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Detecting Compiler Error Recovery Defects via program mutation Exploration

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2025年第2期51卷 389-412页

作者： Tang, Yixuan Zhang, Jingxuan Li, Xiaochen Huang, Zhiqiu Jiang, He Nanjing Univ Aeronaut & Astronaut Coll Comp Sci & Technol Nanjing 211106 Peoples R China Dalian Univ Technol DUT Sch Software Dalian 116600 Peoples R China Minist Ind & Informat Technol Key Lab Safety Crit Software Dev & Verificat Nanjing 211106 Peoples R China Collaborat Innovat Ctr Novel Software Technol & In Nanjing 211106 Peoples R China

Compiler error recovery diagnostics facilitates software development as it provides the possible causes and suggestions on potential programming errors. However, due to compiler bugs, error recovery diagnostics could be erroneous, spurious, missing, or even crashing for mature production compilers like GCC and Clang. Compiler testing is one of the most widely used ways of ensuring its quality. However, existing compiler diagnostics testing approaches (e.g., DIPROM) only consider the typically syntactically valid test programs as inputs, which are unlikely to trigger compiler error recovery defects. Therefore, in this paper, we propose the first mutation based approach for Compiler Error Recovery diagnostics Testing, called CERTest. Specifically, CERTest first explores the mutation space for a given seed program, and leverages a series of mutation configurations (which are referred as a series of mutators applying for a seed) to iteratively mutate the structures of the seed, so as to generate error-sensitive program variants for triggering compiler error recovery mechanisms. To effectively construct error-sensitive structures, CERTest then applies a novel furthest-first based selection approach to select a set of representative mutation configurations to generate program variants in each iteration. With the generated program variants, CERTest finally leverages differential testing to detect error recovery defects in different compilers. The experiments on GCC and Clang demonstrate that CERTest outperforms five state-of-the-art approaches (i.e., DIPROM, Ccoft, Clang-fuzzer, AFL++, and HiCOND) by up to 13.10%similar to 221.61% on average in the term of bug-finding capability, and CERTest detects 9 new error recovery defects, 5 of which have been confirmed or fixed by developers.

关键词： program processors Codes Testing programming Periodic structures Software development management Software Java Internet Computer languages Compiler testing test program generation program mutation differential testing

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Detecting Compiler Warning Defects Via Diversity-Guided program mutation

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2022年第11期48卷 4411-4432页

作者： Tang, Yixuan Jiang, He Zhou, Zhide Li, Xiaochen Ren, Zhilei Kong, Weiqiang Key Lab Ubiquitous Net work & Serv Software Liaon Dalian 116024 Liaoning Peoples R China Dalian Univ Technol Sch Software Dalian 116024 Liaoning Peoples R China DUT Artificial Intelligence Inst Dalian Liaoning Peoples R China Univ Luxembourg SnT Ctr Secur Reliabil & Trust L-4365 Esch Sur Alzette Luxembourg

Compiler diagnostic warnings help developers identify potential programming mistakes during program compilation. However, these warnings could be erroneous due to the defects of compiler warning diagnostics. Although the existing technique (i.e., Epiphron) can automatically generate test programs for compiler warning defect detection, the effectiveness of Epiphron on defect-finding is still limited, due to the limitation for generating warning-sensitive test program structures. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a DIversity-guided program mutation approach, called DIPROM, to construct diverse warning-sensitive programs for effective compiler warning defect detection. Given a seed test program, DIPROM first removes its dead code to reduce false positive warning defects. Then, the abstract syntax tree (AST) of the test program is constructed;DIPROM iteratively mutates the structures of the AST to generate warning-sensitive program variants. To effectively construct diverse warning-sensitive structures, DIPROM applies a novel diversity-guided strategy to generate program variants in each iteration. With the generated program variants, differential testing is conducted to detect warning defects in different compilers. In the experiments, we evaluate DIPROM with two popular C compilers (i.e., GCC and Clang). Experimental results show that DIPROM significantly outperforms three state-of-the-art approaches (i.e., HiCOND, Epiphron, and Hermes) by up to 18.93%similar to 76.74% in terms of the bug-finding capability on average. Meanwhile, DIPROM is efficient, which spends less time on finding the same average number of warning defects. We at last applied DIPROM to the latest development versions of GCC and Clang. After two months' running, we reported 8 new warning defects;5 of them have been confirmed/fixed by developers.

关键词： Compiler testing differential testing program mutation test program generation

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EDGEWORTH: Authoring Diagrammatic Math Problems using program mutation

EDGEWORTH: Authoring Diagrammatic Math Problems using Progra...

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International Conference on Systems, programming, Languages, and Applications: Software for Humanity (SPLASH)

作者： Harriman, Hwei-Shin Carnegie Mellon Univ Olin Coll Engn Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450390880

Building connections between mathematical expressions and their visual representations increases conceptual understanding and flexibility. However, students rarely practice visualizing abstract mathematical relationships because developing diagrammatic problems is challenging, especially at scale. To address this issue, we introduce EDGEWORTH, a system that automatically generates correct and incorrect diagrams for a given question prompt. It does so by mutating declarative mathematical statements with visual semantics. We evaluated the system by recreating diagrammatic problems in a widely used geometry textbook.

关键词： program mutation programming languages computer graphics math education

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Research on a Software Fault Injection Model Based on program mutation 2

Research on a Software Fault Injection Model Based on Progra...

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2nd International Conference on Information Science and Control Engineering

作者： Luo Yin Yao Ri-huang Bin Jian-wei Yang Chun-hui CEPREI Software Testing Ctr China Elect Prod Reliabil & Environm Testing Res Guangzhou Guangdong Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781467368506

This paper researches the classification of fault injection technology, software fault injection and program-oriented mutation testing technology. On the basis of existing work, this paper puts forward a software fault injection model based on program mutation with the idea of fault injection, analyses the key technology of the model, and compares with other fault injection techniques. The model in this paper can be used to evaluate the adequacy of the test suite by using mutation testing, which provides a basis to improve the fault test suite. To some extent, applying this model can improve the ability of fault detection and provide some useful reference data for software reliability evaluation.

关键词： mutation testing program mutation software fault injection software reliability evaluation

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On the use of mutation faults in empirical assessments of test case prioritization techniques

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2006年第9期32卷 733-752页

作者： Do, Hyunsook Rothermel, Gregg Univ Nebraska Dept Comp Sci & Engn Lincoln NE 68588 USA

Regression testing is an important activity in the software life cycle, but it can also be very expensive. To reduce the cost of regression testing, software testers may prioritize their test cases so that those which are more important, by some measure, are run earlier in the regression testing process. One potential goal of test case prioritization techniques is to increase a test suite's rate of fault detection ( how quickly, in a run of its test cases, that test suite can detect faults). Previous work has shown that prioritization can improve a test suite's rate of fault detection, but the assessment of prioritization techniques has been limited primarily to hand-seeded faults, largely due to the belief that such faults are more realistic than automatically generated ( mutation) faults. A recent empirical study, however, suggests that mutation faults can be representative of real faults and that the use of hand-seeded faults can be problematic for the validity of empirical results focusing on fault detection. We have therefore designed and performed two controlled experiments assessing the ability of prioritization techniques to improve the rate of fault detection of test case prioritization techniques, measured relative to mutation faults. Our results show that prioritization can be effective relative to the faults considered, and they expose ways in which that effectiveness can vary with characteristics of faults and test suites. More importantly, a comparison of our results with those collected using hand-seeded faults reveals several implications for researchers performing empirical studies of test case prioritization techniques in particular and testing techniques in general.

关键词： regression testing test case prioritization program mutation empirical studies

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On Understanding Contextual Changes of Failures 21

On Understanding Contextual Changes of Failures

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21st IEEE International Conference on Software Quality, Reliability and Security (QRS)

作者： Ribeiro, Francisco Abreu, Rui Saraiva, Joao Univ Minho HASLab INESC TEC Braga Portugal Univ Porto INESC ID Porto Portugal Univ Porto FEUP Porto Portugal

ISBN: (纸本)9781665458139

Recent studies show that many real-world software faults are due to slight modifications (mutations) to the program. Thus, analyzing transformations made by a developer and associating them with well-known mutation operators can help pinpoint and repair the root cause of failures. This paper proposes a mutation operator inference technique: given the original program and one of its subsequent forms, it infers which mutation operators would transform the original and produce such a version. Moreover, we implemented this technique as a tool called Morpheus, which analyzes faulty Java programs. We have also validated both the technique and tool by analyzing a repository with 1753 modifications for 20 different programs, successfully inferring mutation operators 78% of times. Furthermore, we also show that several program versions result from not just a single mutation operator but multiple ones. In the end, we resort to real-world case studies to demonstrate the advantages of this approach regarding program repair.

关键词： program comprehension program mutation program repair

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Inferring Mutant Utility from program Context 2017

Inferring Mutant Utility from Program Context

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26th ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis (ISSTA)

作者： Just, Rene Kurtz, Bob Ammann, Paul Univ Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA George Mason Univ Fairfax VA 22030 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450350761

Existing mutation techniques produce vast numbers of equivalent, trivial, and redundant mutants. Selective mutation strategies aim to reduce the inherent redundancy of full mutation analysis to obtain most of its benefit for a fraction of the cost. Unfortunately, recent research has shown that there is no fixed selective mutation strategy that is effective across a broad range of programs;the utility (i.e., usefulness) of a mutant produced by a given mutation operator varies greatly across programs. This paper hypothesizes that mutant utility, in terms of equivalence, triviality, and dominance, can be predicted by incorporating context information from the program in which the mutant is embedded. Specifically, this paper (1) explains the intuition behind this hypothesis with a motivational example, (2) proposes an approach for modeling program context using a program's abstract syntax tree, and (3) proposes and evaluates a series of program-context models for predicting mutant utility. The results for 129 mutation operators show that program context information greatly increases the ability to predict mutant utility. The results further show that it is important to consider program context for individual mutation operators rather than mutation operator groups.

关键词： mutation analysis program mutation program context mutant utility equivalent mutants trivial mutants

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Auto-Generating Visual Exercises for Learning program Semantics 19

Auto-Generating Visual Exercises for Learning Program Semant...

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ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (ITiCSE)

作者： Smith, Rebecca Tang, Terry Warren, Joe Rixner, Scott Rice Univ Houston TX 77251 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450363013

Understanding program execution is a challenging task for novice programmers. The semantic rules which determine how execution affects the program state are numerous and complex, and students frequently hold fundamental misconceptions about these rules. If students do not build a correct mental model of program execution early on, they will face substantial hurdles as they try to develop and debug their code. This paper presents VizQuiz, a tool for auto generating multiple choice quizzes designed to help students gain insight into the semantic rules which govern program execution. VizQuiz provides students with an initial state and a piece of code, and tasks them with mentally tracing the execution of that code and selecting the correct final state. Reference diagrams are used to depict the initial and final states, and as feedback to help students visualize the correct behavior if they select a wrong answer. Feedback is auto -generated, so students can immediately correct their misconceptions and re-attempt.

关键词： Education program semantics program mutation

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Turning programs against Each Other: High Coverage Fuzz-Testing using Binary-Code mutation and Dynamic Slicing 2015

Turning Programs against Each Other: High Coverage Fuzz-Test...

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10th Joint Meeting of the European Software Engineering Conference (ESEC) / ACM SIGSOFT Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering (FSE)

作者： Kargen, Ulf Shahmehri, Nahid Linkoping Univ Dept Comp & Informat Sci SE-58183 Linkoping Sweden

ISBN: (纸本)9781450336758

mutation-based fuzzing is a popular and widely employed black-box testing technique for finding security and robustness bugs in software. It owes much of its success to its simplicity;a well-formed seed input is mutated, e.g. through random bit-flipping, to produce test inputs. While reducing the need for human effort, and enabling security testing even of closed-source programs with undocumented input formats, the simplicity of mutation-based fuzzing comes at the cost of poor code coverage. Often millions of iterations are needed, and the results are highly dependent on configuration parameters and the choice of seed inputs. In this paper we propose a novel method for automated generation of high-coverage test cases for robustness testing. Our method is based on the observation that, even for closed-source programs with proprietary input formats, an implementation that can generate well-formed inputs to the program is typically available. By systematically mutating the program code of such generating programs, we leverage information about the input format encoded in the generating program to produce high-coverage test inputs, capable of reaching deep states in the program under test. Our method works entirely at the machine-code level, enabling use-cases similar to traditional black-box fuzzing. We have implemented the method in our tool MutaGen, and evaluated it on 7 popular Linux programs. We found that, for most programs, our method improves code coverage by one order of magnitude or more, compared to two well-known mutation-based fuzzers. We also found a total of 8 unique bugs.

关键词： Fuzz testing fuzzing black-box dynamic slicing program mutation

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Prevention, detection and recovery from cyber-attacks using a multilevel agent architecture

Prevention, detection and recovery from cyber-attacks using ...

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IEEE International Conference on System of Systems Engineering

作者： Edwards, Dennis Simmons, Sharon Wilde, Norman Univ W Florida Dept Comp Sci Pensacola FL 32514 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781424411597

Intelligent software agents offer great potential for improving the operation and response of power grids. These agents are networked applications that could be vulnerable to cyber attacks. The goal of this research is to prevent known attacks, and to reduce or eliminate the consequences of successful attacks. A multilevel security architecture is presented that contains small, verifiable agents at each level with a well defined duty. Layers are designed to intercept dangerous or malformed information before it has a chance to damage the computational agents. Cross-monitoring ensures that any malfunctioning agent in the multilayer system is detected and the consequences of the attack are prevented or corrected. At the lowest level of the architecture are the computational agents. These agents are replicated to provide redundancy. Each replicate is mutated using a novel technique to prevent an attack from succeeding. Our mutation engine alters the program without changing the functionality.

关键词： power distribution control software agent security security model multilevel security program mutation

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