perugia Italy Univ Tuscia Dept Innovat Biol Agrofood & Forest Syst DIBAF Viterbo Italy Fdn Ctr Euromediterraneo Cambiamenti Climat Div Impacts Agr Forests & Ecosyst Serv IAFES Viterbo Italy Swiss Fed Inst Technol Inst Terr Ecosyst Dept Environm Syst Sci Forest Ecol Zurich Switzerland Univ Helsinki Inst Atmospher & Earth Syst Res INAR Dept Forest Sci Helsinki Finland Univ Helsinki Fac Agr & Forestry Helsinki Finland Nat Resources Inst Finland Luke Helsinki Finland Karlsruhe Inst Technol KIT Inst Meteorol & Climate Res Atmospher Environm Re Garmisch Partenkirchen Germany Univ Barcelona UB Dept Evolutionary Biol Ecol & Environm Sci Ecol Sect Barcelona Spain CREAF Ctr Ecol Res & Forestry Applicat Cerdanyola Del Valles Spain Univ Grenoble Alpes INRAE LESSEM St Martin Dheres France UK Ctr Ecol & Hydrol Penicuik Midlothian Scotland UFZ Helmholtz Ctr Environm Res Leipzig Germany Int Inst Appl Syst Anal IIASA Laxenburg Austria Univ Freiburg Forestry Econ & Forest Planning Freiburg Germany Univ Toronto John Daniels Fac Architecture Landscape & Design Inst Forestry & Conservat Toronto ON Canada Swiss Fed Res Inst WSL Remote Sensing Birmensdorf Switzerland Czech Univ Life Sci Prague Fac Forestry & Wood Sci Prague Czech Republic Slovak Acad Sci Inst Landscape Ecol Dept Biodivers Ecosyst & Landscape Nitra Slovakia Tech Univ Zvolen Fac Forestry Zvolen Slovakia Univ Regensburg Theoret Ecol Regensburg Germany CAS Global Change Res Inst Brno Czech Republic Mendel Univ Brno Dept Forest Ecol Brno Czech Republic Tech Univ Denmark DTU Dept Environm Engn Lyngby Denmark Northwest German Fores

Forest models are instrumental for understanding and projecting the impact of climate change on forests. A considerable number of forest models have been developed in the last decades. However, few systematic and comprehensive model comparisons have been performed in Europe that combine an evaluation of modelled carbon and water fluxes and forest structure. We evaluate 13 widely used, state-of-the-art, stand-scale forest models against field measurements of forest structure and eddy-covariance data of carbon and water fluxes over multiple decades across an environmental gradient at nine typical European forest stands. We test the models' performance in three dimensions: accuracy of local predictions (agreement of modelled and observed annual data), realism of environmental responses (agreement of modelled and observed responses of daily gross primary productivity to temperature, radiation and vapour pressure deficit) and general applicability (proportion of European tree species covered). We find that multiple models are available that excel according to our three dimensions of model performance. For the accuracy of local predictions, variables related to forest structure have lower random and systematic errors than annual carbon and water flux variables. Moreover, the multi-model ensemble mean provided overall more realistic daily productivity responses to environmental drivers across all sites than any single individual model. The general applicability of the models is high, as almost all models are currently able to cover Europe's common tree species. We show that forest models complement each other in their response to environmental drivers and that there are several cases in which individual models outperform the model ensemble. Our framework provides a first step to capturing essential differences between forest models that go beyond the most commonly used accuracy of predictions. Overall, this study provides a point of reference for future model work aimed at

关键词： eddy-covariance gap model model ensemble model evaluation process-based modeling terrestrial carbon dynamics

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Amount of carbon fixed, transit time and fate of harvested wood products define the climate change mitigation potential of boreal forest management-A model analysis

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ECOLOGICAL MODELLING 2024年 491卷

作者： Metzler, Holger Launiainen, Samuli Vico, Giulia Swedish Univ Agr Sci SLU Dept Crop Prod Ecol POB 7043 S-75007 Uppsala Sweden Nat Resources Inst Latokartanonkaari 9 Helsinki 00790 Finland Swedish Univ Agr Sci SLU Dept Forest Ecol & Management Skogsmarksgrand 17 S-90183 Umea Sweden

Boreal forests are often managed to maximize wood production, but other goals, among which climate change mitigation, are increasingly important. Hence, it is necessary to examine synergies and trade-offs between forest production and its potential for carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation in forest stands. To this aim, we develop a novel mass -balanced process -based compartmental model that allows following the carbon path from its photosynthetic fixation until its return to the atmosphere by autotrophic or heterotrophic respiration, or by being burnt as wood product. Following carbon in the system allows to account for how long forest ecosystems and wood products retain carbon away from the atmosphere (i.e., the carbon transit time). As example, we apply the model to four management scenarios, i.e., mixed -aged pine, even -aged pine, even -aged spruce, and even -aged mixed forest, and contrast metrics of performance relative to wood production, carbon sequestration, and climate change mitigation potential. While at the end of an 80 yr rotation the even -aged forests held up to 31% more carbon than the mixed -aged forest, the mixed -aged forest was superior during almost the entire rotation when factoring in the carbon retention time away from the atmosphere, i.e., in terms of climate change mitigation potential. Importantly, scenarios that maximize production or amount of carbon stored in the ecosystems are not necessarily the most beneficial for carbon retention away from the atmosphere. These results underline the importance of considering carbon transit time when evaluating forest management options for potential climate change mitigation.

关键词： Boreal forest Wood production Carbon sequestration Transit time Climate change mitigation process-based modeling

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Comprehensive quality assessment of satellite- and model-based soil moisture products against the COSMOS network in Germany

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REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT 2024年 301卷

作者： Schmidt, Toni Schroen, Martin Li, Zhan Francke, Till Zacharias, Steffen Hildebrandt, Anke Peng, Jian UFZ Helmholtz Ctr Environm Res Dept Remote Sensing Permoserstra 15 D-04318 Leipzig Germany Univ Leipzig Remote Sensing Ctr Earth Syst Res RSC4Earth D-04109 Leipzig Germany UFZ Helmholtz Ctr Environm Res Dept Monitoring & Explorat Technol Permoserstr 15 D-04318 Leipzig Germany Univ Potsdam Inst Environm Sci & Geog Karl Liebknecht Str 24-25 D-14476 Potsdam Germany UFZ Helmholtz Ctr Environm Res Dept Computat Hydrosyst Permoserstr 15 DE-04318 Leipzig Germany Friedrich Schiller Univ Jena Inst Geosci Burgweg 11 D-07749 Jena Germany

Critical to the reliable application of gridded soil moisture products is a thorough assessment of their quality at spatially compatible scales. While previous studies have attempted to evaluate different soil moisture products, comprehensive assessments at the appropriate scale remain challenging and rare. This study explores the potential of the Cosmic-Ray Soil Moisture Observation System (COSMOS) in Germany for effectively mitigating the scale mismatch between soil moisture products and reference measurements. A newly released extensive COSMOS data set provides time series of hectare-scale soil moisture of the main root zone at different locations in Germany and offers a unique opportunity for a comprehensive quality assessment of 15 commonly-used coarse scale soil moisture products. Those are either satellite-based (AMSR2 LPRM, ASCAT H115/H116, Sentinel-1 SSM, SMAP L3E, SMOS L3, ASCAT/Sentinel-1 SWI, SMAP/Sentinel-1 L2, CCI Combined, and NOAA SMOPS) or model based (ERA5-Land, GLDAS-Noah, ASCAT H141/H142, GLEAM, SMAP L4, and SMOS L4). We compared the temporal dynamics of the soil moisture products against that of the COSMOS soil moisture estimates at 21 sites of different land cover types over six years (2015-2020), including the drought of 2018. We found that the model based products generally yield a higher correlation (0.74) and lower unbiased root-mean-square differences (0.05 m3m  3) than the satellite-based products (0.60 and 0.07 m3m  3, respectively) against the COSMOS data in Germany. Notably, the application of the exponential filter significantly improves the performance of the products. Conversely, deseasonalized time series of all selected products demonstrate lower performances across all COSMOS sites. Most products show a considerable positive bias, which limits their usability for the assessment of absolute soil water storage. We also found that the land cover type, mean annual soil moisture, and vertical support have notable influences on the p

关键词： Soil moisture Remote sensing process-based modeling Quality assessment Cosmic-Ray soil moisture observation system (COSMOS) Exponential filter

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Biochemical and steady-state kinetic analyses of arsenate reductases from an arsenic-tolerant strain of Citrobacter youngae IITK SM2

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BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2024年 739卷 150936页

作者： Verma, Akshat Chinnasamy, Hariharan Vedi Biswas, Bhumika Singh, Abhas Matheshwaran, Saravanan Indian Inst Technol Kanpur Dept Civil Engn Kanpur India Indian Inst Technol Kanpur Ctr Environm Sci & Engn Environm Geochem Lab Kanpur India Texas A&M Univ Zachry Dept Civil & Environm Engn College Stn TX USA Indian Inst Technol Kanpur Dept Biol Sci & Bioengn Microbial Adapdat & Chromatin Remodelling Lab Kanpur India Indian Inst Technol Kanpur Ctr Environm Sci & Engn Environm Microbiol Lab Kanpur India Indian Inst Technol Kanpur Kotak Sch Sustainabil Kanpur India

Arsenic (As) poisoning in aquifers is a serious problem worldwide, especially in the middle-Gangetic Plain (MGP) of India. Microbially-mediated As speciation in such aquifers is governed by the arsenate-reductase enzyme, ArsC, encoded by the arsC gene of As-metabolizing bacteria. In this study, ArsC1 (119 aa) and ArsC2 (141 aa) of a highly resistant strain to arsenic, Citrobacter youngae IITK SM2 (CyIITKSM2), isolated from a mixed-oxic MGP groundwater were biochemically characterized. Coupled-arsenate-reductase assay and IC-ICP-MS analysis confirmed that ArsC2 showed higher As(V) reduction than ArsC1 in the dissolved phase, which was consistent with the prominent structural changes in ArsC2 as identified through circular dichroism spectroscopy. Furthermore, the two ArsCs were able to mobilize arsenic from solid-bound arsenate [As(V)-loaded goethite, AsG] predominantly as As(III). However, the total arsenic released in the presence of ArsC2 was similar to 38 % and similar to 88 % higher, respectively, as compared to the ArsC1-containing and ArsC-free conditions. A process-based model that considered ArsC-mediated As(V) reduction to As(III) in the dissolved phase, and surface complexation of As (V) and As(III) on goethite, suggested that the extent of arsenate binding with ArsC was not affected by whether As(V) was dissolved or was sorbed. However, the catalytic reduction rate was at least an order of magnitude lower in sorbed As(V) than in dissolved As(V). Mutants of ArsC2 exhibited variable but reduced efficiencies compared to the wild-type ArsC2. This reduction may be attributed to the C-terminal loop observed in the AlphaFold predicted structure of ArsC2, which was absent in ArsC1. This comprehensive biochemical and biophysical analysis of the arsenate reductases in Citrobacter youngae could enhance our understanding of the role these microbes play in arsenic mobilization within MGP aquifers.

关键词： Arsenic Citrobacter youngae IITK SM2 (CyIITKSM2) Arsenate-reductase proteins (ArsC) Goethite Arsenate-loaded goethite Reduction efficiency process-based modeling

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Simulated nitrous oxide emissions from multiple agroecosystems in the US Corn Belt using the modified SWAT-C model

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ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION 2023年 337卷 122537页

作者： Liang, Kang Qi, Junyu Zhang, Xuesong Emmett, Bryan Johnson, Jane M. F. Malone, Robert W. Moglen, Glenn E. Venterea, Rodney T. Univ Maryland Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr College Pk MD 20740 USA USDA ARS Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab Beltsville MD 20705 USA USDA ARS Natl Lab Agr & Environm Ames IA 50011 USA USDA ARS North Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab Morris MN 56267 USA USDA ARS Soil & Water Management Unit St Paul MN 55108 USA Univ Minnesota Twin Cities Dept Soil Water & Climate St Paul MN 55108 USA

Agriculture is a major source of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions into the atmosphere. However, assessing the impacts of agricultural conservation practices, land use change, and climate adaptation measures on N2O emissions at a large scale is a challenge for process-based model applications. Here, we integrated six N2O emission algorithms for the nitrification processes and seven N2O emission algorithms for the denitrification process into the Soil and Water Assessment Tool-Carbon (SWAT-C). We evaluated the different combinations of methods in simulating N2O emissions under corn (Zea mays L.) production systems with various conservation practices, including fertilization, tillage, and crop rotation (represented by 14 experimental treatments and 83 treatment-years) at five experimental sites across the U.S. Midwest. The SWAT-C model exhibited wide variability in simulating daily average N2O emissions across treatment-years with different method configurations, as indicated by the ranges of R2, NSE, and BIAS (0.04-0.68, - 1.78-0.60, and - 0.94-0.001, respectively). Our results indicate that the denitrification process has a stronger impact on N2O emissions than the nitrification process. The best performing N2O emission algorithms are those rooted in the CENTURY model, which considers soil pH and respiration effects that were overlooked by other algorithms. The optimal N2O emission algorithm explained about 63% of the variability of annual average N2O emissions, with NSE and BIAS of 0.60 and -0.033, respectively. The model can reasonably represent the impacts of agricultural conservation practices on N2O emissions. We anticipate that the improved SWAT-C model, with its flexible configurations and robust modeling and assessment capabilities, will provide a valuable tool for studying and managing N2O emissions from agroecosystems.

关键词： Greenhouse gases Agroecosystem process-based modeling Crop management

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Water quality modeling of a eutrophic drinking water source: Impact of future climate on Cyanobacterial blooms

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ECOLOGICAL MODELLING 2023年 477卷

作者： Elhabashy, Ahmed Li, Jing Sokolova, Ekaterina Chalmers Univ Technol Dept Architecture & Civil Engn Gothenburg Sweden Uppsala Univ Dept Earth Sci Uppsala Sweden Lund Univ Dept Bldg & Environm Technol Water Resources Engn Lund Sweden

Cyanobacterial blooms are becoming more frequent in freshwater sources, causing concern throughout the world. Cyanobacterial blooms affect human health and the entire environment. Numerical modeling is an effective tool for investigating aquatic systems. In this study, a 3D hydrodynamic and water quality (ecological) model was used to simulate eutrophication of a drinking water source, Lake Vomb, in Sweden under present and future scenarios. The hydrodynamic model was set-up in MIKE 3 FM software based on meteorological, hy-drological, and water quality data. The hydrodynamic model performance was satisfactory in terms of the water temperature simulation, with root-mean-square-error (RMSE) ranging from 0.38 to 1.2 degrees C. In the ecological model, Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) was used as a proxy for Cyanobacteria, and the model proved acceptable in simulating the Chl-a concentrations, with a Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.93 and 0.87 for calibration and validation respectively. The findings revealed that external nitrogen loading and internal phosphorus loading had significant impact on the nutrient concentrations in Lake Vomb. The findings also showed a correlation between Chl-a levels and total phosphorus levels in the lake. To simulate future water quality in the lake, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) for the year 2050 were used to make projections for changes in air temperature and precipitation. Under the projected future climate, the simulations showed a considerable rise in Cyanobacteria biomass independent of the changes in external nutrient loading. The model findings can assist water managers in planning mitigation strategies by identifying major nutrient sources.

关键词： Blue-green algae Chlorophyll-a Climate change Hydrodynamic model Nutrient loading process-based modeling

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Impacts of training wall construction on littoral sedimentation under seasonal flow variability and sea-level rise: A case study of the Magdalena River (Colombia)

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COASTAL ENGINEERING 2023年第1期183卷

作者： Torres-Marchena, Cesar A. Flores, Raul P. Aiken, Christopher M. Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile Dept Ingn Hidraul & Ambiental Ave Vicuna Mackenna 4860 Santiago 7820436 Chile Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico Lab Ingn & Proc Costeros Inst Ingn Sisal 97356 Yucatan Mexico Univ Tecn Federico Santa Maria Dept Obras Civiles Valparaiso Chile CQUniv Coastal Marine Ecosyst Res Ctr Gladstone Qld Australia

Training walls to improve navigability at river mouths alter natural sediment transport regimes, occasioning morphological changes in the nearby littoral zone. In addition, harbor channels and shorelines are susceptible to on-going changes in global circulation conditions and large-scale engineering interventions. Here we present a process-based modeling approach to determine the relationship between spatial patterns of erosion and depo-sition, seasonal river discharge, and the geometry of coastal defenses. The study uses the Magdalena River delta as an example, where the redistribution of freshwater and sediments after the construction of the "Tajamar" training wall heralded significant morphological changes in the area. The numerical experiments are used to describe how the erosion and deposition patterns within the estuary and delta of the Magdalena River are linked to the seasonal cycle of the Magdalena River and to the geometry of the hard structures. We demonstrate that the construction of the Tajamar and complementary hard structures would have decreased depositional fluxes in the littoral zone, leading to the observed shoreline retreat and disappearance of an extensive coastal lagoon system. It is shown that an aperture in the training walls may help restore the wetlands without compromising navi-gability. In addition, projected increases in mean sea level are shown to decrease velocities within the lower estuary, potentially causing increased sedimentation within the channel and more complex conditions for the management of safe navigation over the Magdalena River estuary.

关键词： Sediment transport Estuarine engineering projects process-based modeling Sea level rise Magdalena river delta training walls Weir jetty Coastal protection

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