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Antifungal efficiency assessment of the TiO₂ coating on facade paints

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH 2014年第19期21卷 11228-11237页

作者： Vucetic, Snezana B. Rudic, Ognjen Lj. Markov, Sinisa L. Bera, Oskar J. Vidakovic, Ana M. Skapin, Andrijana S. Sever Ranogajec, Jonjaua G. Univ Novi Sad Fac Technol Novi Sad 21000 Serbia Slovenian Natl Bldg & Civil Engn Inst Ljubljana 1000 Slovenia

The work studies the photocatalytic activity and the antifungal efficiency of the TiO2/Zn-Al coatings placed on the target commercial facade paints. The photocatalytic active nanocomposite based on TiO2 and Zn-Al-layered double hydroxides (ZnAl-LDHs) was synthesized by a wet impregnation technique with 3 % w/w TiO2. The freshly prepared suspension was applied by spray technique on the surfaces of the white facade paints. The goal of the work was to develop a method that quickly quantifies the antifungal activity of the commercial facade paints with and without biocidal components covered with a photocatalytic coating. The essence of the proposed method is the monitoring of the fungal growth (artificial ageing conditions) and the quantification of its development (UV-A 0.13 mWcm(-2)) on the facade paint surfaces. A special fungus nutrient (potato dextrose agar (PDA)) was inoculated with the spores of the Aspergillus niger ATCC 6275, and the test samples (facade paints with and without photocatalytic coating) were placed on the inoculated nutrient in the petri dishes. The images of the fungal growth on the samples of the facade paints, during a period of 5 days, were imported into Matlab R2012a where they were converted to binary images (BW), based on the adequate threshold. The percentage of the surface coverage was calculated by applying the specifically written program code which determines the ratio of the black and white pixels. The black pixels correspond to the surface covered with hyphae and mycelia of the fungus.

关键词： Antifungal efficiency Photocatalytic coating Coating durability Porous substrates Facade paints program code

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IBM's pragmatic embrace of open source

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COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM 2006年第10期49卷 21-25页

作者： Samuelson, Pamela Univ Calif Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA

Twenty years ago, IBM Corp. was the most vigorous advocate of very strongintellectual property (IP) rights for computer programs. Without strong copyright protection, IBMcontended, there would be insufficient incentives for firms to invest in software development. IBM'sexecutives and lawyers asserted that: copyright law protected program code from copying andredistribution, as well as protecting the structure, sequence, and organization of programs;interface specifications were among the original elements of computer programs that copyright didand should protect; and reverse engineering of computer programs for purposes such as discerninginterface information in order to develop interoperable programs infringed copyrights.

关键词： open source program code computer programs Reverse engineering Lawyers Computers Specifications copyrights IBM computer software

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RISING PREVALENCE OF GASTROSCHISIS IN WASHINGTON STATE

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JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A-CURRENT ISSUES 2011年第5期74卷 336-345页

作者： Chabra, Shilpi Gleason, Christine A. Seidel, Kristy Williams, Michelle A. Univ Washington Dept Pediat Seattle WA 98195 USA Seattle Childrens Res Inst Off Biostat Serv Seattle WA USA Univ Washington Dept Epidemiol Seattle WA 98195 USA

The aim of this study was to assess gastroschisis prevalence in Washington (WA) State in relation to putative risk factors. Gastroschisis prevalence was calculated from the WA State birth cohort during 1987-2006 using an administrative database with birth certificate data linked with hospital discharge records and the ICD-9 procedure code 54.71, which specifies gastroschisis repair. Poisson regression analysis was used to evaluate time trends while adjusting for risk factors. Birth year was included as a linear term. Maternal age, smoking, race, residence in urban versus rural area, geographic region (eastern versus western Washington), paternal age, and infant gender were included as categorical factors. Prevalence ratios were adjusted for birth year and all of the preceding factors. Two hundred and eighty-two infants with gastroschisis were identified. In the adjusted analysis, the prevalence ratio for gastroschisis was 1.1 per year (95% CI 1.08-1.13), indicating an average 10% increase per birth year. Teen mothers were at a higher risk compared to mothers >= 25 yr old (adjusted rate ratio [aRR] 8.02;95% CI 5.30-12.13), as were teen fathers (aRR 2.35;95% CI 1.48-3.74) compared to fathers >= 25 years old. Maternal smoking was associated with a higher risk compared to those who were nonsmokers (aRR 1.58;95% CI 1.19-2.09). Black mothers had a lower risk compared with white mothers. There was no association with geographic classification of mother's residence. Gastroschisis prevalence has increased in WA, particularly in teen mothers and in smokers. This is not explained by a rise in teenage pregnancies or maternal smoking. Further investigation of factors specific to teenage lifestyle is warranted.

关键词： Pregnancy in Adolescence program code Gastroschisis Parturition Teens birth Mother Washington

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Management of active and programmable networks

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JOURNAL OF NETWORK AND SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT 2006年第1期14卷 1-5页

作者： Bush, Stephen F. Kalyanaraman, Shivkumar Gen Elect Global Res Ctr Niskayuna NY 12309 USA Rensselaer Polytech Inst Troy NY 12180 USA

Information comes in two general flavors: non-executable (a string of bitswith predefined meaning and already in their final form) and executable (bits of program code,intended to be executed, and whose result after execution is of primary interest). Our understandingof non-executable information is relatively deep and well known. Characteristics and behavior ofexecutable information, on the contrary, is for from known: no one can say in general when thesmallest program that performs a task has been generated-no one can predict the impact of changes tothe bits of program code-no one can determine in general when or if a program will end; mostpractitioners steer clear of applying it within the network and even fewer researchers explorealgorithmic information theory with respect to managing a network.

关键词： Legal Executions program code Information Theory bit string programMABLE Network Active

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FUNDAMENTA INFORMATICAE 2010年第3期105卷 319-339页

作者： Valmari, Antti Tampere Univ Technol Dept Software Syst FI-33101 Tampere Finland

A new algorithm for bisimilarity minimization of labelled directed graphs is presented. Its time consumption is O (m log n), where n is the number of states and m is the number of transitions. Unlike earlier algorithms, it meets this bound even if the number of different labels of transitions is not fixed. It is based on refining a partition of states with respect to the labelled transitions. A splitter is a pair consisting of a label and a set in the partition. A transition belongs to a splitter, if and only if it has the same label and its end state is in the set. Earlier algorithms consume lots of time in scanning splitters that have no transitions. The new algorithm avoids this by maintaining also a partition of transitions. To facilitate this, a refinable partition data structure with amortized constant time operations is used. Detailed pseudocode of all nontrivial details is presented. Novel simplifications are applied that both reduce the practical memory consumption and shorten the program code.

关键词： program code SPLITTER partitions algorithms scanning expanded pseudo code If and only if

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Development and validation of an algorithm for classifying colonoscopy indication

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GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY 2015年第3期81卷 575-U503页

作者： Lee, Jeffrey K. Jensen, Christopher D. Lee, Alexander Doubeni, Chyke A. Zauber, Ann G. Levin, Theodore R. Zhao, Wei K. Corley, Douglas A. Univ Calif San Francisco Div Gastroenterol Dept Med San Francisco CA 94143 USA Kaiser Permanente No Calif Div Res Oakland CA USA Univ Penn Dept Family Med Philadelphia PA 19104 USA Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr Dept Epidemiol & Biostat New York NY 10021 USA

Background: Accurate determination of colonoscopy indication is required for managing clinical programs and performing research;however, existing algorithms that use available electronic databases (eg, diagnostic and procedure codes) have yielded limited accuracy. Objective: To develop and validate an algorithm for classifying colonoscopy indication that uses comprehensive electronic medical data sources. Design: We developed an algorithm for classifying colonoscopy indication by using commonly available electronic diagnostic, pathology, cancer, and laboratory test databases and validated its performance characteristics in comparison with a comprehensive review of patient medical records. We also evaluated the influence of each data source on the algorithm's performance characteristics. Setting: Kaiser Permanente Northern California healthcare system. Patients: A total of 300 patients who underwent colonoscopy between 2007 and 2010. Interventions: Colonoscopy. Main Outcome Measurements: Algorithm's sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value (PPV) for classifying screening, surveillance, and diagnostic colonoscopies. The reference standard was the indication assigned after comprehensive medical record review. Results: For screening indications, the algorithm's sensitivity was 88.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 80.4%-91.7%), specificity was 91.7% (95% CI, 87.0%-95.1%), and PPV was 83.3% (95% CI, 74.7%-90.0%). For surveillance indications, the algorithm's sensitivity was 93.4% (95% CI, 86.2%-97.5%), specificity was 92.8% (95% CI, 88.4%-95.9%), and PPV was 85.0% (95% CI, 76.5%-91.4%). The algorithm's sensitivity, specificity, and PPV for diagnostic indications were 81.4% (95% CI, 73.0%-88.1%), 96.8% (95% CI, 93.2%-98.8%), and 93.9% (95% CI, 87.2%-97.7%), respectively. Limitations: Validation was confined to a single healthcare system. Conclusion: An algorithm that uses commonly available modern electronic medical data sources yielded a high sensitivity, s

关键词： Data sources Colonoscopy program code Creating metadata algorithms Information management Medical Records Indications performance characteristics

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Impact of Hepatectomy Surgical Complexity on Outcomes and Hospital Quality Rankings

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ANNALS OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 2014年第6期21卷 1773-1780页

作者： Paruch, Jennifer L. Merkow, Ryan P. Bentrem, David J. Ko, Clifford Y. Posner, Mitchell C. Cohen, Mark E. Bilimoria, Karl Y. Weber, Sharon M. Amer Coll Surg Div Res & Optimal Patient Care Chicago IL 60611 USA Univ Chicago Dept Surg Pritzker Sch Med Chicago IL 60637 USA Northwestern Univ Dept Surg Surg Outcomes & Qual Improvement Ctr Feinberg Sch Med Chicago IL 60611 USA Northwestern Univ Northwestern Inst Comparat Effectiveness Res Onco Robert H Lurie Comprehens Canc Ctr Chicago IL 60611 USA Jesse Brown VA Med Ctr Dept Surg Chicago IL USA Univ Calif Los Angeles Dept Surg Los Angeles CA 90024 USA VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare Syst Los Angeles CA USA Univ Wisconsin Dept Surg Sch Med & Publ Hlth Madison WI USA

There is substantial variation in the surgical complexity of hepatectomy. Currently, the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement program (ACS NSQIP) risk adjusts for hospital quality comparisons using only the primary procedure code. Our objectives were to (1) assess the association between secondary procedures and complications;(2) assess model performance with inclusion of surgical complexity adjustment;and (3) examine whether secondary procedures affect hospital quality rankings. Using ACS NSQIP (2007-2012), patients undergoing hepatectomy were identified. Secondary procedure codes and total work relative value units (RVUs) were used to approximate procedural complexity. The effect of procedural complexity variables on outcomes and hospital quality rankings were examined using hierarchical models. Among 11,826 patients who underwent hepatectomy at 261 hospitals, 32.8 % underwent at least one secondary procedure. Serious morbidity occurred in 18.0 % of patients. Seven of nine secondary procedures were significantly associated with death or serious morbidity on multivariable analysis. Model performance improved when secondary procedure categories were included, and secondary procedure categories outperformed total RVUs. The C-statistic for death or serious morbidity was 0.689 in the standard NSQIP model, 0.703 when total RVU was included, and 0.718 when secondary procedure categories were included. Of the 26 hospitals that were poor performers for death or serious morbidity using the standard ACS NSQIP model, three became average performers when secondary procedure categories were included in the model. Secondary procedures are associated with an increased risk of postoperative complications. Inclusion of secondary procedure code categories in research and risk prediction models should be considered for hepatectomy.

关键词： program code Death Category Hepatectomy hospital

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Lex Informatica: Information Technology as a Legal Tool 6th

Lex Informatica: Information Technology as a Legal Tool

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6th International Conference on Digital Transformation and Global Society (DTGS)

作者： Amelin, Roman Channov, Sergey Lipatov, Eduard Natl Res Saratov State Univ 83 Astrakhanskaya St Saratov 410012 Russia Russian President Acad Natl Econ & Publ Adm 23-25 Sobornaya St Saratov 410031 Russia

ISBN: (纸本)9783030937157;9783030937140

In the era of the fourth technological revolution, the implementation of social relations depends on information technology and software systems. The program code that controls the operation of these systems begins to play the role of a regulator of social relations, since it de facto sets the boundaries of capabilities and imposes requirements on user behavior. The paper opened a discussion about what conditions are important for the program code to receive scientific recognition as a source of law. Three features are proposed to be considered necessary conditions. First, the program code must have an impact on social relations. Secondly, he must establish special rules for the participants in these relations, which are absent in legal acts, moreover, these rules de facto receive the status of mandatory if the information system (computer program, other tool) is the only way to exercise certain rights and/or responsibilities of the subject. Finally, users and other actors should accept these rules as a given, and consider opposition to them as an undesirable exception. A separate and very important issue is the attitude of the state - it must at least recognize and support the rules laid down in the code as the natural order of things in the corresponding social relations (if the state takes on the role of guarantor of such rules, for example, obliging the subjects of the right to use certain software, then the program code de facto begins to play the role of a source of law).

关键词： Legal norms program code Source of law Lex informatica State information systems Digital transformation code legitimacy

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Executable visual contracts

Executable visual contracts

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IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing

作者： Lohmann, M Sauer, S Engels, G Univ Paderborn Dept Comp Sci D-33098 Paderborn Germany

ISBN: (纸本)0769524435

Design by Contract (DbC) is widely acknowledged to be a powerful technique for creating reliable software. DbC allows developers to specify the behavior of an operation precisely by pre- and post-conditions. Existing DbC approaches predominantly use textual representations of contracts to annotate the actual program code with assertions. In the Unified Modeling Language (UML), the textual Object Constraint Language (OCL) supports the specification of pre- and post-conditions by constraining the model elements that occur in UML diagrams. However textual specifications in OCL can become complex and cumbersome, especially for software developers who art, typically not used to OCL. In this paper we propose to specify the preand post-conditions of an operation visually by a pair of UML object diagrams (visual contract). We define a mapping of visual contracts into Java classes that are annotated with behavioral interface specifications in the Java Modeling Language (JML). The mapping supports testing the correctness of the implementation against the specification using JML tools, which include a runtime assertion checker Thus we make the visual contracts executable.

关键词： Java Unified Modeling Language formal specification formal verification object-oriented programming software reliability visual programming Java classes Java modeling language UML object diagrams behavior specification behavioral interface specification UML visual programming contract object oriented programming Software reliability Formal verification Specifications Formal specifications interface specification Visualization program code

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Runtime execution monitoring (REM) to detect and prevent malicious code execution

Runtime execution monitoring (REM) to detect and prevent mal...

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IEEE International Conference on Computer Design

作者： Fiskiran, AM Lee, RB Princeton Univ Dept Elect Engn Princeton NJ 08544 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0769522319

Many computer security threats involve execution of unauthorized foreign code on the victim computer. Viruses, network and email worms, Trojan horses, backdoor programs used in Denial of Service attacks are a few examples. In this paper, we present an architectural technique, which we call Runtime Execution Monitoring (REM), to detect program flow anomalies associated with such malicious code. The key idea in REM is the verification of program code at the hash block (similar to a basic block) level. This is achieved by pre-computing keyed hashes (HMACs) for each hash block during program installation, and then verifying these values during program execution. By verifying program code integrity at the hash block level, REM can monitor instructions whose behavior is typically exploited by malicious code, such as branch, call, return instructions. Performance degradation with REM averages 6.4% on our benchmark programs, which can be reduced to under 5% by increasing the size of the L1 instruction cache.

关键词： message authentication program verification memory architecture cache storage file organisation runtime execution monitoring malicious code execution computer security unauthorized foreign code victim computer program flow anomalies keyed message authentication code program code verification instruction cache memory file organisation Computer Security message authentication cache storage Memory architecture Spyware Legal Executions block level hashing program code

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