This paper describes both a heuristic algorithm, Espresso-MV, and an exact algorithm, Espresso-EXACT, for minimization of multiple-valued input, binary-valued output logic functions. Minimization of these functions is...
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This paper describes both a heuristic algorithm, Espresso-MV, and an exact algorithm, Espresso-EXACT, for minimization of multiple-valued input, binary-valued output logic functions. Minimization of these functions is an important step in the optimization of programmable logic arrays (PLA's). In particular, the problems of two-level multiple-output minimization, minimization of PLA's with input decoders and solutions to the input encoding problem rely on efficient solutions to the multiple-valued minimization problem. Results are presented for a large class of PLA's taken from actual chip designs. These results show that the heuristic algorithm Espresso-MV comes very close to producing optimum solutions for most of the examples. Also, results from a chip design in progress at Berkeley show how important multiple-valued minimization can be for PLA optimization.
Cancer prevention guidelines recommend a healthy body mass index, physical activity, and nutrient intake from food rather than supplements. Sedentary individuals may restrict energy intake to prevent weight gain and i...
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Cancer prevention guidelines recommend a healthy body mass index, physical activity, and nutrient intake from food rather than supplements. Sedentary individuals may restrict energy intake to prevent weight gain and in so doing may compromise nutritional intake. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis to determine if adequacy of micronutrients is linked to physical activity levels (PALs) in healthy-weight adults. Tomorrow Project participants in Alberta, Canada (n = 5333), completed past-year diet and physical activity questionnaires. The percent meeting Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) was reported across low and high PAL groups, and the relation between PAL and percent achieved DRI was determined using multiple linear regression analyses. Overall, <50% of healthy-weight participants met DRIs for folate, calcium, and vitamin D. Percent achieved DRI increased linearly with increasing PAL in both genders (P < 0.01). A hypothetical increase in PAL from 1.4 to 1.9 was associated with a DRI that was 8%-13% higher for folate and vitamin C (men) and 5%-15% higher for calcium and iron (women). Healthy-weight adults at higher PALs appear more likely to meet DRIs for potential cancer-preventing nutrients. The benefits of higher PALs may extend beyond the usual benefits attributed to physical activity to include having a more favorable impact on nutrient adequacy.
Experimental studies of connections formed in MOS-type structures by nanosecond dye laser pulses are described. Of particular importance are results relating to the reliability and reproducibility of the connection pr...
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Experimental studies of connections formed in MOS-type structures by nanosecond dye laser pulses are described. Of particular importance are results relating to the reliability and reproducibility of the connection process. A model for the connection process is presented which correlates well with the various observations and experiments.
When a multiple-output function is realized by a PLA (programmablelogic array), there is often the option of realizing either true or complementary logic for each output. The tradeoffs in implementing PLAs with and w...
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When a multiple-output function is realized by a PLA (programmablelogic array), there is often the option of realizing either true or complementary logic for each output. The tradeoffs in implementing PLAs with and without output phase assignment are explored, and an efficient output phase assignment for PLA minimization is presented. The results of this study show that the proposed algorithm reduces the number of product terms by as much as 50% when the output phase assignment is considered.< >
A new method for preparing poly(L-lactide) (PLA) biodegradable beads impregnated with an ionic aminoglycoside, gentamycin, is described. The process employs hydrophobic ion pairing to solubilize gentamycin in a solven...
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A new method for preparing poly(L-lactide) (PLA) biodegradable beads impregnated with an ionic aminoglycoside, gentamycin, is described. The process employs hydrophobic ion pairing to solubilize gentamycin in a solvent compatible with PLA, followed by precipitation with a compressed antisolvent (supercritical carbon dioxide). The resulting precipitate is a homogeneous dispersion of the ion-paired drug in PLA microspheres. The microspheres are approximately 1 mu m in diameter and can be compressed into beads (3-6 mm in diameter) strung on surgical sutures for implantation. The bead strings exhibit no significant change in release kinetics upon sterilization with a hydrogen peroxide plasma (Ster-Rad). The kinetics of gentamycin release from the PLA beads are consistent with a matrix-controlled diffusion mechanism. While nonbiodegradable poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) beads initially release gentamycin in a similar manner, the drug release from PMMA ceases after 8 or 9 weeks, while the PLA beads continue to release drug for over 4 months. Moreover, only 10% of the gentamycin is released from tie PMMA beads, while PLA beads release more than 60% of their load, if serum is present in the release medium. The PLA system displays improved release kinetics relative to PMMA, is biodegradable, is unaltered by gas sterilization, can be used for a range of antibiotics, and can be manipulated without disintegration. These are all desirable properties for an implantable drug delivery system for the prevention or treatment of osteomyelitis.
A computer program is presented that translates logic equations into promburner files (or the reverse) for programmablelogic devices of various kinds, namely PROMs FPLAs, FPLSs and PALs. The program achieves flexibil...
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A computer program is presented that translates logic equations into promburner files (or the reverse) for programmablelogic devices of various kinds, namely PROMs FPLAs, FPLSs and PALs. The program achieves flexibility through the use of a database containing detailed information about the devices to be programmed. New devices can thus be accommodated through simple extensions of the database. When writing logic equations, the user can define logic combinations of signals as new logic variables for use in subsequent equations. This procedure yields compact and transparent expressions for logic operations, thus reducing the chances for error. A logic simulation program is also provided so that an independent check of the design can be performed at the software level.
The article describes ab activity program for nurses, clinical officers, and student facilitators wherein they are required to undergo for individual skills training under the Skillslab Curriculum on Personal Reservat...
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The article describes ab activity program for nurses, clinical officers, and student facilitators wherein they are required to undergo for individual skills training under the Skillslab Curriculum on Personal Reservation System for Individual Skills Training (PeRSIST).
Objective: To compare autologous fat transfer (AFT), injections of reabsorbable [polylactic acid (PLA)] and non-reabsorbable [polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAAG)] filler materials for the treatment of HIV-related facial li...
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Objective: To compare autologous fat transfer (AFT), injections of reabsorbable [polylactic acid (PLA)] and non-reabsorbable [polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAAG)] filler materials for the treatment of HIV-related facial lipoatrophy. Design and methods: Eligible individuals with enough residual subcutaneous fat in the abdomen or in the dorso-cervical region were offered AFT surgery. Other individuals were blindly assigned to two different surgical teams, who administered a set of PLA or PAAG injections every 4 weeks. The primary endpoint was the measurement of Bichat's fat pad region, determined by the result of dermal plus subcutaneous thickness. Secondary endpoints included body image evaluation (determined by ABCD questionnaire), facial aesthetic satisfaction (determined by Visual Analogue Scale), and aesthetic pre- and post-picture comparisons by independent reviewers. All variables were measured at baseline and at 24 weeks after the last treatment session. Results: Twenty-four individuals received AFT and 35 were selectively randomized to PLA (20) or PAAG (15) infiltrations. PLA and Ill groups received a mean of 5 and 6 injections respectively (P=NS). The mean change in dermal and subcutaneous thickness was 3.3 +/- 4.1 mm, 3.5 +/- 4.0 mm;2.1 +/- 3.0 mm (P=0.687), respectively. The mean change in ABCD score result was poorer in the AFT arm, but there were no other differences in other measured factors. Four serious adverse events were documented in the AFT arm only. Conclusions: All three interventional techniques were highly effective in improving the aesthetic satisfaction of the patients. Longer follow-up is necessary to determine the most durable and suitable treatment.
A method for automatic multipartitioning of a multiple-output logic function into the smallest number of subfunctions for mapping to fixed-size PLAs of a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) chip is described. A detai...
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A method for automatic multipartitioning of a multiple-output logic function into the smallest number of subfunctions for mapping to fixed-size PLAs of a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) chip is described. A detailed example to demonstrate the procedure is presented. It is shown that, for this example, the method produced almost optimum partitions in a fast and efficient manner.
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