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IEEE ELECTRON DEVICE LETTERS 2024年第7期45卷 1109-1112页

作者： Crupi, Isodiana Bellocchi, Gabriele Vabres, Roberto Bongiorno, Corrado Badala, Paolo Macaluso, Roberto Mosca, Mauro Rascuna, Simone Univ Palermo Engn Dept I-90128 Palermo Italy STMicroelect I-95121 Catania Italy Univ Palermo Engn Dept I-90128 Palermo Italy CNR IMM I-95121 Catania Italy

We report on a promising approach to realize bifacial silicon carbide (SiC) based ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors with no metallic electrodes. The ohmic contact regions, consisting of a few conductive carbon-rich layers, while maintaining the necessary UV sensitivity for the photodetector's operation, are directly realized using a nanosecond-pulsed excimer laser. By combining structural, optical, and electrical characterization, we demonstrate how this treatment allows the formation of ohmic contacts, on both front and rear side, using fluence higher than 1.6 J/cm(2) and 3.2 J/cm(2), respectively.

关键词： Silicon carbide Ohmic contacts programmable logic arrays Photodetectors Lasers Annealing Laser pulses Excimer laser annealing multilayer epitaxial graphene ohmic contacts silicon carbide

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Model-Driven Learning for Physical Layer Authentication in Dynamic Environments

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IEEE COMMUNICATIONS LETTERS 2024年第3期28卷 572-576页

作者： Han, Jingyuan Li, Yuxuan Liu, Gang Ma, Jingye Zhou, Yi Fang, He Wu, Xuewen China Telecom Res Inst Shanghai 200120 Peoples R China Soochow Univ Sch Elect & Informat Engn Suzhou 215031 Peoples R China Tongji Univ Coll Elect & Informat Engn Shanghai 201804 Peoples R China

This letter investigates the physical layer authentication (PLA) in dynamic environments, where the users have different mobility velocities. The performance of PLA in this scenario suffers from the inaccurate prediction of the channel statement information (CSI) owing to the Doppler shifts and multipath fading. To overcome the difficulty, a model-driven learning algorithm is developed to predict dynamic CSI. Specifically, the Bahdanau Attention Autoencoder (BAAE)-based PLA scheme is proposed to extract relevant channel features and mitigate inter-symbol interference and inter-carrier interference. Compared to existing deep learning-based PLA schemes, the proposed scheme addresses the core factors contributing to poor authentication accuracy at the algorithmic level, rather than brute-force learning from bigger datasets. Experiment results show that the proposed scheme presents more accurate predictions and lower complexity compared with the existing data-driven models across all tested signal noise ratio levels and velocities. Moreover, it is robust to maintain 99.6% authentication accuracy even when the users are moving with high velocities.

关键词： programmable logic arrays Authentication Training Predictive models Feature extraction Computational modeling Wireless communication Physical layer authentication model-driven learning attention mechanisms

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Distributed Physical Layer Authentication: Overview and Opportunities

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IEEE COMMUNICATIONS MAGAZINE 2024年第1期62卷 134-140页

作者： Zhang, Tianhui Huo, Yan Ma, Liran Guo, Ela Beijing Jiaotong Univ Beijing Peoples R China Texas Christian Univ Ft Worth TX USA

Distributed physical layer authentication (DPLA) is a novel authentication framework, which not only exploits the collaborative computing of multiple devices to enhance overall efficiency, but also alleviates the degradation of processing performance caused by resource-constrained terminals. It is considered a promising architecture for solving access security issues in future communications. Considering DPLA's potential, in this article, we review existing DPLA schemes to provide a comprehensive summary of the strategies and technical approaches adopted during each implementation stage. Our simulation results show that the voting-assisted DPLA scheme has better authentication performance than the centralized PLA. In addition, we also present some open research issues on DPLA, addressing new opportunities ahead and potential research directions.

关键词： Authentication programmable logic arrays Physical layer Peer-to-peer computing Collaboration Training Wireless sensor networks Distributed management

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3D-Printed Piezoelectric PLA-Based Insole for Event Detection in Gait Analysis

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IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2024年第16期24卷 26472-26486页

作者： Latsch, Bastian Schaefer, Niklas Grimmer, Martin Ben Dali, Omar Mohseni, Omid Bleichner, Niklas Altmann, Alexander A. Schaumann, Stephan Wolf, Sebastian I. Seyfarth, Andre Beckerle, Philipp Kupnik, Mario Tech Univ Darmstadt Measurement & Sensor Technol Grp D-64283 Darmstadt Germany Tech Univ Darmstadt Control & Cyber Phys Syst Lab D-64283 Darmstadt Germany Tech Univ Darmstadt Inst Sports Sci Locomot Lab D-64289 Darmstadt Germany Heidelberg Univ Hosp Dept Mot Anal Clin Orthoped & Trauma Surg D-69118 Heidelberg Germany Tech Univ Darmstadt Inst Sports Sci Locomot Lab Darmstadt Germany Friedrich Alexander Univ Erlangen Nurnberg Chair Autonomous Syst & Mechatron D-91052 Erlangen Germany

Detecting human movement is crucial for the control of lower limb wearable robotics designed to assist daily activities or rehabilitation tasks. Sensorized insoles present a viable option for extracting control inputs, such as gait events and the corresponding phases, essential for regulating the magnitude and timing of assistance. Given their highly sensitive piezoelectric response to dynamic loading, ferroelectrets emerge as a cost-effective solution for customizing sensors suitable for these autonomous systems. Within this study, an insole with four ferroelectret sensors is 3D-printed monolithically from polylactic acid (PLA) onto bulk films of the same material through seamless thermal fusion. Sensor and insole are characterized through a testing machine and by conducting human walking experiments on an instrumented treadmill. The testing machine results indicate suitable sensor performance for the application in wearable robotics concerning the sensitivity, minimal detectable change, hysteresis, drift, and repeatability. Walking experiments reveal the insole's capability to detect gait events such as heel strikes with minimal variability and on average 16 ms faster compared to the reference of vertical ground reaction forces across all walking speeds above 1 m/s. The peak sensor outputs strongly relate to the reference while both exhibit a linear (R-2 > 95%) increase corresponding to walking speed. In conclusion, the study findings demonstrate the feasibility of PLA-based ferroelectrets as customized insole sensors for event detection in gait analysis, enabling assessment of human biomechanics with minimal impact on the natural gait and control of autonomous wearable robotics, such as exoskeletons.

关键词： Sensors Foot Sensor phenomena and characterization programmable logic arrays Legged locomotion Thermal sensors Sensor systems 3D-printed piezoelectric sensor ferroelectret insole gait analysis gait event detection legged locomotion

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Improving Transferability and Immunity of Physical Layer Authentication by the Channel Time-Varying Pattern

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IEEE WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS LETTERS 2024年第3期13卷 751-755页

作者： Wang, Qi Liang, Wei Pang, Zhibo Zhang, Jialin Wang, Ke Yu, Yang Chinese Acad Sci Shenyang Inst Automat State Key Lab Robot Key Lab Networked Control Syst Shenyang 110016 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Inst Robot & Intelligent Mfg Shenyang 110016 Peoples R China Univ Chinese Acad Sci Shenyang Inst Automat Beijing 100049 Peoples R China ABB Corp Res Sweden Dept Automat Technol S-72226 Vasteras Sweden Royal Inst Technol Dept Intelligent Syst S-11428 Stockholm Sweden

Channel State Information (CSI)-based Physical Layer Authentication (PLA) is typically a promising strategy for wireless security. However, existing algorithms fail to transfer across various scenarios and immunize against attacks forging CSI. To improve the transferability and immunity of PLA, we propose a PLA enhancement framework to analyze, enhance, and assess authentication. Firstly, we provide a theoretical analysis method to discover the factors affecting the transferability and immunity of PLA. Secondly, inspired by the above discovery, an enhanced PLA algorithm is developed based on the channel time-varying pattern. Finally, we theoretically assess the scenario transferability and provide a closed-form expression for the bypassing condition of authentication. Furthermore, experimental results validate the practical applicability of our theoretical insights.

关键词： programmable logic arrays Testing Authentication Prediction algorithms Physical layer Correlation coefficient Time-varying channels Hypothesis testing immunity physical layer authentication transferability

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How to Leverage Double-Structured Sparsity of RIS Channels to Boost Physical-Layer Authentication

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IEEE WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS LETTERS 2024年第8期13卷 2260-2264页

作者： Bendaimi, Amira Abdallah, Asmaa Celik, Abdulkadir Eltawil, Ahmed M. Arslan, Huseyin Istanbul Medipol Univ Dept Elect & Elect Engn TR- 34810 Istanbul Turkiye King Abdullah Univ Sci & Technol Comp Elect & Math Sci & Engn Div Thuwal 23955 Saudi Arabia

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS)-assisted systems are promising technology in next-generation wireless networks, but are susceptible to spoofing attacks due to their broadcast nature. This letter reveals the unique characteristics of RIS-aided multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, that improve channel entropy compared to conventional MIMO. By capitalizing on the additional paths introduced by the cascaded channel and the distinctive double-structured sparsity inherent in its virtual representation, we develop a novel channel-based physical layer authentication (PLA) approach. In particular, we construct a robust signature for authentication purposes by extracting the intrinsic RIS features of the virtual angle of arrivals and departures indices. Furthermore, the distribution of the digital signature is analyzed to derive analytical expressions for the false alarm and detection probabilities of the proposed scheme. Simulation results show that the proposed approach surpasses the limitations of previous works, with 14.89% and 72% authentication performance improvements in detection and false alarm rates, respectively.

关键词： programmable logic arrays Authentication Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces Entropy Millimeter wave communication MIMO communication Vectors RIS physical layer authentication channel sparsity spoofing attack security

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Benchmarking Power Generation From Multiple Wastewater Electrolytes in Microbial Fuel Cells With 3D Printed Disk-Electrodes

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NANOBIOSCIENCE

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NANOBIOSCIENCE 2024年第3期23卷 491-498页

作者： Mao, Yuvraj Maphrio Amreen, Khairunnisa Goel, Sanket Birla Inst Technol & Sci BITS Pilani Microfluid & Nanoelect MMNE Lab MEMS Hyderabad Campus Hyderabad 500078 India Birla Inst Technol & Sci BITS Pilani Dept Elect & Elect Engn Hyderabad 500078 India St Anns Coll Women Hyderabad 500028 India

Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) have recently gained attention, as they are inexpensive, green in nature, and sustainable. As per the report, by Allied Market Research the global market size of MFCs will increase from $264.8 million in 2021 to $452.2 million in 2030, growing at a CAGR of 4.5%. The present work is a comparative study of various types of electrolytes that can be used in MFCs. The working electrodes were printed using conducting graphene-based Polylactic Acid (PLA) filaments with the help of a 3D printer under the principle of the fused deposition method. Simulated electrolytes and natural environmental microbial electrolytes were used here. Also, electrolytes of pure E. coli culture were studied. Lake water reported the highest power density of 8.259 mW/cm(2) while Stale E. Coli reported the lowest around 0.184 mW/cm(2). The study comprehensively lists potential wastewaters that can fuel the MFCs. With the pioneering of various comparative studies of electrolytes, one can insight into the recruitment of electrolytes with high-performance benchmarks for miniaturized energy storage and other microelectronics applications.

关键词： Electrodes Electrolytes Graphene Three-dimensional displays Wastewater programmable logic arrays Water pollution 3D printing microbial fuel cells electrolytes wastewaters power density comparative studies fused deposition modeling

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Covert Multi-Channel Communication Against Interference-Assisted Proactive Detection

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY 2024年第9期73卷 14033-14037页

作者： Che, Bohan Shi, Hui Lu, Xingbo Gao, Chang Yang, Weiwei Liu, Jue Jiang, Junhao Army Engn Univ PLA Coll Commun Engn Nanjing 210007 Peoples R China Acad Mil Sci PLA Beijing 100091 Peoples R China Beijing Univ Posts & Telecommun Coll Informat & Commun Engn Beijing 100876 Peoples R China Jinling Inst Technol Sch Network Secur Nanjing 211169 Peoples R China

In this article, covert multi-channel communication against interference-assisted proactive detection is investigated in additive Gaussian white noise (AWGN) channel. We first analyze the detection performance for the warden and derive the covert constraints. Then, to maximize the average effective covert throughput (AECT) of the legitimate communicating parties, we establish an optimization problem by jointly optimizing the sub-channels number and transmit power. Analysis and numerical results show that selecting an appropriate number of sub-channels can improve the AECT against interference-assisted proactive detection comparison with single-channel schemes.

关键词： Interference cancellation Uncertainty Surveillance AWGN channels Throughput programmable logic arrays Optimization Covert communications proactive detection multi-channel system finite blocklength

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Physical Layer Authentication in Spatial Modulation

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 2023年第5期71卷 2947-2962页

作者： Xu, Yuntao Zhang, Jiaheng Zhang, Qihong Zhang, Peichang Huang, Lei Xie, Ning Lu, Jian Shenzhen Univ Coll Elect & Informat Engn State Key Lab Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integr Shenzhen 518060 Peoples R China Shenzhen Univ Coll Elect & Informat Engn Guangdong Key Lab Intelligent Informat Proc Shenzhen 518060 Peoples R China Shenzhen Univ Coll Math & Stat Shenzhen Key Lab Adv Machine Learning & Applicat Shenzhen 518060 Peoples R China

Spatial Modulation (SM) is a promising low-complexity modulation scheme for Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems. In this paper, we address the problem of authenticating the transmitter device in the SM. We propose an authentication approach for an SM system by using Physical-Layer Authentication (PLA) mechanisms because the PLA has the following advantages: high security and low complexity. Based on the features of an SM system, we propose two PLA schemes: PLA with Superimposed Authentication Tag (PLA-SAT) and PLA with Superimposed Imaginary authentication Tag (PLA-SIT). We provide performance analyses of our schemes over fading channels in terms of robustness, compatibility, and security. Moreover, we derive their closed-form expressions under both perfect and imperfect channel estimates, including the Probability of Detection (PD), Probability of False Alarm (PFA), and Average Error Probability (AEP). Although the two proposed schemes have the same robustness and security, the PLA-SIT scheme has better compatibility than the PLA-SAT scheme. Our schemes were implemented and extensive performance comparisons through simulations were conducted. We observe that the simulation results of the two proposed schemes perfectly match their corresponding theoretical analyses. The authentication accuracy of the two proposed schemes is close to one when the received SNR is greater than 20 dB and the security performances of the two proposed schemes improve as the variance of estimation errors increases.

关键词： Authentication programmable logic arrays Security Robustness Receivers Fading channels Symbols Physical-layer authentication spatial modulation MIMO compatibility security

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A Self-Latching MEMS Optical Interrupter With Status Monitoring for Laser Initiation System

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES 2023年第5期70卷 2473-2480页

作者： Kong, Xiaoyu Cao, Yun Zhu, Hengbo Nie, Weirong Xi, Zhanwen Nanjing Univ Sci & Technol Sch Mech Engn Nanjing 210014 Peoples R China

A novel self-latching MEMS optical interrupter with status monitoring is proposed to enhance the safety of laser initiation system (LIS) by preventing long-term heat accumulation and reducing response time. The electrothermal-actuated interrupter consists of an optical fiber alignment actuator, a positive latching actuator (PLA), and a reverse blocking actuator, each coupled with a status monitoring unit. The PLA is equipped with an interlock mechanism for self-latching capability. The interrupter's operating state is monitored using cantilever beams that function as travel switches. The interrupters are fabricated using deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers. Experiments are conducted to study the behavior of the proposed interrupter, which demonstrates the successful implementation of its self-latching and status-monitoring features. The interrupter has a switching time of less than 64 ms and exhibits an optical efficiency ranging from 63% to 68% (1.67-1.97-dB insertion loss) with a maximum power transfer of 865 mW from a 1272-mW input.

关键词： Optical fibers Interrupters Optical switches Monitoring Optical device fabrication Micromechanical devices programmable logic arrays Electrothermal-actuated laser initiation system (LIS) Index Terms MEMS optical interrupter self-latching status monitoring

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