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INFORMATION-SYSTEM FOLKLORE - A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR SYSTEM documentation

INFORMATION & MANAGEMENT 1986年第2期10卷 103-111页

作者： KENDALL, KE LOSEE, RD UNIV NEBRASKA DEPT MANAGEMENTLINCOLNNE 68588 UNIV NEBRASKA COMP SERV NETWORKLINCOLNNE 68588

Effective system documentation is a crucial part of a management information system. Yet, it is common to witness users struggling with a system that has incomplete or lost documentation. This is a result of systems analysts: 1. feeling that there is no time even to begin documenting, 2. preferring to do more desirable or rewarding tasks, or 3. simply being concerned that their documentation of an inherited system might be incorrect. To overcome these barriers to good documentation, FOLKLORE was developed from methods used in gathering traditional folklore and is now implemented at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The model for FOLKLORE, its costs, and examples from FOLKLORE documents are presented. FOLKLORE has 3 advantages: 1. It allows documentation to evolve. 2. Users and analysts feel that documentation is easier. 3. Those concerned about documentation can contribute without fear of being found incorrect. FOLKLORE is successful in that it was accepted and chosen by users and other systems analysts in a relatively short time.

关键词： Systems analyst system documentation program documentation lack of documentation systems analysis techniques folklore documentation techniques

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Controlling information on program transformations: I. Analysis of problems and ways of their solution with methods of artificial intelligence

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JOURNAL OF COMPUTER AND SYSTEMS SCIENCES INTERNATIONAL 2005年第5期44卷 784-792页

作者： Kleshchev, AS Knyazeva, MA Russian Acad Sci Far East Div Inst Automat & Control Proc Vladivostok Russia

The main concepts and scientific achievements in program transformations are considered. The use of these achievements in professional activity (in the development of optimizing parallelizing compilers and in higher education) is considered, and the main problems arising here are analyzed. The concept of controlling information on program transformations within a specialized knowledge base on transformations of computer programs in support of scientific research, education, and profess activity in this domain is proposed. Problems solved by the knowledge base are formulated.

关键词： program documentation

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Discovering documentation for Java container classes

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2007年第8期33卷 526-543页

作者： Henkel, Johannes Reichenbach, Christoph Diwan, Amer Google Mountain View CA 94043 USA Univ Colorado Dept Comp Sci Boulder CO 80309 USA

Modern programs make extensive use of reusable software libraries. For example, we found that 17 percent to 30 percent of the classes in a number of large Java applications use the container classes from the java. util package. Given this extensive code reuse in Java programs, it is important for the reusable interfaces to have clear and unambiguous documentation. Unfortunately, most documentation is expressed in English and, therefore, does not always satisfy these requirements. Worse yet, there is no way of checking that the documentation is consistent with the associated code. Formal specifications present an alternative that does not suffer from these problems;however, formal specifications are notoriously hard to write. To alleviate this difficulty, we have implemented a tool that automatically derives documentation in the form of formal specifications. Our tool probes Java classes by invoking them on dynamically generated tests and captures the information observed during their execution as algebraic axioms. Although the tool is not complete or correct from a formal perspective, we demonstrate that it discovers many useful axioms when applied to container classes. These axioms then form an initial formal documentation of the class they describe.

关键词： program documentation algebraic specifications specification inference

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A fresh perspective on old problems

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IEEE SOFTWARE 1999年第1期16卷 106-+页

作者： Fleming, R Oregon Inst Technol Software Engn Technol Program Klamath Falls OR 97601 USA

The author documents the lessons he learned while working as an intern at a growing telecommunications company. Though his conclusions are not surprising, they can serve as reminders of how common certain problems are... 详细信息

关键词： DP industry software engineering telecommunication computing billing system program debugging program documentation programming practices provisioning system software development software industry software quality system updating team organization teleco computer software Software engineering Computer and computer services industries Software design telecommunication computing Debugging DP industry software quality Billing System

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Documentarisation processes in Documents for Action (DofA): The status of annotations and associated cooperation technologies

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Computer Supported Cooperative Work 2006年第2-3期15卷 205-228页

作者： Zacklad, Manuel UTT CNRS-Charles Delaunay Institute Tech-CICO Lab. 12 rue marie curie Troyes Cedex France

In this paper, we focus on situations where documents serve to coordinate the work of a distributed collective engaged in common goal-directed activities. After defining the concept of semiotic products as resulting from symbolic communicational transactions, we present some coordination strategies which can be used to compensate for the spatio-socio-temporal distribution typical of these transactions. Among these strategies, it is proposed to study in detail the documentarisation strategy, which makes the material substrate mediating the transactions relatively durable and endows it with attributes making its further use possible. In our study of documentarisation processes, several novel concepts are introduced and used to describe Documents for Action (DofA), their characteristics and the conditions that should be respected for correctly annotating them. © Springer 2006.

关键词： program documentation

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A method for documenting code components

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JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS AND SOFTWARE 1996年第2期34卷 89-104页

作者： Basili, VR AbdElHafiz, SK UNIV MARYLAND DEPT COMP SCICOLLEGE PKMD 20742

We propose a set of criteria for facilitating the rigorous understanding of code components via documentation and evaluate existing notations and approaches with respect to these criteria. We present an overview of an analysis approach designed to generate program documentation that satisfies these criteria. Because of the inherent difficulty and importance of reasoning about loops, we focus on understanding and documenting loops. We decompose loops into their component parts and obtain formal specifications of the resulting loop fragments by use of a knowledge base. We build this knowledge base for a specific application domain by designing plans that allow us to recognize stereotyped code patterns and associate them with their formal specifications. Finally, we synthesize a consistent and accurate specification of the whole loop construct from the specifications of its fragments. To evaluate our loop analysis approach, a case study was performed on a preexisting program of reasonable size. Results concerning the analyzed loops and the plans designed for them are given. To generate formal documentation of complete program modules, we briefly describe how to integrate our loop analysis approach with an existing program analysis tool, FSQ(2), which uses user-supplied loop specifications.

关键词： program documentation

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Quantifying degree of goal directedness in document navigation: Application to the evaluation of the perspective-drag technique

Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedin...

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Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings 2007年 327-336页

作者： Guiard, Yves Du, Yangzhou Chapuis, Olivier LMP - Univ. de la Mediterranee CNRS F-13288 Marseille France LRI - Univ. Paris-Sud and CNRS INRIA Bât. 490 F-91405 Orsay France

ISBN: (纸本)1595935932;9781595935939

This article pursues a two-fold goal. First we introduce degree of goal directedness (DGD), a novel quantitative dimension for the taxonomy of navigation tasks in general. As an attempt to operationalize the DGD concept in the context of electronic documents navigation, we introduce the serial target-acquisition (STA) experimental paradigm. We suggest that DGD and the STA paradigm may usefully enrich the conceptual toolkit of HCI research for the evaluation of navigation techniques. Our second goal is to illustrate the utility of the DGD concept by showing with a concrete example, Perspective Drag, the refinement it allows in evaluating navigation techniques. We report data obtained from two experiments with the STA paradigm that cast light on what Perspective Drag is specifically good for: it is particularly suitable in realistic task contexts where navigation is less than 100% directed by its terminal goal, that is, where the user wants not only to reach a particular item but also to pick up information from the document during document traversal. © Copyright 2007 ACM.

关键词： Taxonomies Drag Information retrieval Job analysis program documentation Document navigation Fitts' law Goal directed behavior Interactive multi scale visualization Perspective viewing Task taxonomies

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Generation of formatters for context-free languages

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ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology 1996年第1期5卷 1-41页

作者： van den Brand, Mark Visser, Eelco Univ of Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands

This paper presents an algebraic approach to the generation of tools that produce typographically effective presentations of computer programs. A specification of a formatter is generated from the context-free grammar of a (programming) language. These generated formatters translate abstract syntax trees of programs into box expressions. Box expressions are translated by language-independent interpreters of the box language into ASCII or TEX. The formatting rules that are generated can easily be tuned in order to get the desired formatting of programs. This is demonstrated by means of real-life applications. Furthermore, a practical solution given for the problem of formatting comments, which occur in the original text.

关键词： program documentation

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UNDERSTANDING AND DOCUMENTING programS

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 1982年第3期8卷 270-283页

作者： BASILI, VR MILLS, HD IBM CORP DIV FED SYST BETHESDA MD 20034 USA

A systematic effort is made to take a program with no supporting documentation other than the source code and understand it to the point of being able to specify all its functions and modify it where necessary. The effort was undertaken as an exercise simulating the work of a maintenance programmer. The systematic process consists of reducing the program to small prime programs, and then building up from these primes to the functions they produce, combining them at ever higher levels until full specification is achieved. The experimenters speculate that it would have taken a maintenance programmer versed in this process several weeks to develop and document a thorough understanding of the program. The program used in the exercise was a Fortran program claimed to find the zero of a function given by a Fortran subroutine. Figures.

关键词： Software Maintenance program Analysis program Correctness program documentation Proof Techniques

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documentation solutions for complex tools: Task-based design at the cross roads

Documentation solutions for complex tools: Task-based design...

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51st Annual Conference of the Society-for-Technical-Communication

作者： Swallow, L Laney, M Mentor Graph Corp Wilsonville OR 97070 USA

ISBN: (纸本)1891709178

For most of the technical writing community, task-based documentation has become the panacea for presentation of end-product document (in any of its myriad forms including traditional linear manuals and online help). We believe, however, that applying this method to a complex tool, (for example, a software tool without a Graphical User Interface), challenges the task-based approach. In this paper, we examine the scalability of the task-based approach vis-a-vis a complex tool, examine the unique challenges of documenting a complex tool, and suggest methods technical writer can consider when deciding their documentation approach.

关键词： program documentation

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