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Near-Field Leaky-Wave Focusing Antenna With Tapered Dielectric Constant Distribution

IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS 2023年第5期22卷 1209-1213页

作者： Mutai, Kevin Kipruto Sato, Hiroyasu Chen, Qiang Tohoku Univ Grad Sch Engn Dept Commun Engn Sendai 9808579 Japan

In this letter, a leaky-wave focusing antenna with a tapered dielectric constant distribution is introduced. The main appeal of the structure is the simplicity and low cost by which the tapering is achieved in the fabrication process where the required effective dielectric constant profile is actualized by three-dimensional printing in less than an hour using the commonly available and inexpensive polylactic acid material. A detailed design method of the structure is presented and the desired focusing effect demonstrated by both simulation and experimental results at Ku-band.

关键词： Focusing Dielectric constant Antennas Three-dimensional printing Rectangular waveguides Three-dimensional displays programmable logic arrays 3-D printing additive manufacturing (AM) antenna synthesis focusing leaky-wave antennas (LWAs)

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Authentication for Satellite Communication Systems Using Physical Characteristics

IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY

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IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY 2023年 4卷 48-60页

作者： Abdrabou, Mohammed Gulliver, T. Aaron Univ Victoria Dept Elect & Comp Engn Victoria BC V8W 2Y2 Canada

Satellite communication networks have gained a lot of attention recently as a solution to mitigate the limitations of terrestrial networks such as stability and coverage. However, integrating satellite and terrestrial networks makes the system more vulnerable to spoofing attacks. Thus, robust and effective authentication is required. Physical layer authentication (PLA) has emerged as an alternative paradigm that uses physical characteristics to achieve authentication. In this paper, PLA is proposed for low earth orbit (LEO) satellites using the Doppler frequency shift (DS) and received power (RP) characteristics. Hypothesis testing using a threshold or machine learning (ML) is considered to discriminate between legitimate and illegitimate satellites. For ML, a one-class classification support vector machine (OCC-SVM) is employed which uses training data from only legitimate users. The performance is evaluated using real satellite data from the system tool kit (STK). Results are presented which show that the authentication rate (AR) with DS is higher than with RP at low elevation angles for both schemes, but is higher with RP at high elevation angles. Further, the ML authentication scheme provides a higher AR than the threshold scheme for a small percentage of the training data considered as outliers, but at larger percentages the OR threshold scheme is better.

关键词： Satellites Authentication Training data Low earth orbit satellites programmable logic arrays Machine learning Physical layer Doppler frequency shift physical layer authentication received power vertical heterogeneous network space network machine learning

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Multiple Phase Noises Physical-Layer Authentication

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 2022年第9期70卷 6196-6211页

作者： Xie, Ning Xiong, Wei Chen, Junjie Zhang, Peichang Huang, Lei Su, Jian Shenzhen Univ Coll Elect & Informat Engn Guangdong Key Lab Intelligent Informat Proc Shenzhen 518060 Peoples R China Shenzhen Univ Coll Elect & Informat Engn Guangdong Engn Res Ctr Posit Sensing & Detect Shenzhen 518060 Peoples R China Nanjing Univ Informat Sci & Technol Sch Comp Sci Nanjing 210044 Jiangsu Peoples R China

This paper concerns the problem of defending against spoofing attacks without a secret key. We address the problem using the Physical-Layer-Authentication (PLA) because of its high security, low overhead, and high compatibility. However, many PLA schemes have the following limitations: quantization errors, local optimums, and performance loss due to the change in the communication environment. In this paper, two phase-noise-based PLA schemes are proposed to address the limitations of the prior schemes. We denote the first scheme as the Multiple Phase Noises PLA (MPP) scheme, which realizes the PLA by using multiple phase noise innovations. Note that since the MPP scheme avoids using any quantization algorithm, it outperforms the prior schemes on the authentication performance. We denote the second scheme as the Enhanced Multiple Phase Noises PLA (EMPP) scheme, which introduces an artificial random phase to the transmitted symbols at the transmitter to further improve the authentication performance. The theoretical analyses of the proposed schemes over fading channels are provided, where the closed-form expressions are derived. Theoretical comparisons between the proposed schemes and prior schemes are provided. The theoretical analyses and simulation results demonstrated the superiority of the proposed schemes. In comparison with the prior schemes, the MPP scheme achieves 13% authentication-performance gain without demodulation-performance loss, while the EMPP scheme achieves 42% authentication-performance gain with merely 16% demodulation-performance loss.

关键词： programmable logic arrays Phase noise Authentication Quantization (signal) Estimation Demodulation Wireless communication Physical layer authentication phase noise quantization algorithm performance analysis fading channels

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A Hydrophobic Antireflective and Antidust Coating With $\text{SiO}_2$ and $\text{TiO}_2$ Nanoparticles Using a New 3-D Printing Method for Photovoltaic Panels

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IEEE JOURNAL OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 2022年第4期12卷 1014-1026页

作者： Ekren, Nazmi Sarkin, Ali Samet Saglam, Safak Marmara Univ Elect & Elect Engn Dept TR-34854 Istanbul Turkey Osmaniye Korkut Ata Univ TR-80750 Osmaniye Turkey

The main outdoor factors that reduce the efficiency of the photovoltaic (PV) panel are the reflection and refraction of light, dirt, dust, and organic waste accumulating on the panel surface. In this article, an antireflection, self-cleaning coating was applied on the PV panel cover glass with a new method. With the coating, the surface has been given a hydrophobic feature. As a coating method, a 3-D printer has not been seen in the literature and used as a new method. The electrospinning method has also been tried as an alternative method. Solutions in different combinations were developed using polylactic acid or polymethylmethacrylate polymer, chloroform ($\text{CHCl}_3$) as a solvent, and silicon dioxide ($\text{SiO}_2$) and titanium dioxide ($\text{TiO}_2$) nanoparticles as primary materials in a modified 3-D printer for bioprinting. Five PV panels were obtained by applying different 3-D parameters from three solutions, which have the best results. Coating thicknesses are in the range of 3.12-8.47 mu m. Coated and uncoated PV panels were tested in outdoor conditions for ten-day periods. The power outputs of the PV panels were measured, and their ten-day average efficiency was presented. According to the results, the highest efficiency increase is 8.7%. The highest light transmittance is 88.2% at 550 nm. In addition, hydrophobic properties were observed on all surfaces and the water contact angle was measured as 96.18 degrees.

关键词： Coatings Glass Printers Surface treatment programmable logic arrays Printing Solvents 3-D printing antireflection hydrophobic nanoparticle photovoltaic (PV) self-cleaning

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Analysis and Development Technique of a Fully 3-D-Printed Differential Capacitive Anemometric Sensor

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IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2022年第20期22卷 19439-19454页

作者： Leoni, Alfiero Barile, Gianluca Ferri, Giuseppe Stornelli, Vincenzo Univ Aquila Dept Ind & Informat Engn & Econ I-67100 Laquila Italy

Current developments in the field of 3-D printing have employed embedded electronics, in order to implement innovative devices and sensors. In this work, we present the analysis, fabrication, and experimental results of a novel, fully 3-D printable differential capacitive anemometric sensor for low-power applications. The system exploits a multimaterial fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology to print standard polylactic acid (PLA) filament as well as electrically conductive filament, employed to implement a differential capacitive air pressure sensor, embedded in a printed spherical structure, able to measure the wind speed. A theoretical analysis for the mechanical structure design, focusing on the 3-D printed bending behavior, as well as for fluid dynamics of the sensor and the electronic circuitry design has been conducted. Simulations and measurements of the fabricated prototype have demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed wind sensor. Differential capacitive variations have been observed by applying constant airflow through the sensor, showing a good agreement with the simulated behavior.

关键词： Sensors Three-dimensional displays Capacitive sensors Frequency division multiplexing Three-dimensional printing programmable logic arrays Standards 3-D print anemometry differential capacitive sensor

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Research on Anomaly Suppression Method of Plasma-Sheath-Covered Reentry Target

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE 2022年第6期50卷 1765-1774页

作者： Ding, Yi Bai, Bowen Niu, Gezhao Li, Xiaoping Liu, Yanming Xidian Univ Sch Aerosp Sci & Technol Key Lab Environm Phys Xian 710071 Peoples R China

As the reentry target passes through the atmosphere at hypersonic velocity, its surface is covered with a plasma sheath. The plasma sheath produces an amplitude-phase modulation effect on the radar echo and increases the signal component of the radar echo, which seriously affects the radar's reliable detection of reentry target and leads to a series of abnormal radar detection problems. Through the radar echo model of the plasma-sheath-covered target, the multidomain characteristics of the echo signal are analyzed, and the electromagnetic (EM) shielding effect of the plasma sheath on EM waves is revealed. Based on the intrapulse Doppler frequency extraction technology, a design method of false target filter is proposed, which can effectively suppress false targets generated by the plasma sheath. Through the simulation analysis of single-period echo signals and multiperiod echo signals, the feasibility of the algorithm in this article is verified, and the reliability of the algorithm is verified by statistical experiment analysis, which lays a theoretical foundation for reliable radar detection of plasma-sheath-covered target.

关键词： Plasma sheaths Radar Doppler effect Radar cross-sections Radar detection programmable logic arrays Plasmas Electromagnetic (EM) shielding false target suppression filter intrapulse Doppler frequency plasma sheath radar echo

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Channel-Prediction-Based One-Class Mobile IoT Device Authentication

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IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL 2022年第10期9卷 7731-7745页

作者： Wang, Hui-Ming Fu, Qing-Yi Xi An Jiao Tong Univ Sch Informat & Commun Engn Xian 710049 Shaanxi Peoples R China Xi An Jiao Tong Univ Minist Educ Key Lab Intelligent Networks & Network Secur Xian 710049 Shaanxi Peoples R China

Physical layer authentication (PLA) is a promising complement for the cryptographic-based authentication scheme, especially for Internet of Things (IoT) scenarios with massive devices. Traditional PLA schemes exploiting channel state information (CSI) face significant challenges in mobile communication scenarios due to the unknown variation of wireless channels. To address this challenge, we propose a PLA scheme based on Gaussian process (GP) channel prediction, where the variation of channel characteristics is tracked and predicted. Specifically, historical CSI attributes together with the transmitter's geographical information are exploited to establish a mapping to predict the next legitimate CSI for authentication. Furthermore, to overcome the impracticality of applying conventional PLA framework for authentication, where an unrealistic assumption that either the prior knowledge of the adversary's statistical channel model or even the real observations of its CSI data is required, we propose the so-called one-class authentication (OCA) scheme, which does not require any attacker's channel information. We exploit the quasideterministic radio channel generator (QuaDRiGa) simulation platform as the generator of CSI for experimental verifications. Simulation tests are performed to demonstrate that our method improves authentication performance significantly in time-varying scenarios.

关键词： Authentication programmable logic arrays Trajectory Wireless communication Testing Channel models Radio frequency Gaussian process (GP) machine learning (ML) one-class classification physical layer authentication (PLA) time varying

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An Embedded NAND Flash-Based Compute-In-Memory Array Demonstrated in a Standard logic Process

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IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS 2022年第2期57卷 625-638页

作者： Kim, Minsu Liu, Muqing Everson, Luke R. Kim, Chris H. Univ Minnesota Dept Elect & Comp Engn Minneapolis MN 55455 USA SK Hynix Icheon 17336 South Korea Western Digital Milpitas CA 95035 USA Broadcom Inc San Jose CA 95131 USA

A neural network hardware inspired by the 3-D NAND flash array structure was experimentally demonstrated in a standard 65-nm CMOS process. logic-compatible embedded flash memory cells were used for storing multi-level synaptic weights while a bit-serial architecture enables 8 bit x 8 bit multiply-and-accumulate operation. A novel back-pattern tolerant program-verify scheme reduces the cell current variation to less than 0.6 mu A. Positive and negative weights are stored in adjacent bitlines, generating a differential output signal. Our eNAND-based neural network core achieves a 98.5% handwritten digit recognition accuracy which is within 0.5% of the software accuracy for the same weight precision. To the best of our knowledge, this work represents the first physical demonstration of an embedded NAND flash-based compute-in-memory chip in a standard logic process.

关键词： Standards Computer architecture arrays Common Information Model (computing) Nonvolatile memory programmable logic arrays Manganese 3-D NAND compute-in-memory (CIM) deep neural network (DNN) embedded flash multiply-and-accumulate (MAC)

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Adaptive Physical Layer Authentication Using Machine Learning With Antenna Diversity

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 2022年第10期70卷 6604-6614页

作者： Abdrabou, Mohammed Gulliver, T. Aaron Univ Victoria Dept Elect & Comp Engn Victoria BC V8W 2Y2 Canada

The heterogeneous characteristics of wireless mobile networks within the Internet of things (IoT) create authentication challenges due to the large number of devices with diverse requirements and capabilities. Physical layer authentication (PLA) can provide solutions for this heterogeneous environment using wireless channel attributes. In the paper, an adaptive lightweight physical layer authentication (ALPLA) scheme is proposed using machine learning (ML). Antenna diversity at the receiver is exploited to increase the number of features to achieve a high authentication rate (AR). A one-class classifier support vector machine (OCC-SVM) is used with the magnitude and real and imaginary parts of the received signal at each receive antenna as features. One-class classification is a ML technique for outlier and anomaly detection which uses only legitimate training data. The sounding reference signal (SRS) in the 5G uplink radio frame is employed to obtain the features. The proposed scheme is evaluated in an urban environment under different mobility conditions. Results are presented which show that this scheme provides a high AR with sufficient antenna diversity. Further it is superior to other approaches in the literature.

关键词： Authentication programmable logic arrays Support vector machines Physical layer Training Receiving antennas Spatial diversity Physical layer authentication one-class classification machine learning support vector machine 5G sounding reference signal antenna diversity

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Game Theoretic Physical Layer Authentication for Spoofing Detection in UAV Communications

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY 2022年第6期71卷 6750-6755页

作者： Zhou, Yi Yeoh, Phee Lep Kim, Kyeong Jin Ma, Zheng Li, Yonghui Vucetic, Branka Southwest Jiaotong Univ Key Lab Informat Coding & Transmiss Chengdu 610031 Peoples R China Univ Sydney Sch Elect & Informat Engn Sydney NSW 2006 Australia Mitsubishi Elect Res Labs Cambridge MA 02139 USA Southwest Jiaotong Univ State Key Lab Rail Transit Engn Informatizat FSDI Chengdu 610031 Peoples R China

In this paper, we propose a game theoretic framework for secure physical layer authentication (PLA) by applying the spatial correlations of received signal strength (RSS) in the air-to-ground channels between an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), a legitimate transmitter, and a spoofer. Based on our hypothesis model, we first derive the false alarm rate and miss detection rate for the UAV receiver. We then formulate a zero-sum PLA game where the UAV receiver selects its RSS detection threshold while the spoofer selects its attack probability to maximize their respective utilities. We derive the Nash equilibrium (NE) and its existence condition for the proposed PLA game. Monte Carlo simulation results accurately verify our analytical expressions for the false alarm rate and miss detection rate. Numerical results highlight the complex interplay between the detection threshold, spoofing attack probability and UAV altitude in the derived NE.

关键词： Receivers programmable logic arrays Games Autonomous aerial vehicles Transmitters Wireless communication Authentication Game theory physical layer authentication received signal strength UAV communications

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