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Identifying algorithm in program code based on structural features using CNN classification model

APPLIED INTELLIGENCE 2023年第10期53卷 12210-12236页

作者： Watanobe, Yutaka Rahman, Md Mostafizer Amin, Md Faizul Ibne Kabir, Raihan Univ Aizu Dept Comp Sci & Engn Aizu Wakamatsu Fukushima 9658580 Japan Univ Aizu Grad Dept Comp Sci & Engn Aizu Wakamatsu Fukushima 9658580 Japan Dhaka Univ Engn & Technol Dept Comp Sci & Engn Gazipur 1707 Bangladesh

In software, an algorithm is a well-organized sequence of actions that provides the optimal way to complete a task. Algorithmic thinking is also essential to break-down a problem and conceptualize solutions in some steps. The proper selection of an algorithm is pivotal to improve computational performance and software productivity as well as to programming learning. That is, determining a suitable algorithm from a given code is widely relevant in software engineering and programming education. However, both humans and machines find it difficult to identify algorithms from code without any meta-information. This study aims to propose a program code classification model that uses a convolutional neural network (CNN) to classify codes based on the algorithm. First, program codes are transformed into a sequence of structural features (SFs). Second, SFs are transformed into a one-hot binary matrix using several procedures. Third, different structures and hyperparameters of the CNN model are fine-tuned to identify the best model for the code classification task. To do so, 61,614 real-world program codes of different types of algorithms collected from an online judge system are used to train, validate, and evaluate the model. Finally, the experimental results show that the proposed model can identify algorithms and classify program codes with a high percentage of accuracy. The average precision, recall, and F-measure scores of the best CNN model are 95.65%, 95.85%, and 95.70%, respectively, indicating that it outperforms other baseline models.

关键词： program code classification Structural features Algorithm identification program code programming education Software engineering Convolutional neural network

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Experimental Debugging of the program code of the Transmission Fault Recorder Algorithm

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JOURNAL OF MACHINERY MANUFACTURE AND RELIABILITY 2024年第8期53卷 1014-1021页

作者： Timashov, E. P. Pastukhov, A. G. Barmina, O. V. Belgorod State Agrarian Univ named V Gorin Belgorod Russia Mech Engn Res Inst Russian Acad Sci IMASH RAN Moscow 101000 Russia

The theoretical and experimental information on the establishment of diagnostic criteria for automatic digital thermal diagnostics of mechanical transmission components of transport and technological machines is summarized. According to the results of laboratory tests of the diagnostic device, the optimal value of the time interval for measuring the temperature of the diagnosed component according to the criterion of type II errors, false triggering, is determined.

关键词： technical diagnostics thermal diagnostics reliability program code automatic diagnostics

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Reverse Engineering of Microprocessor program code

Reverse Engineering of Microprocessor Program Code

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19th International Conference on Computer Networks

作者： Kwiecien, Andrzej Mackowski, Michal Skoroniak, Krzysztof Silesian Tech Univ Inst Comp Sci PL-44100 Gliwice Poland

ISBN: (纸本)9783642312168

This paper has an experimental character. Theoretical backgrounds presented here allow creating a research method. The research focus on analysis of microprocessor voltage supply changes. Such analysis based on the presented research assumptions allowed for a rather high efficiency of decoding program without interference in the internal structure of microprocessor. The obtained results show, that there is a possibility of uncontrolled access to program codes. Thus, it is necessary to search for and develop appropriate methods used for protecting program.

关键词： reverse engineering program code microcontroller conducted emission electromagnetic disturbances Hamming distance embedded system

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Evaluation of the Quality of a program code for High Operation Risk Plants

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IFAC Proceedings Volumes 2014年第3期47卷 8060-8065页

作者： Elena Ph. Jharko V.A. Trapeznikov Institute of Control Sciences 65 Profsoyuznaya Moscow 117997 Russia (Tel: +7 495 334 8990

The present paper is, first of all, oriented to the internal evaluation of the quality of a program code, based on the conception of evaluation of the software quality using both the series of international standards ISO/IEC 9126 and Russian standards in the branch of the software quality as a system of quality criteria and a set of metrics applied to evaluating a program code. The paper has been supported by a grant of the Russian Foundation for Basic Researches (RFBR): project 12-08-01205-a.

关键词： verification quality assurance program code software high operation risk plants nuclear power plant

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A secure run of an untrusted program code in the PIVO system

ELEKTROTEHNISKI VESTNIK

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ELEKTROTEHNISKI VESTNIK 2021年第1-2期88卷 54-60页

作者： Rojec, Ziga Univ Ljubljani Fak Elektrotehn Trzaska 25 Ljubljana 1000 Slovenia

PIVO (programmer's Interactive Excercise Environment) is an interactive online practicing tool for algorithmical thinking and programming developed at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. It is used for independent study, excercising and examination in programming courses. Through the sistem, a student aquires a task, develops a solution in his/hers personal working environment and submits the source code to the server. The code is compiled, run and tested in real time. The submitted code can be incomplete and potentially harmful to the server. This paper proposes techniques for untrusted code sandboxing based on built-in Linux security mechanisms. Using the techiques, PIVO serves multiple users safely and fast. Among the students, the PIVO environment is well accepted, its impacts and positive study improvements are measurable already after only a few semesters of usage.

关键词： distance learning programming program code container Seccomp malicious code

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Compiler-assisted architectural support for program code integrity monitoring in application-specific instruction set processors

Compiler-assisted architectural support for program code int...

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IEEE International Conference on Computer Design: VLSI in Computers and Processors, (ICCD)

作者： Hai Liny Xuan Guany Yunsi Feiy Zhijie Jerry Shi Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Connecticut Storrs CT USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of Connecticut Storrs CT

ISBN: (纸本)9781424412570;1424412587

(ASIPs) are being increasingly used in mobile embedded systems, the ubiquitous networking connections have exposed these systems under various malicious security attacks, which may alter the program code running on the systems. In addition, soft errors in microprocessors can also change program code and result in system malfunction. At the instruction level, all code modifications are manifested as bit flips. In this work, we present a generalized methodology for monitoring code integrity at run-time in ASIPs, where both the instruction set architecture (ISA) and the underlying microarchitecture can be customized for a particular application domain. Based on the microoperation-based monitoring architecture that we have presented in previous work, we propose a compiler-assisted and application-controlled management approach for the monitoring architecture. Experimental results show that compared with the OS-managed scheme and other compiler-assisted schemes, our approach can detect program code integrity compromises with much less performance degradation.

关键词： program code instruction sets macroprocessor Runtime PROCESSOR degradation of performance bit flipping ASIP gene

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Algorithmic Species Revisited: A program code Classification Based on Array References

Algorithmic Species Revisited: A Program Code Classification...

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IEEE International Workshop on Multi-/Many-core Computing Systems

作者： Cedric Nugteren Rosilde Corvino Henk Corporaal Eindhoven University of Technology

ISBN: (纸本)9781479910090

The shift towards parallel processor architectures has made programming, performance prediction and code generation increasingly challenging. Abstract representations of program code (i.e. classifications) have been introduced to address this challenge. An example is 'algorithmic species', a memory access pattern classification of loop nests. It provides an architecture-agnostic structured view of program code, allowing programmers and compilers to take for example parallelisation decisions or perform memory hierarchy optimisations. The existing algorithmic species theory is based on the polyhedral model and is limited to static affine loop nests. In this work, we first present a revised theory of algorithmic species that overcomes this limitation. The theory consists of a 5-tuple characterisation of individual array references and their corresponding merging operation. Second, we present an extension of this theory named SPECIES+, providing a more detailed 6-tuple characterisation. With this, we are able to retain relevant access pattern information not captured by the original algorithmic species, such as column-major versus row-major matrix accesses. We implement both new theories into a tool, enabling automatic classification of program code.

关键词： program code code generation memory hierarchy Automatic classification arrays performance prediction Loops Processor Architectures

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Interaction Analysis of Annotated Specification and program codes in Extended Static Checking

Interaction Analysis of Annotated Specification and Program ...

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IEEE RIVF International Conference on Computing & Communication Technologies Research, Innovation, and Vision for the Future (RIVF)

作者： Truong-Thang Nguyen Manh-Dong Tran Vietnam Acad Sci & Technol Inst Informat Technol Hanoi Vietnam

ISBN: (纸本)9781479980444

Software cost can be reduced if more software defects are detected earlier in the development phase. Motivated by the Extended Static Checking (ESC) technique, many programming errors have been discovered by ESC tools. In a typical ESC procedure, the source code of a program written in a high-level programming language, e.g. Java [1] or C#, Spec# [2], is translated into some logical imperative-style language, resp. Guarded Commands [1] or BoogiePL [2]. At the same time, associated annotated specifications which state constraints of the program are also translated into the same logical language. This two-fold translation phase induces code-interleaving phenomenon of annotated specification and program. The subsequent phases in ESC relies on the interleaving codes while there is a possibility that logical imperative codes translated from annotated specification may change behavior of the original program. This paper proposes a formal analysis approach of possible interaction between specification and program codes. It does not only show the range of specification categories which are safe in this ESC procedure, but also presents cases for potential ESC unsoundness.

关键词： logic programming languages program diagnostics software reliability BoogiePL C ESC tools Java Spec annotated specification code-interleaving phenomenon extended static checking technique guarded commands high-level programming language interaction analysis logical imperative codes logical imperative-style language logical language program codes software cost software defects two-fold translation phase Arrays Cognition Information technology programming Semantics high-level programming languages Java programming language Java analysis programme Specifications Electronic stability control(ESC) Software reliability program code programming information technology Semantics software cost estimation Cognition logic programming languages

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A UNIVERSAL program FOR FULLY programMABLE PACEMAKERS

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COMPUTERS IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 1983年第4期13卷 271-279页

作者： THAKOR, NV Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Northwestern University Evanston IL 60201 U.S.A.

Modern pacemakers can be programmed to change their operating parameters even after implantation. The trend is towards custom microprocessor-based all digital, and fully programmable devices. In view of the present and anticipated future complexity and diversity of the pacemakers, a versatile programming technique was developed. The program code consists of 1 byte of check-sum or pacemaker ID. One or more bytes of op-code (mode of operation), 1 or more bytes of operand (data or parameters), and 1 byte for synchronization. The full range of program parameters such as the width and the rate, and all modes of operation such as asynchronous and demand. Due to the flexibility of this programming technique it is suitable for all present and possible future generations of programmable pacemakers.

关键词： Pacemaker program code Parameters Transmission

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Performance-driven object-oriented program re-modularisation

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IET SOFTWARE 2008年第4期2卷 362-378页

作者： Parsa, S. Bushehrian, O. Iran Univ Sci & Technol Fac Comp Engn Tehran Iran

The aim is to achieve the highest possible speedup when distributing a program across a cluster of computational nodes. The speedup may be achieved by concurrent execution of the distributed modules. In order to maximise the concurrency, a two-stage approach is proposed. In the first stage, a novel statement-reordering algorithm reorders the statements within a given program, to maximise the distance between each call instruction and the instructions, which are data-dependent on any value affected by the call. In the second stage, a clustering algorithm is applied to look for a modular structure of the program which results in the highest concurrency in its execution. The clustering algorithm applies a novel performance evaluation function which is derived from the program code, automatically.

关键词： performance evaluation statement-reordering algorithm clustering algorithm object-oriented program distributed programming Distributed systems software Parallel programming Object-oriented programming object-oriented programming distributed programs program code

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