The paper presents soldering tests on biodegradable printed circuit boards (PCB) focusing on different alternative base materials. The aim of the work was to investigate and optimize different low-temperature solderin...
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The paper presents soldering tests on biodegradable printed circuit boards (PCB) focusing on different alternative base materials. The aim of the work was to investigate and optimize different low-temperature soldering profiles on cellulose-acetate (CA) and polylactide (PLA) biopolymer-based PCBs with the application of special lead-free solder alloy suited for the temperatures. The investigations were focused on the minimization of the heating effect on the heat-sensitive biopolymers, where on the other hand, sufficient thermal energy is required to melt the solder alloys. The soldering profiles were created with a custom vapour phase soldering (VPS) approach where the heat transfer is controlled with an adaptive height-setting, temperature tracking sample holder. The profiles were evaluated according to their heating factor values. The soldered joints were evaluated with X-Ray microscopy and Shear Tests. The deformation of the PCB tracks was also investigated. The preliminary results reveal the priority of CA for further experiments.
At present choice of adjuvants for human vaccination reflects a compromise between a requirement for adjuvanticity and an acceptable level of side-effects. To overcome the side effects, encapsulation of antigen in the...
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At present choice of adjuvants for human vaccination reflects a compromise between a requirement for adjuvanticity and an acceptable level of side-effects. To overcome the side effects, encapsulation of antigen in the biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) may be a promising approach, which may be developed as adjuvants. Moreover, small size of these nano-formulations may help to project the antigen directly to the antigen presenting cells (APCs) for stimulating cell mediate immunity. The present study was directed towards the evaluation of PLA and PCL based nanoformulations as potential adjuvants by using tetanus toxoid as model antigen. The particles size was observed in the range from 92.9 ± 2.6 to 124.6 ± 3.7 nm having zeta potential of -12.4 ± 1.2 to -3.4 ± 1.5. The loading efficiency of different formulations ranges from 46.3 - 56.8 %. Highest loading of 56.8% and burst release (82 % in 48 days) was observed in PLA-PEG based nanoformulation. In terms of anti-tetanus antibodies (determined by ELISA) titer of > 0.5 IU/ml was observed upto 70 days in all the survived mice. Efficacy of nanoformulations was studied in mice by challenge method over different time intervals wherein tetanus loaded PLA, PLA-PEG and PCL NPs shows maximum efficacy at 28, 56 and 21 days respectively. The study shows that the biodegradable nanoparticle based formulations has no toxicity, comparable efficacy and therefore has a strong potential as vaccine adjuvant and delivery system.
Composites are made of a combination of two or more individual material, produced to increase the mechanical and physical performance of materials. Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) based composite has gained great interest du...
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Composites are made of a combination of two or more individual material, produced to increase the mechanical and physical performance of materials. Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) based composite has gained great interest due to its biocompatibility and biodegradability features. However, PLA has its limitations such as brittle behavior, narrow processing techniques, low heat distortion temperature, limited melt strength and poor thermal stability has brought into huge challenge for large-scale usage. To overcome these weaknesses modification of PLA need to be considered which include blending PLA with other polymers or fiber, usage of compatibilizers, additives, plasticizers and crosslinking agents. Modification by blending PLA with fiber is most favorable due to its variety of advantages. However, to obtain optimum compatibility between both PLA and fiber, some modification plus treatment need to be conducted. Thus, this article reviews the modification of PLA to produce high performance composite.
A brief review on the problems and methods of graph theory that are widely used in logical design is given. The problems of logical design are discussed whose solution requires application of methods of graph theory. ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781479909230
A brief review on the problems and methods of graph theory that are widely used in logical design is given. The problems of logical design are discussed whose solution requires application of methods of graph theory. Among the problems under discussion are decomposition of Boolean functions, decomposition of an automaton, synthesis of VLSI structures.
This paper presents an efficient and environment friendly fabrication technology of MEMS devices using biodegradable polymer material applying hot embossing and polishing process. The robustness and capability of the ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781467359825
This paper presents an efficient and environment friendly fabrication technology of MEMS devices using biodegradable polymer material applying hot embossing and polishing process. The robustness and capability of the method are demonstrated through the fabrication of sophisticated polylactic acid (PLA) movable microstructures. In this research, a monolithic PLA thermal microactuator has been developed as low environmental load device. All PLA thermal microactuator has been fabricated and tested successfully. The displacement was about 11 times larger than that of a Si counterpart.
Senior citizens are in the focus of current research in Europe. This paper investigates the usability aspects of synthetic voices intended for elderly people in Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) systems. The first topic o...
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Senior citizens are in the focus of current research in Europe. This paper investigates the usability aspects of synthetic voices intended for elderly people in Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) systems. The first topic of the study is the selection of an appropriate age of Personal Life Assistant's (PLA) voice intended for active seniors. The second topic is whether the user's own voice is feasible in personal messages. Third, the use of rather short speech corpora from elderly people for HMM speaker adaptation is studied. The question is whether adapted voice is categorized to the same age group by listeners as the original. Corpus based unit-selection TTS and adapted HMM-TTS voices were created from elderly speech samples and these are compared to other middle-aged and elderly voices. In listening tests the synthesized sentences were evaluated and compared to natural speech samples by elderly test subjects. The authors found that the TTS voices of more pleasant (younger) speakers are preferred, HMM-TTS adapted voices of elderly speakers retained age identification features of the original recordings and are suitable for personal messages.
Two methods are proposed for single channel blind separation problem of communication signal and LFM interference based on genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimized particle filtering. Proposed algorithms aim to ...
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Two methods are proposed for single channel blind separation problem of communication signal and LFM interference based on genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimized particle filtering. Proposed algorithms aim to obtain the maximum a posterior (MAP) estimate of communication code and the unknown parameters using particle filtering by establishing the state space model for the interfered signal, Specially, in order to overcome the sample impoverishment problem, genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimized is introduced to the re-sampling process in particle filtering. In such a way, the number of needed particles is reduced and the variety of particles is retained during the sequential estimation process, moreover, the proposed algorithm has superior performance under time-varying amplitude LFM interference. Simulation results show that particle swarm optimized resample method is effective to separate communication signal and interference when the ISR is less than 15dB and SNR is more than 14dB.
This paper briefly reviews the recent progress of characteristic modes (CMs) for radiation problems made in the Temasek Laboratories at National University of Singapore (TL@NUS).Unique features of the CMs offer great ...
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This paper briefly reviews the recent progress of characteristic modes (CMs) for radiation problems made in the Temasek Laboratories at National University of Singapore (TL@NUS).Unique features of the CMs offer great flexibility for the design of high performance *** on our newly developed in-house software tools for modeling CMs for 3D EM structures and N-port networks, the applications we considered include reactively controlled antenna arrays, circularly polarized antennas, platform integrated antennas, and resonant frequency characterization of microstrip *** use of CMs can be great help in many antenna designs through proper feeding designs for an existing radiating *** proposed design concept will provide an alternative to change the conventional process of antenna designs, and is also what the CM theory can really benefit the antenna community.
This study proposes a novel personal mobility vehicle for supporting and assisting people with disabled lower limbs. The developed mobile platform is capable of assisting voluntary postural transition between standing...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781467363563
This study proposes a novel personal mobility vehicle for supporting and assisting people with disabled lower limbs. The developed mobile platform is capable of assisting voluntary postural transition between standing and sitting, called the Passively Assistive Limb (PAL) mechanism, in addition to high mobility with upright posture. The device consists of gas-spring-powered passive exoskeleton for postural support and two in-wheel motors for mobility support. The developed robot system allows a user to sit down on chairs and beds, and stand up through easy operations. In addition, a user can move the system in the standing posture without using their hands. In this paper, the development and assessments of the standing mobility vehicle are described.
Aiming at the outlier influencing the data processing and analyzing in the observation sequence of measurement and control fields, the precision of data processing will be decline or radiation by using the standard Ka...
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Aiming at the outlier influencing the data processing and analyzing in the observation sequence of measurement and control fields, the precision of data processing will be decline or radiation by using the standard Kalman filter. So a method on Kalman Filter Outlier Detection Methods Based on M -estimation was proposed. Firstly, the prediction data of next time was estimated by using the adaptive recursive M-estimation; and the real measured data and the estimation data; then the remaining error was into the Kalman equation. Thirdly, whether the outlier was existed was judged by using the measured data. The results and simulation shows that the methods was robustness, and had the immunity to not only the single outlier but also a series of outliers no more than 15; and the threshold δ was not initialized; the precision of outlier detection could be enhanced.
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