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System-level optimization of Network-on-Chips for heterogeneous 3D System-on-Chips

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arXiv 2019年

作者： Joseph, Jan Moritz Ermel, Dominik Bamberg, Lennart García-Oritz, Alberto Pionteck, Thilo Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg Institut für Informations- und Kommunikationstechnik Germany University of Bremen Institute of Electrodynamics and Microelectronics Germany

For a system-level design of Networks-on-Chip for 3D heterogeneous System-on-Chip (SoC), the locations of components, routers and vertical links are determined from an application model and technology parameters. In conventional methods, the two inputs are accounted for separately;here, we define an integrated problem that considers both application model and technology parameters. We show that this problem does not allow for exact solution in reasonable time, as common for many design problems. Therefore, we contribute a heuristic by proposing design steps, which are based on separation of intralayer and interlayer communication. The advantage is that this new problem can be solved with well-known methods. We use 3D Vision SoC case studies to quantify the advantages and the practical usability of the proposed optimization approach. We achieve up to 18.8% reduced white space and up to 12.4% better network performance in comparison to conventional approaches. Copyright © 2019, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： programmable logic controllers

Impulsive noise detection in PLC with smoothed L0-norm

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Impulsive noise detection in PLC with smoothed L0-norm

IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing

作者： F. H. Juwono Q. Guo D. Huang K. P. Wong L. Xu Sch. of Electr. Electron. & Comput. Eng. Univ. of Western Australia Perth WA Australia

ISBN: (纸本)9781467369985

Power-line communications (PLC) commonly employs orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) as the modulation technique, and impulsive noise has a significant negative impact on its performance. Using the property of null subcarriers in OFDM and the fact that impulsive noise is sparse, we formulate a minimization problem to detect and estimate the impulsive noise. In previous works, l_1-norm minimization was employed to achieve this task. In this paper, we propose to use a smoothed l_0-norm minimization algorithm for impulsive noise detection instead. Simulation results show that this approach is promising as it achieves comparable performance as l_1-norm minimization but with much lower complexity.

关键词： l1-norm OFDM PLC impulsive noise smoothed l0-norm Impulse noise programmable logic controllers Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing noise monitoring

Delays to be decided?

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New Electronics 2004年第5期37卷 7-7页

作者： Ling, Philip

The developments made by Altera on the MAX complex programmable logic devices (cpld) are discussed. By doing away with deterministic routing and relying on low latency logic, MAX II fulfils the role of a cpld while, though it is more like an fpga. The high die size in the device is kept under control at higher densities, which is aided by being optimized for I/O instead of gate count. With the introduction of the MAX II, the company hopes to quadruple the size of the market, taking it to $2 billion a year.

关键词： programmable logic controllers

FieldFuzz: In Situ Blackbox Fuzzing of Proprietary Industrial Automation Runtimes via the Network

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Bytes, Andrei Rajput, Prashant Hari Narayan Doumanidis, Constantine Tippenhauer, Nils Ole Maniatakos, Michail Zhou, Jianying Singapore University of Technology and Design Singapore Tandon School of Engineering BrooklynNY United States New York University Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates CISPA Helmholtz Center for Information Security Saarbrücken Germany

Networked programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are proprietary industrial devices utilized in critical infrastructure that execute control logic applications in complex proprietary runtime environments that provide standardized access to the hardware resources in the PLC. These control applications are programmed in domain-specific IEC 61131-3 languages, compiled into a proprietary binary format, and process data provided via industrial protocols. Control applications present an attack surface threatened by manipulated traffic. For example, remote code injection in a control application would directly allow to take over the PLC, threatening physical process damage and the safety of human operators. However, assessing the security of control applications is challenging due to domain-specific challenges and the limited availability of suitable methods. Network-based fuzzing is often the only way to test such devices but is inefficient without guidance from execution tracing. This work presents the FieldFuzz framework that analyzes the security risks posed by the Codesys runtime (used by over 400 devices from 80 industrial PLC vendors). FieldFuzz leverages efficient network-based fuzzing based on three main contributions: i) reverse-engineering enabled remote control of control applications and runtime components, ii) automated command discovery and status code extraction via network traffic and iii) a monitoring setup to allow on-system tracing and coverage computation. We use FieldFuzz to run fuzzing campaigns, which uncover multiple vulnerabilities, leading to three reported CVE IDs. To study the cross-platform applicability of FieldFuzz, we reproduce the findings on a diverse set of Industrial Control System (ICS) devices, showing a significant improvement over the state-of-the-art. © 2022, CC BY-NC-SA.

关键词： programmable logic controllers

An Identification Method for PLC-based Automated Discrete Event Systems

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An Identification Method for PLC-based Automated Discrete Ev...

2010 49th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control

作者： Ana Paula Estrada-Vargas Ernesto Lopez-Mellado Jean-Jacques Lesage Institutes CINVESTAV Unidad Guadalajara. Av. Cientifica 1145 Col. El Bajio 45015 Zapopan Mexico LURPA Ecole Normale Superieure de Cachan. 61 av du President Wilson 94235 Cachan Cedex France

ISBN: (纸本)9781424477456

This paper deals with identification of automated Discrete Event Systems (DES). A method for processing sequences of input/output signals from PLC-based controlled DES is proposed;it yields an interpreted Petri net model describing the closed-loop behavior of the automated DES. This new method extends a previously presented approach by taking into account the technological characteristics of industrial controllers and the data collection requirements. Based on polynomial-time algorithms, the method is implemented as an efficient software tool;its use is illustrated through a case study dealing with an automated manufacturing system.

关键词： Automated DES Identification Interpreted Petri Nets programmable logic controllers

MICOSE4aPS: Industrially Applicable Maturity Metric to Improve Systematic Reuse of Control Software

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Vogel-Heuser, Birgit Neumann, Eva-Maria Fischer, Juliane Institute of Automation and Information Systems Technical University of Munich Germany

automated Production Systems (aPS) are highly complex, mechatronic systems that usually have to operate reliably for many decades. Standardization and reuse of control software modules is a core prerequisite to achieve the required system quality in increasingly shorter development cycles. However, industrial case studies in aPS show that many aPS companies still struggle with strategically reusing software. This paper proposes a metric-based approach to objectively measure the maturity of industrial IEC 61131-based control software in aPS (MICOSE4aPS) to identify potential weaknesses and quality issues hampering systematic reuse. Module developers in the machine and plant manufacturing industry can directly benefit as the metric calculation is integrated into the software engineering workflow. An in-depth industrial evaluation in a top-ranked machine manufacturing company in food packaging and an expert evaluation with different companies confirmed the benefit of efficiently managing the quality of control software. © 2022, CC BY-NC-ND.

关键词： programmable logic controllers

The boom in PLCs beats the gloom in UK plc

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Engineering Technology

Engineering Technology 2003年第9期6卷 18-19页

作者： Provis, Gary Siemens Automation and Drives

The boom in the market for programmable logic controllers (PLC) in the UK's manufacturing economy is discussed. The CBI's monthly industrial trends survey in March 2003 showed a further decline in output expectations, and this followed a period of weak demand. The sales of PLC is a reasonable indicator of the level of investment in manufacturing, with at least one of these devices finding its way into almost anything that requires automated control. The figures of Siemens Automation & Drives for the number of units shipped and, considering the supposedly downbeat nature of UK industry, the bottom line is quite staggering.

关键词： programmable logic controllers

On CDCL-based proof systems with the ordered decision strategy

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arXiv 2019年

作者： Mull, Nathan Pang, Shuo Razborov, Alexander University of Chicago Department of Computer Science University of Chicago Department of Mathematics University of Chicago United States Steklov Mathematical Institute Moscow Russia

We prove that conflict-driven clause learning SAT-solvers with the ordered decision strategy and the DECISION learning scheme are equivalent to ordered resolution. We also prove that, by replacing this learning scheme with its opposite that stops after the first new clause when backtracking, it becomes equivalent to general resolution. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first theoretical study of the interplay between specific decision strategies and clause learning. For both results, we allow nondeterminism in the solver's ability to perform unit propagation, conflict analysis, and restarts, in a way that is similar to previous works in the literature. To aid the presentation of our results, and possibly future research, we define a model and language for discussing CDCL-based proof systems that allows for succinct and precise theorem statements. Copyright © 2019, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： programmable logic controllers

Der Weg zur verteilten Anwendung

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CIT Plus 2023年第6期26卷 46-48页

作者： Gaus, Peer Michael Phoenix Contact Electronics Germany

Like in other industry sectors, in the process industry tasks are performed in a fully or partially automated manner. In the market there are many programmable logic controllers (SPS), sensors and components of different manufacturers, which are used in production plants. With the O-PAS Standard, a non-proprietary reference architecture is available, which enables the design of scalable, interoperable and safe process automation systems.

关键词： programmable logic controllers