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4th International Conference on the Art Science and Engineering of programming

作者： Castelo-Branco, Renata Univ Lisbon Inst Super Tecn INESC ID Lisbon Portugal

ISBN: (纸本)9781450375078

Algorithmic Design (AD) is a novel approach to architectural design based on the creation of form through algorithms. The inherent flexibility of AD encourages the exploration of a wider design space, the automation of design tasks, and design optimization, considerably reducing project costs. Nevertheless, current AD uses representation methods that radically differ from those used in architectural practice. This creates a barrier to the adoption of AD, thus, limiting the potential benefits. We propose to address this problem by coupling AD with complementary representation methods that are adequate for designing complex architectural projects and by supporting their synchronization in a dedicated design tool.

关键词： Algorithmic Design programming Paradigms program visualization Interaction Mechanisms

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Eye: program Visualizer for CS2 21

Eye: Program Visualizer for CS2

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Proceedings of the 52nd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education

作者： Aman Bansal Preey Shah Sahil Shah Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Mumbai India

ISBN: (纸本)9781450380621

In recent years, programming has witnessed a shift towards using standard libraries as a black box. However, there has not been a synchronous development of tools that can help demonstrate the working of such libraries in general programs, which poses an impediment to improved learning outcomes and makes debugging exasperating. We introduce Eye, an interactive pedagogical tool that visualizes a program's execution as it runs. It demonstrates properties and usage of data structures in a general environment, thereby helping in learning, logical debugging, and code comprehension. Eye provides a comprehensive overview at each stage during run time including the execution stack and the state of data structures. The modular implementation allows for extension to other languages and modification of the graphics as *** opens up a gateway for CS2 students to more easily understand myriads of programs that are available on online programming websites, lowering the barrier towards self-learning of coding. It expands the scope of visualizing data structures from standard algorithms to general cases, benefiting both teachers as well as programmers who face issues in debugging. Line by line interpreting allows Eye to describe the execution and not only the current state. We also conduct experiments to evaluate the efficacy of Eye for debugging and comprehending a new piece of code. Our findings show that it becomes faster and less frustrating to debug certain problems using this tool, and also makes understanding new code a much more pleasant experience.

关键词： program visualization introductory programming education debug data structures cs2 code comprehension

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Neural networks learn to detect and emulate sorting algorithms from images of their execution traces

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INFORMATION AND SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY 2020年 126卷 106350-106350页

作者： Perticas, Catalin F. Indurkhya, Bipin Babes Bolyai Univ Cluj Napoca Cluj Napoca Romania Jagiellonian Univ Cognit Sci Dept Krakow Poland

Context: Recent advancements in the applicability of neural networks across a variety of fields, such as computer vision, natural language processing and others, have re-sparked an interest in program induction methods. (Kitzelman [1], Gulwani et al. [2] or Kant [3].) Problem: When performing a program induction task, it is not feasible to search across all possible programs that map an input to an output because the number of possible combinations or sequences of instructions is too high: at least an exponential growth based on the generated program length. Moreover, there does not exist a general framework to formulate such program induction tasks and current computational limitations do not allow a very wide range of machine learning applications in the field of computer programs generation. Objective: In this study, we analyze the effectiveness of execution traces as learning representations for neural network models in a program induction set-up. Our goal is to generate visualizations of program execution dynamics, specifically of sorting algorithms, and to apply machine learning techniques on them to capture their semantics and emulate their behavior using neural networks. Method: We begin by classifying images of execution traces for algorithms working on a finite array of numbers, such as various sorting and data structures algorithms. Next we experiment with detecting sub-program patterns inside the trace sequence of a larger program. The last step is to predict future steps in the execution of various sorting algorithms. More specifically, we try to emulate their behavior by observing their execution traces. We also discuss generalizations to other classes of programs, such as 1-D cellular automata. Results: Our experiments show that neural networks are capable of modeling the mechanisms underlying simple algorithms if enough execution traces are provided as data. We compare the performance of our program induction model with other similar experimental res

关键词： Computer program traces program behavior program induction Algorithms Neural networks program visualization Data representation

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On the Usefulness of Animated Structograms in Teaching Algorithms and programming 1

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12th International Conference on Interactive Mobile Communication Technologies and Learning (IMCL)

作者： Doering, Ulf Artelt, Benedikt Tech Univ Ilmenau Ilmenau Germany

ISBN: (数字)9783030114343

ISBN: (纸本)9783030114343;9783030114336

This document describes an online tool, which supports different synchronized views onto the same algorithm in parallel, e.g. structograms (Nassi-Shneiderman diagrams), Java code and the state of used variables. It can also animate the program and data flow. This is essential for self-controlled learning especially for novice programmers. Students can focus on the view they prefer and explore the relationship to the other views at their own speed, e.g. by stepping through the program and visualize the current state of the variables as well as the console output. The tool gives the possibility to modify the structure as well as the texts in the structograms. It supports exports into different file formats, i.e. for the creation of teaching material or solutions for exercises. The HTML5 implementation allows easy access to the tool on different platforms as well as its integration into web-based learning environments.

关键词： Browser-based e-learning tool program visualization programming patterns Multiple-views synchronization Levels of abstraction Java HTML5

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Theia: Automatically Generating Correct program State visualizations

Theia: Automatically Generating Correct Program State Visual...

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ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on SPLASH-E (SPLASH-E)

作者： Pollock, Josh Roesch, Jared Woos, Doug Tatlock, Zachary Univ Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA Brown Univ Providence RI 02912 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450369893

program state visualizations (PSVs) help programmers understand hidden program state like objects, references, and closures. Unfortunately, existing PSV tools do not support custom language semantics, which educators often use to introduce programming languages gradually. They also fail to visualize key pieces of program state, which can lead to incorrect and confusing visualizations. Theia, a generic PSV framework, uses formal abstract machine definitions to produce complete, continuous, and consistent (CCC) PSVs. To produce CCC visualizations with Theia, an educator only needs to specify an abstract machine and optionally customize the resulting web page, allowing her to visualize custom language semantics without developing a language-specific tool.

关键词： abstract machine notional machine program visualization CS1 CS2 operational semantics

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Novice Rationales for Sketching and Tracing, and How They Try to Avoid It 19

Novice Rationales for Sketching and Tracing, and How They Tr...

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ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (ITiCSE)

作者： Cunningham, Kathryn Ke, Shannon Guzdial, Mark Ericson, Barbara Univ Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA Georgia Inst Technol Atlanta GA 30332 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450363013

Prior research has shown that sketching out a code trace on paper is correlated with higher scores on code reading problems. Why do students sometimes choose not to draw out a code trace, or if they do, choose a different sketching technique than their instructor has demonstrated? In this study, we interviewed 13 CS1 students retrospectively about their decisions to sketch and draw on a recent programming exam. When students do sketch, we find that their sketching choices do not always align with a strict execution of the notional machine. Sketching choices are driven by a search for a program's patterns, an attempt to create organizational structure among intermediate values, and the tracking of prior steps and results. When novices don't sketch, they often report that they've identified the goal that the code achieves. In either case, novices are searching for the functionality of code, rather than merely tracing its behavior.

关键词： CS1 novice programmers tracing sketching notional machine external cognition program visualization

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A systematic literature review of student engagement in software visualization: a theoretical perspective

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COMPUTER SCIENCE EDUCATION 2019年第2-3期29卷 283-309页

作者： Al-Sakkaf, Abdullah Omar, Mazni Ahmad, Mazida Univ Utara Malaysia Sch Comp Human Ctr Comp Res Lab Sintok Malaysia

Background and Context: In spite of the decades spent developing software visualization (SV), doubts still remain regarding their effectiveness. Furthermore, student engagement plays an important role in improving SV effectiveness as it is correlated with many positive academic outcomes. It has been shown that the existing SV has failed to engage students effectively. Objective: Therefore, there is a need to understand the theories behind SV design from the engagement perspective to produce a roadmap for future tool construction. The aim of this study was to identify the theories have been used in literature to explain or construct student engagement with SV in computer science courses for novices. Method: We performed a systematic literature review that identified a total of 58 articles published between 2011 and 2017, which were then selected for the study. However, among them, only 18 articles had discussed their theoretical framework. Findings: The results of this study show a richness in the theoretical framework obtained from different disciplines, however, constructivism is still dominant in the computing education research (CER) domain. It is evidently clear from the findings that the theories generated from the CER domain are needed to enhance the effectiveness of SV.

关键词： Systematic literature review software visualization program visualization learning theory introductory programming education engagement

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ANGELA: a novel approach of graphic notation based on the metaphor of road signs to facilitate the learning of programming 19

ANGELA: a novel approach of graphic notation based on the me...

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7th International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality (TEEM)

作者： Schez-Sobrino, Santiago Garcia, Maria A. Gomez, Cristian Vallejo, David Lacave, Carmen Glez-Morcillo, Carlos Molina, Ana I. Albusac, Javier A. Redondo, Miguel A. Univ Castilla La Mancha Escuela Super Informat Ciudad Real Spain

ISBN: (纸本)9781450371919

programming is a field that influences other disciplines in a transversal way, so its learning is necessary considering the emergence of new jobs that will require programming knowledge in the future. However, programming raises certain difficulties during its learning, especially in understanding programming concepts due to the high level of abstraction required. This level of abstraction can be reduced by using graphic representations that motivate the student and facilitate the understanding of certain programming concepts that arise at the beginning of the learning process. Therefore, this paper introduces ANGELA, a graphic notation based on the metaphor of roads and traffic signs that is meant to complement the learning process of beginner students who are starting to program by visualizing programs. These visualizations can be automatically generated from the source code of the programs, thanks to the modular and scalable design of the notation, and used by teachers to explain programming concepts during classes. The proposal has been evaluated with students in order to validate if the notation is appropriate to represent the concepts it tries to abstract from and if it results easy for the students to understand. Additionally, some use cases are presented in real-world scenarios in order to demonstrate the flexibility of the proposal.

关键词： program visualization algorithm visualization programming learning augmented reality metaphors

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Willow: A Tool for Interactive programming visualization to Help in the Data Structures and Algorithms Teaching-Learning Process 19

Willow: A Tool for Interactive Programming Visualization to ...

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33rd Brazilian Symposium on Software Engineering (SBES) / 10th Brazilian Conference on Software (CBSoft)

作者： Moraes, Pedro Teixeira, Leopoldo Univ Fed Pernambuco Recife PE Brazil

ISBN: (纸本)9781450376518

Data Structures and Algorithms (DSA) are one of the main pillars of software development;however, abstractions around them are hard to teach and to be understood by students. The most common approaches adopted by instructors to demonstrate the behavior of DSAs are the use of resources like slides and whiteboard sketches to create program illustrations. This task may be slow and tedious because these illustrations need to be continuously updated to represent new algorithm inputs and modifications. In this paper, we propose Willow, a tool for program visualization Simulation (PVS), which supports user interactions to manipulate the generated visualizations. With these manipulations in the visualization, we expect the user to be able to create better examples, resembling Algorithm visualization Simulation tools (AVS), which are specialized in providing visualizations for specific DSAs. We evaluated our tool through a preliminary qualitative study with teaching assistants from an introductory Computer Science course who all give review lessons to the students. Our preliminary results show that the tool was well accepted by the participants, but we still need more studies to validate the use of the tool in classrooms. With the use of our tool features in the teaching-learning process, we expect that instructors may be able to interactively and more clearly explain DSAs to their students, without the hassle of hours creating slides or drawing by hand messy examples of algorithms.

关键词： data structures and algorithms program visualization algorithm visualization programming learning

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A Precise Layout Manager for Vector Graphics 4

A Precise Layout Manager for Vector Graphics

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4th Costa Rican Conference on Computing and Informatics Research (JoCICI)

作者： Hidalgo-Cespedes, Jeisson Marin-Raventos, Gabriela Lara-Villagran, Vladimir Univ Costa Rica ECCI CITIC San Jose Costa Rica

ISBN: (纸本)9781728147871

Automated layout is the use of software to determine the positions and sizes of visual elements that are part of an information presentation. As the amount of data that computers are able to process increases, automatic layout becomes more necessary. During the process of creating a program visualization, the authors needed a precise layout manager for scalable vector graphics that supported layers and animations. A literature review revealed the lack of a layout manager that satisfies these requirements. This paper reports the creation of a layout manager that uses floating-point arithmetic for precise and imperative arrangement of visual elements, that may be useful for other visual applications facing similar requirements.

关键词： layout manager layout engine vector graphics animation program visualization

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