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IEEE 7th International Conference on Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems (ICPS)

作者： Hansen, Esper Puggaard de Oliveira Hansson, Svend Koenig, Matthias Univ Southern Denmark Dept Technol & Innovat Sonderborg Denmark

ISBN: (纸本)9798350363029;9798350363012

programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are essential in process automation and production technology. Hence, educating students about PLCs and their usage is crucial to prepare skilled workers in relevant engineering fields. This paper proposes a multidisciplinary teaching approach combining technical and business perspectives in using PLCs. Besides such 'hard skills,' we encourage the students to become creative and learn to collaborate. We describe how our course is structured and how company visits are integrated. A student evaluation of our course is given and discussed. In general, the evaluation supports our approach.

关键词： programmable logic controller education business

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Automation of Weight-Based Sorting System Using programmable logic controllers

Automation of Weight-Based Sorting System Using Programmable...

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18th Control Instrumentation System Conference (CISCON)

作者： Saibabu, P. Chenchu Anjana, R. Kumari, Manisha Srinivasan, C. R. Manipal Acad Higher Educ Manipal Inst Technol Dept Instrumentat & Control Engn Manipal Karnataka India

ISBN: (纸本)9789811969157;9789811969133;9789811969126

Material sorting is an integral part of modern-day industries. In these industries, the production are made in batches ranging from several dozen to several thousand units, and thus, the raw material or any material used is also in abundance for example in case of coal industry, scrap industry, or in any industry that it's quantity based or weight based factor that effects the production can be implemented. Using manual labour for sorting of material is expensive, time consuming and inefficient. This problem can be solved by automating the material sorting. In this paper, we have discussed how we have developed a system that effectively sorts the material according to weight using PLC as the controller. Sensor that is used for implementing the idea is a load cell which was kept under the specially designed conveyor to measure the weight of the object and then that in turn gives the analogous signal which is amplified and given to the PLC unit which gives signals to the respective solenoid valve and conveyor for sorting process.

关键词： Sorting system ANSYS programmable logic controller S7-1200

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FIRMWARE COUNTERFEITING AND MODIFICATION ATTACKS ON programmable logic controllerS

FIRMWARE COUNTERFEITING AND MODIFICATION ATTACKS ON PROGRAMM...

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作者： Zachry H. Basnight Air Force Institute of Technology

学位级别：硕士

Recent attacks on industrial control systems (ICSs), like the highly publicized Stuxnet malware, have perpetuated a race to the bottom where lower level attacks have a tactical advantage. programmable logic controller (PLC) firmware, which provides a software- driven interface between system inputs and physically manifested outputs, is readily open to modification at the user level. Current e orts to protect against firmware attacks are hindered by a lack of prerequisite research regarding details of attack development and implementation. In order to obtain a more complete understanding of the threats posed by PLC firmware counterfeiting and the feasibility of such attacks, this research explores the vulnerability of common controllers to intentional firmware modifications. After presenting a general analysis process that takes advantage of various techniques and methodologies applied to similar scenarios, this work derives the firmware update validation method used for the Allen-Bradley ControlLogix PLC. A proof of concept demonstrates how to alter a legitimate firmware update and successfully upload it to a ControlLogix L61. Possible mitigation strategies discussed include digitally signed and encrypted firmware as well as preemptive and post-mortem analysis methods to provide protection. Results of this e ort facilitate future research in PLC firmware security through direct example of firmware counterfeiting.

关键词： industrial control system programmable logic controller firmware reverse engineering

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NIPAD： a non-invasive power-based anomaly detection scheme for programmable logic controllers

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Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2017年第4期18卷 519-534页

作者： Yu-jun XIAO Wen-yuan XU Zhen-hua JIA Zhuo-ran MA Dong-lian QI School of Electrical Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China Wireless Information Network Laboratory Rutgers University North Brunswick NJ 08902 USA

Industrial control systems （ICSs） are widely used in critical infrastructures, making them popular targets for attacks to cause catastrophic physical damage. As one of the most critical components in ICSs, the programmable logic controller （PLC） controls the actuators directly. A PLC executing a malicious program can cause significant property loss or even casualties. The number of attacks targeted at PLCs has increased noticeably over the last few years, exposing the vulnerability of the PLC and the importance of PLC protection. Unfortunately, PLCs cannot be protected by traditional intrusion detection systems or antivirus software. Thus, an effective method for PLC protection is yet to be designed. Motivated by these concerns, we propose a non-invasive power- based anomaly detection scheme for PLCs. The basic idea is to detect malicious software execution in a PLC through analyzing its power consumption, which is measured by inserting a shunt resistor in series with the CPU in a PLC while it is executing instructions. To analyze the power measurements, we extract a discriminative feature set from the power trace, and then train a long short-term memory （LSTM） neural network with the features of normal samples to predict the next time step of a normal sample. Finally, an abnormal sample is identified through comparing the predicted sample and the actual sample. The advantages of our method are that it requires no software modification on the original system and is able to detect unknown attacks effectively. The method is evaluated on a lab testbed, and for a trojan attack whose difference from the normal program is around 0.63%, the detection accuracy reaches 99.83%.

关键词： Industrial control system programmable logic controller Side-channel Anomaly detection Long short-term memory neural networks

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Simulation tool based structural text generation for programmable logic controllers

Simulation tool based structural text generation for program...

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作者： Patomäki, Kaarle Aalto University

学位级别：硕士

Model-based design is a relatively new technique of developing software for embedded systems. It aims to reduce the cost of the software development process by generating the code from a simulation model. The code is generated automatically using a tool that is developed for this purpose. This way the errors in the system can be found and eliminated early in the development process compared to traditional software development project for embedded systems. As mentioned, the tools are at the time of this study still relatively new, and especially when considering code that has to comply with functional safety standards, the code has to fulfill certain requirements and it has to be clear enough so that it can be traced back to each function of the model. This study aims to determine how well these methods can be used with software development for embedded systems in mind. More precisely, this thesis focuses on MathWorks’ Simulink as the modelling software, and CODESYS as the coding language of the programmable logic controller and ultimately the compatibility of these with each other. The workflow of a model-based design software generation process is determined and presented as the result of this study. That process includes building, testing and verifying the model, preparing it for code generation, configuring and using the code generation tool and finally verifying the generated code. An example model of a battery cell balancing system for the code generation process is built, and thus that area is also studied. In the end of this study, some different possible uses of this technique are briefly discussed as well as further possible areas of study regarding this topic.

关键词： model-based design functional safety programmable logic controller IEC 61131 Simulink PLC coder CODESYS

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Productivity enhancement using low-cost smart wireless programmable logic controllers: A case study of an oyster mushroom farm

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COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE 2022年 195卷 106798-106798页

作者： Thong-un, Natee Wongsaroj, Wongsakorn King Mongkuts Univ Technol North Bangkok Dept Instrumentat & Elect Engn 1518Pracharat 1 Rd Bangkok 10800 Thailand

This research work proposes the installation of a smart oyster mushroom farm combining sensory devices, a programmable logic controller (PLC), and wireless module. The smart wireless PLC encourages high-quality mushroom yield. The system is capable of wirelessly monitoring, controlling, and propagating information to a database. The smart wireless PLC adjusts the mushroom watering according to the temperature and humidity measurements and controls the ventilation by employing a cooling fan with fuzzy logic. The system uses mesh networks on the message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol to display real-time values and control mushroom cultures. Monitoring is executed via a web application on the PC, smartphone, and the HMI of the PLC. Measurement values are recorded on the database instantaneously for productivity prediction and cultivation planning. The mushroom cultivation controlled by the proposed system offers a higher yield than that of farm crops produced in the traditional way. Furthermore, the mushroom quality obtained is also better. In summary, the effectiveness of the smart wireless PLC enhances the quality and productivity of oyster mushroom cultivation.

关键词： Fuzzy logic Internet of things Oyster mushroom Message queuing telemetry transport programmable logic controller Smart farm

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Graphical simulator for programmable logic controllers based on Petri nets

MICROPROCESSING AND MICROPROGRAMMING

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MICROPROCESSING AND MICROPROGRAMMING 1996年第10期41卷 737-756页

作者： Barker, HA Grant, PW Song, J UNIV COLL SWANSEA DEPT ELECT & ELECTR ENGNSWANSEA SA2 8PPW GLAMWALES UNIV COLL SWANSEA DEPT COMP SCISWANSEA SA2 8PPW GLAMWALES

In this paper an extended Petri net, the programmable logic controller net (PLCNet) is defined. A rule-based PLCNet simulator has been designed based on the semantics of PLCNets, with facilities provided to set up and control simulation. Both step and time responses are provided for the presentation of simulation results. A graphical environment is provided for the construction of the PLCNet, simulation and the presentation of simulation results.

关键词： programmable logic controller discrete event dynamic system simulation rule-based systems Petri nets

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A graphical simulator for programmable logic controllers based on Petri nets

Microprocessing and Microprogramming

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Microprocessing and Microprogramming 1996年第10期41卷 737-756页

作者： H.A. Barker P.W. Grant J. Song Departments of Electrical and Electronic Engineering and of Computer Science University of Wales Swansea Singleton Park Swansea SA2 8PP UK

关键词： programmable logic controller Discrete event dynamic system Simulation Rule-based systems Petri nets

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Response Time Driven Scheduling for Real-Time programmable logic controllers with Network-Based I/O Systems

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IFAC Proceedings Volumes 1998年第4期31卷 29-34页

作者： Seungkweon Jeong Naehyuck Chang Wook Hyun Kwon School of Electńcal Engr. Seoul National University Seoul 151-742 Korea Dept. of Computer Engr. Seoul National University Seoul 151-742 Korea

To reduce the response time determinately, this paper proposes a scheduling method for a programmable logic controller(PLC) with network-based I/O systems, assuming the multi-tasking facilities. A generalized architectural and behavioral model is developed to yield precise timing specifications, by which the proposed method schedules program execution and data transmission. A synchronization scheme, which enables the generated schedule to be realized on different processing elements with minimal hardware resources of PLC, is also suggested.

关键词： programmable logic controller network-based I/O response time scheduling algorithm

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Advancing Food Systems with Industry 5.0: A Systematic Review of Smart Technologies, Sustainability, and Resource Optimization

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Sustainable Futures 2025年

作者： Kumari Amita Singh Falguni Patra Tabli Ghosh Nikhil Kumar Mahnot Himjyoti Dutta Raj Kumar Duary Department of Dairy Science & Food Technology Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University (BHU) Varanasi U.P. 221005 India Mansinhbhai Institute of Dairy & Food Technology Dudhsagar Dairy Campus Mehsana Gujarat 384002 India Department of Food Engineering and Technology Tezpur University Tezpur Assam-784028 India Department of Food Technology Rajiv Gandhi University Rono Hills Doimukh Arunachal Pradesh 791112 India Department of Food Technology Mizoram University Mizoram India

The advent of Industry 5.0 represents a transformative shift towards integrating advanced computational technologies—such as AI, IoT, robotics, and big data—with human-centric collaboration to achieve sustainable food production systems. This systematic review examines the link between Industry 5.0 and sustainability, focusing on computational innovations, resource management, and eco-friendly practices within food industries. The study addresses the pressing challenge of balancing industrial growth with environmental stewardship and identifies the untapped potential of Industry 5.0 to enhance food safety, reduce waste, and enable personalized food solutions. Using a qualitative methodology, the review synthesizes findings from scholarly articles, industry reports, and case studies to analyze applications of smart sensors, blockchain, and robotics in optimizing supply chains, precision farming, and vertical agriculture. Results indicate that Industry 5.0 facilitates real-time monitoring, predictive analytics, and adaptive production, improving resource efficiency and minimizing environmental impacts. Smart packaging, digital twins, and AR are highlighted as emerging tools for enhancing traceability, quality control, and consumer engagement. However, high implementation costs, data management challenges, and the need for policy frameworks emerge as critical barriers. The discussion emphasizes how these challenges can be mitigated through multidisciplinary research, cross-sector collaboration, and government incentives. Overall, Industry 5.0 offers a pathway to sustainable, efficient, and personalized food systems by leveraging cutting-edge technologies while fostering human-machine collaboration. Future research should focus on scalable applications, cost-effective solutions, and regulatory alignment to accelerate Industry 5.0 adoption in food sectors. This study underscores the urgency of advancing computational technologies to shape resilient and sustainable food p

关键词： Industry 5.0 Internet of Things Blockchain Digital Twin Cobots Food Industries IoT Internet of Things 1IR First Industrial Revolution 2IR Second Industrial Revolution IT Information Technology 3IR Third Industrial Revolution 4IR Fourth Industrial Revolution AI Artificial Intelligence 3D Three Dimensional ML Machine Learning IoE Internet of Everything EC Edge Computing COBOTS Collaborative robots 4G Fourth Generation 5G Fifth Generation 6G Sixth Generation XR Extended Reality AR Augmented Reality RAS Robotics and Autonomous System THz Terahertz UAVs Unmanned Aerial Vehicles HACCP Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point CNNs Convolutional Neural Networks ANN Artificial Neural Networks CPSs Cyber Physical, Systems CPPS Cyber Physical Production System GMP Good Manufacturing Practices GHP Good Hygienic Practices MAP Modified Atmospheric Packaging NFC Near Field Communication NLP Natural Language Processing ANN Artificial Neural Network TDS Total Dissolved Solids EC Electrical conductivity PLC programmable logic controller SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

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