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Physical Layer Abstraction for Multi-Connectivity Communications: Modeling and Analysis

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 2022年第3期21卷 1779-1793页

作者： Anwar, Waqar Kumar, Atul Franchi, Norman Fettweis, Gerhard Tech Univ Dresden Vodafone Chair Mobile Commun Syst Dept Elect Engn D-01069 Dresden Germany Friedrich Alexander Univ Erlangen Nurnberg Inst Elect Smart City Syst D-91054 Erlangen Germany

The multi-connectivity is a key enabler for ultra-reliable low-latency communications. To evaluate its performance and suitability to various use cases system-level studies are essential, where the physical layer (PHY) plays an important role. Therefore, PHY modeling is required which is time-intensive and requires highly complex computations. For this purpose, the PHY performance is usually abstracted in terms of signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), also known as physical layer abstraction (PLA). However, due to fading, the symbols inside a packet could have different SINRs which require effective SINR mapping to compute an equivalent SINR. In the context of multi-connectivity, the received SINR depends on all connected links where each link experiences independent fading and on the used link combining technique. As a result, the computation of effective SINR also depends on the combining technique and fading experienced by individual links. To model PHY performance by considering all these effects, we develop PLA for multi-connectivity communications. This includes the computation of received symbols SINR for various link combining techniques and mapping them to effective SINR using enhanced exponential effective SINR mapping (eEESM). Furthermore, a new optimization method is introduced for eEESM to reduce its optimization complexity. Simulation results show that the proposed PLA accurately estimate the performance of different order of multi-connectivity communications under various fading conditions.

关键词： Signal to noise ratio Interference Diversity reception programmable logic arrays Fading channels Reliability Wireless communication Physical layer abstraction multi-connectivity physical layer diversity combining schemes link adaptation URLLC 5G NR

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Blocking Mechanism and Evaluation Model of Insensitive Effect Under Multi-Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY 2022年第5期64卷 1357-1364页

作者： Li, Mei Wei, Guanghui Army Engn Univ PLA Natl Key Lab Electromagnet Environm Effects Shijiazhuang Campus Shijiazhuang 050003 Hebei Peoples R China Hebei Univ Sci & Technol Sch Informat Sci & Engn Shijiazhuang 050018 Hebei Peoples R China

Due to the insensitive blocking effect on frequency equipment, the current effect evaluation model based on the third-order power series expansion is disabled to the insensitive blocking effect evaluation under multi-frequency electromagnetic radiation. We adopt the fifth-order power series expansion to analyze the insensitive blocking interference effect. In addition to revealing the mechanism of the insensitive blocking effect under multi-frequency electromagnetic radiation, we also build an improved effect evaluation model in this research. It defines the effect evaluation index. Subsequently, a ranging radar and a communication radio station are employed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed effect evaluation model separately. The results show that the proposed model can be applied to the electromagnetic radiation effect evaluation, regardless of whether the multi-frequency insensitive jamming effect exists on tested equipment or not. All effect evaluation indexes of the new model are smaller than that of the previous model based on the third-order power series expansion method. The absolute value of relative errors could be less than 1 dB. Not only is the theoretical analysis result of the multi-frequency insensitive blocking effect mechanism verified, but also the problem of poor universality of the current electromagnetic radiation effect evaluation model is figured out.

关键词： Interference Electromagnetic radiation Analytical models Radio navigation Radar antennas Adaptation models programmable logic arrays Evaluation model fifth-order power series insensitive effect mechanism multi-frequency electromagnetic radiation

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Pilot-Based Physical-Layer Authentication with High Covertness

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IEEE WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 2021年第1期28卷 97-103页

作者： Xie, Ning Chen, Yicong Shenzhen Univ Coll Elect & Informat Engn Shenzhen Peoples R China Shenzhen Univ Shenzhen Peoples R China

This article concerns the problem of generating an appropriate tag for the covert Physical-Layer Authentication (PLA) schemes. This problem is important because an inappropriate tag introduces the following limitations: low covertness, low robustness, high complexity, and security vulnerabilities to active attacks. In this article, we compare the performance of two ways of generating an appropriate tag in prior covert schemes: message-based and pilot-based. Then, we propose an enhanced Pilot-based Covert (PC) scheme that not only effectively defends against replay attacks but also overcomes the limitations of prior covert schemes. Our experimental results show that the enhanced PC scheme has better covertness and robustness than both the Message-based Covert (MC) and PC schemes for defending against an impersonation attack. Moreover, both the enhanced PC and MC schemes have much better robustness than the PC scheme for defending against a replay attack but the enhanced PC scheme has a lower store requirement than the MC scheme.

关键词： programmable logic arrays Authentication Receivers Robustness Law

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Properties of microinjection-molded multi-walled carbon nanotubes-filled poly(lactic acid)/poly[(butylene succinate)-co-adipate] blend nanocomposites

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JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE 2018年第12期53卷 9013-9025页

作者： Zhou, Shengtai Hrymak, Andrew N. Kamal, Musa R. Univ Western Ontario Dept Chem & Biochem Engn London ON N6A 5B9 Canada McGill Univ Dept Chem Engn Montreal PQ H3A 0C5 Canada

In this study, the morphological, thermal and electrical properties of microinjection-molded multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT)-filled poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and PLA/poly[(butylene succinate)-co-adipate] (PLA/PBSA) immiscible blends were studied systematically. The PLA/PBSA/CNT immiscible blends were prepared by melt blending of PLA, PBSA and CNT in a batch mixer. Four different types of compounding procedure were employed to investigate the influence of compounding sequence of various components on the electrical conductivity of subsequent micromoldings. Results revealed that despite the compounding sequence, the electrical conductivity of PLA/PBSA/CNT microparts is invariably higher than that of CNT-filled mono-PLA counterparts and the selective localization of CNT in PBSA is thought to be the contributing factor. Furthermore, the prevailing high shearing conditions in microinjection molding (A mu IM) could lead to the coalescence of CNT-enriched PBSA domains, favoring the formation of conductive pathways in the melt flow direction, as confirmed by morphology observations. The crystallinity of PLA/PBSA immiscible blends is higher than that of mono-PLA system and a further increase in crystallinity after A mu IM suggested flow-induced crystallization. Moreover, thermal stability analysis indicated that the prevailing high shear rates in A mu IM might have a chain scission effect on PLA and PBSA.

关键词： programmable logic arrays Instant messaging Blends Coalescence Current direction Microinjections poly(tetramethylene succinate-co-tetramethylene adipate) Melt blending Crystallinity center-notch tensile specimen Electric conductivity selective localization

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Optimizing Age of Information for Uplink Cellular Internet of Things With Random Access

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IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL 2024年第11期11卷 20300-20313页

作者： Yu, Baoquan Cai, Yueming Wu, Dan Dong, Chao Zhang, Ruoyu Wu, Wen Naval Aeronaut Univ PLA Air Traff Control Res Off Yantai 264001 Peoples R China Army Engn Univ PLA Coll Commun Engn Nanjing 210007 Peoples R China Nanjing Univ Aeronaut & Astronaut Coll Elect & Informat Engn Nanjing 211106 Peoples R China Nanjing Univ Sci & Technol Ministerial Key Lab JGMT Nanjing 210094 Peoples R China

In the Cellular Internet of Things (CIoT), it is crucial to ensure the information freshness for status update applications. Considering the centralized access methods could cause large access delay and hamper timely status updates, this article exploits the random access method and studies decentralized status update schemes to minimize the average Age of Information (AoI) for CIoT. However, due to the noncooperation among machine type communication devices (MTCDs) in random access, packet collisions are inevitable, which makes it tricky to improve the AoI performance. In this regard, we design novel age-based status update schemes to control the transmission behavior of MTCDs, where the AoI at the MTCDs and the base station (BS) is used. We first model the AoI minimization problem as a Markov decision process. Then, through variable substitution and linear programming, we get a slightly more computationally complex status update scheme, where the dual threshold structure of the scheme is proved theoretically. To facilitate system design and reduce computational complexity, we further design a low-complexity scheme, where the age thresholds at both the MTCDs and BS are optimized. Simulation results verify that the proposed schemes significantly outperform the common access scheme.

关键词： Internet of Things Delays Behavioral sciences Probabilistic logic Information age programmable logic arrays Minimization Age of Information (AoI) Cellular Internet of Things (CIoT) Markov decision process (MDP) random access

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MUSTANG - STATE ASSIGNMENT OF FINITE STATE MACHINES TARGETING MULTILEVEL logic IMPLEMENTATIONS

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 1988年第12期7卷 1290-1300页

作者： DEVADAS, S MA, HK NEWTON, AR SANGIOVANNIVINCENTELLI, A Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of California Berkeley CA USA Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences University of California Berkeley CA USA Department of Electrical Engineering Computer Science University of California Berkeley CA USA

The problem of state assignment for synchronous finite-state machines (FSM), targeted towards multilevel combinational logic and feedback register implementations, are addressed. The authors present state-assignment algorithms that heuristically maximize the number of common cubes in the encoded network to maximize the number of literals in the resulting combinational logic network after multilevel logic optimization. Results over a wide range of benchmarks which prove the efficacy of the proposed techniques are presented. Literal counts averaging 20%-40% less than other state-assignment programs have been obtained.< >

关键词： Automata programmable logic arrays Automatic logic units State feedback Delay Encoding State estimation Network synthesis Heuristic algorithms Aging

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Polylactide, nanoclay, and core-shell rubber composites

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POLYMER ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE 2006年第10期46卷 1419-1427页

作者： Li, Tongnian Turng, Lih-Sheng Gong, Shaoqin Erlacher, Kurt Univ Wisconsin Dept Mech Engn Milwaukee WI 53211 USA Univ Wisconsin Dept Mech Engn Ctr Polymer Engn Madison WI 53706 USA Bruker AXS Inc Madison WI 53711 USA

Three types of composites, namely, polylactide (PLA)/nanoclay, PLA/core-shell rubber, and PLA/nanoclay/core-shell rubber, were melt compounded via a corotating twin-screw extruder. The effects of two types of organically modified montmorillonite nanoclays (i.e., Cloisite(R)30B and 20A), two types of core (polybutylacrylate)-shell (polymethylmethacrylate) rubbers (i.e., Paraloid EXL2330 and EXI-2314), and the combination of nanoclay and rubber on the mechanical and thermal properties of the composites were investigated. According to X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analyses, both types of PLA/5 wt% nanoclay composites had an intercalated morphology. In comparison with pure PLA, both types of PLA/5 wt% nanoclay composites had an increased modulus, similar impact strength, slightly reduced tensile strength, and significantly reduced strain at break. On the other hand, PLA/EXL2330 composites with a rubber loading level of 10 wt% or higher had a much higher impact strength and strain at break, but a lower modulus and strength when compared with pure PLA. The simultaneous addition of 5 wt% nanoclay (Cloisite(R)30B) and 20 wt% EXL2330 resulted in a PLA composite with a 134% increase in impact strength, a 6% increase in strain at break, a similar modulus, and a 28% reduction in tensile strength in comparison with pure PLA.

关键词： LAYERED SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITES POLY(LACTIC ACID) MELT RHEOLOGY POLYMERS INTERCALATION PLASTICIZERS MORPHOLOGY PARTICLES BEHAVIOR PMMA Impact strengths polymer-layered silicate nanocomposite MELT RHEOLOGY Tensile Strength Intercalation Plasticizers Types of composites Composites programmable logic arrays Polylactides rubbers Polymethyl Methacrylate polymers poly(lactic acid)

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Optimal Disturbance Suppression of Disturbed Underwater Vehicle With State Delay

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IEEE ACCESS 2022年 10卷 63984-63990页

作者： Liu, Kun Xu, Guofeng Yang, Qi Zhao, Zhiyun PLA Naval Aviat Univ Qingdao Campus Qingdao 266000 Peoples R China PLA Naval Aviat Univ Informat Technol Off Qingdao Campus Qingdao 266000 Peoples R China PLA Naval Submarine Acad Qingdao 266000 Peoples R China

In this paper, the optimal disturbance suppression problem of disturbed underwater vehicle with state delay is studied. Firstly, we establish the mathematical model of the motion of the disturbed underwater vehicle and linearize it. Secondly, the mathematical model with state delay is transformed into a formal mathematical model without time-delay by using the no time-delay transformation method. Then, according to the optimal control theory, the optimal disturbance suppression control law of the disturbed underwater vehicle with state delay is designed based on the quadratic performance index. This control law can be obtained by solving the Riccati matrix equation and Sylvester matrix equation. Finally, the effectiveness of the method is verified by an AUV system simulation example.

关键词： Mathematical models Delays Vehicle dynamics Propellers programmable logic arrays Prediction algorithms Navigation Underwater vehicle state delay optimal disturbance suppression

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DESIGN OF LARGE EMBEDDED CMOS PLAS FOR BUILT-IN SELF-TEST

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 1988年第1期7卷 50-59页

作者： LIU, DL MCCLUSKEY, EJ STANFORD UNIV CTR RELIABLE COMPDEPT ELECT ENGNCOMP SYST LABSTANFORDCA 94305 STANFORD UNIV DEPT COMP SCISTANFORDCA 94305

A novel scheme to design built-in self-test programmable logic arrays (PLAs) implemented with CMOS technology is described, which is attractive for large arrays. These PLAs can perform function-independent self-test at normal operating speed, can detect CMOS switch-level faults, and have a lower area overhead than any other BIST scheme. A sequential parity checking technique is used to test for the AND and OR arrays of the PLA. This technique does not require any XOR cascade to evaluate parity data as in the parallel checking technique used by other schemes, thus achieving an order of magnitude reduction in total testing time. The method accounts for switch-level stuck-open and stuck-on faults in addition to conventional stuck-at, crosspoint, and bridging faults. A novel circuit design technique was used to implement the test pattern generator for product lines. It makes use of a Johnson counter and a two-level decoding network to obtain a very low area overhead and to match the pitch between the PLA and the test circuitry.< >

关键词： programmable logic arrays Built-in self-test Circuit faults Circuit testing CMOS technology CMOS logic circuits logic design Fault detection Sequential analysis Circuit synthesis

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ICON - A TOOL FOR DESIGN AT SCHEMATIC, VIRTUAL GRID, AND LAYOUT LEVELS

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IEEE DESIGN & TEST OF COMPUTERS 1984年第4期1卷 53-60页

作者： HILL, DD Bell Laboratories USA

The design of a custom VLSI chip requires work at several levels of abstraction. For example, random logic is naturally described as schematics, hand-entered layouts are naturally entered on a virtual grid, and machine-generated or compacted layouts are edited on an accurate, geometrically fixed grid. Icon is a new computer-aided design tool that allows these aspects of design to be handled simultaneously. It provides a schematics entry and simulation system, a virtual-grid compacter, and a layout editor. The user interface is consistent across these functions, and it is possible to mix them on the screen. In particular, Icon allows the user to insert pieces of layout, such as PLAs, directly into a schematic. This eliminates the effort of developing a logic diagram for them and provides accurate simulation with both interactive graphics and program level capabilities. Several dozen full-custom NMOS and CMOS chips have been designed with Icon, including a number of local area network support chips, a high-speed RAM, and high bandwidth data switches.

关键词： Very large scale integration Design automation Computational modeling User interfaces Layout programmable logic arrays CMOS logic circuits Graphics MOS devices Local area networks

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