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Research Square 2020年

作者： da Silva Marques, Vinicius Abrão Rodrigues, Felipe Nascimento Cerqueira de Tavares, José Jean-Paul Z.S. The Department of Mechanical Engineering Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro Brazil The Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Federal University of Uberlândia Brazil

Electro-pneumatic circuits returned to be an important topic of research after the need of ventilator due COVID-19. Not only for this type of device but to assist economy restarting, the electro-pneumatic/hydraulic systems will be one of the industrial automation cornerstones after COVID pandemic. programmable logic controllers (PLC) are one of the main components of these circuits and the standard of industrial automation;however, its application is highly dependent on programmers skills. Usually, electro-pneumatic/hydraulic solutions rely on sequential circuits. Different methods are found in the literature to design that systems, but they involve complex analyzes and intuitive strategies in cases that the actuators extend and retract more than once within the cycle of movements, and within simultaneous movements. As consequence, the resulting circuits mostly require a large number of valves and electronic components in order to be implemented. The objective of this work is to describe a novel method that can be applied in the design and implementation of optimized circuits using PLC's, eliminating intuitive solutions. Examples are presented to illustrate the theoretical procedures and experimental tests performed to validate the method. The results prove the generality of this work, the simplicity of its implementation, and introduce a bridge between design and implementation of electro-pneumatics and electro/hydraulics circuits with PLC's. © 2020, CC BY.

关键词： programmable logic controllers

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Multi-armed Bandit Algorithms on System-on-Chip: Go Frequentist or Bayesian?

arXiv

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Santosh, S.V. Sai Darak, Sumit J. Electronics and Communications Department IIIT-Delhi 110020 India

Multi-armed Bandit (MAB) algorithms identify the best arm among multiple arms via exploration-exploitation tradeoff without prior knowledge of arm statistics. Their usefulness in wireless radio, IoT, and robotics demand deployment on edge devices, and hence, a mapping on system-on-chip (SoC) is desired. Theoretically, the Bayesian approach-based Thompson Sampling (TS) algorithm offers better performance than the frequentist approach-based Upper Confidence Bound (UCB) algorithm. However, TS is not synthesizable due to Beta function. We address this problem by approximating it via a pseudo-random number generator-based approach and efficiently realize the TS algorithm on Zynq SoC. In practice, the type of arms distribution (e.g., Bernoulli, Gaussian, etc.) is unknown and hence, a single algorithm may not be optimal. We propose a reconfigurable and intelligent MAB (RI-MAB) framework. Here, intelligence enables the identification of appropriate MAB algorithms for a given environment, and reconfigurability allows on-the-fly switching between algorithms on the SoC. This eliminates the need for parallel implementation of algorithms resulting in huge savings in resources and power consumption. We analyze the functional correctness, area, power, and execution time of the proposed and existing architectures for various arm distributions, word-length, and hardware-software co-design approaches. We demonstrate the superiority of the RI-MAB over TS and UCB only architectures. © 2021, CC BY.

关键词： programmable logic controllers

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Exploiting Vulnerabilities of ADC Registers in IoT and Control Systems

TechRxiv

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TechRxiv 2022年

作者： Chekole, Eyasu Getahun Thulasiraman, Rajaram Zhou, Jianying Singapore University of Technology and Design 487372 Singapore

An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is a critical part of most computing systems that converts analog signals into quantifiable digital values. Since most digital devices operate only on digital values, the ADC acts as an interface between the digital and analog worlds. As such, ADCs are commonly used in a wide-range of applications, including internet of things (IoT), industrial control systems (ICS), cyber-physical systems (CPS), audio/video devices, medical imaging, digital oscilloscopes, and cell phones, among others. For example, programmable logic controllers (PLCs) in ICS/CPS often make control decisions based on digital values converted from analog signals by ADCs. Due to its crucial role in various applications, ADCs are often targeted by a wide-range of physical and cyber attacks. Attackers often exploit vulnerabilities that could be found in the software/hardware of ADCs. In this work, we first conduct a deeper study in the ADC conversion logic to investigate relevant vulnerabilities that were not well explored by prior works. As a result, we manage to identify exploitable vulnerabilities on certain ADC registers that are involved in the analog-to-digital conversion logic. As a proof of concept, we construct and develop three attack techniques by exploiting the vulnerabilities identified. Finally, we test the attacks on a mini-CPS testbed we designed using IoT devices, analog sensors and actuators. Our experimental results reveal high effectiveness of the proposed attack techniques in misleading PLCs to make incorrect control decisions in CPS. We also analyze the impact of such attacks when launched in real-word CPS testbeds. © 2022, CC BY.

关键词： programmable logic controllers

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Supervisory Control of Discrete Event Systems in Manufacturing Industry

Supervisory Control of Discrete Event Systems in Manufacturi...

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IEEE International Conference of Intelligent Robotic and Control Engineering (IRCE)

作者： Nicolae Luca Iacobici Francisc Demeter Flaviu Mihai Frigura-Iliasa Lia Dolga Hannelore Filipescu Mirela Iorga Power Systems Department POLITEHNICA University of Timisoara Timisoara Romania Mechatronics Department POLITEHNICA University of Timisoara Timisoara Romania LERF Laboratory National Institute for R &D in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter Timisoara Romania Management Department National Institute for R &D in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter Timisoara Romania

ISBN: (数字)9781728141923

ISBN: (纸本)9781728141930

Nowadays, Supervisory Control Theory (SCT) is a very used technique dedicated to produce a controller for Discrete Event Systems (DES), like intelligent manufacturing systems, robot systems, transport systems, IT& C etc. The resulted DES controller is also considered as supervisor. Generally, SCT involves formal languages and control concepts for performing supervisor activities. When involving SCT elements, a plant can be modeled by using control structures. This command structure is an event sequence generator. Any uncontrolled behavior of that plant is defined by these generated sequences. The desired controlled behavior of that system is defined by specifications. When applying SCT, a supervisor can easily be synthesized for avoiding plant entering on undesired states. After the synthesizing process, the computed supervisor can be implemented in order to perform all control tasks. The programmable logic controllers (PLC) are, today, mostly used to realize control tasks in contemporary industry due to some clear assets. It is also obvious that, the supervisor is commonly implemented not only by means of PLCs or dedicated industrial embedded systems. The most popular computing language for programming PLCs is Ladder logic Diagrams (LLD). The supervisors in automatic form can be easily compiled to an LLD compliant code. In this, report fundamental information about SCT is presented. A small manufacturing system consisting of two machines and a buffer is described as an example. All integration procedures applied for supervisor techniques are also provided.

关键词： supervisory manufacturing system control discrete event systems discrete event systems Supervisors Manufacturing industry programmable logic controllers control task SCT gene single channel transponder oversight order structure Standing Orders intelligent manufacturing systems Supervisory control Formal languages

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Modeling and Performance Analysis of a PLC System in Presence of Impulsive Noise

Modeling and Performance Analysis of a PLC System in Presenc...

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IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting

作者： Ankit Dubey Dushyant Sharma Ranjan K. Mallik Sukumar Mishra Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering National Institute of Technology - Goa Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology - Delhi

ISBN: (纸本)9781467380416

In this paper, a power system having different loads which are switched at different instants is considered. We consider scenarios when the loads in a power system change at very fast rate. This switching causes impulsive noise in the associated power line communication (PLC) channel which limits the average bit error rate (BER) performance. The paper aims to analyze the performance of a PLC system for varying load switching rates. The PLC system under consideration employs direct sequence spread spectrum coding with amplitude shift-keying (ASK) modulation. An approximate closed form expression for the average BER is derived. A composite and a physical layer system model is developed. The physical layer model analysis shows that the average BER performance improves with increasing transmitted power and decreasing distance between the transmitter and the receiver. Similarly, the composite model analysis shows that the performance improves with decreasing load switching rates.

关键词： Amplitude shift-keying (ASK) Bernoulli-Gaussian impulsive noise Bit error rate (BER) Log-normal fading Power line communication (PLC) Impulse noise bit error rate performance programmable logic controllers variable amplitude loading Pattern analysis power systems direct sequence spread spectrum transmitter receivers Modeling ABER LOAD Physical layer log normal distribution

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Optimizing the Rollout for Powerline Communication Infrastructure in Low Voltage Distribution Grids

Optimizing the Rollout for Powerline Communication Infrastru...

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ETG Congress 2021

作者： Matthias Lorenz Malte Peikenkamp Tobias Markus Pletzer Uwe Maschmann George Hallak Holger Hirsch Axel Staubach Marcel Kurth Philipp Lutat

Powerline Communication (PLC) gains increasing applicability for the transmission of smart metering data and other applications in the field of smart grids due to its ability to transfer data over the existing infrastructure. A planning process based on the topology of the existing power grid is required for an efficient rollout of PLC infrastructure. In order to optimally plan the rollout of the PLC infrastructure, we develop a planning tool that works with physical parameters from laboratory and field tests, the grid topology and the information and communication requirements in the given grid section as input parameters. For the first time, the planning tool will combine power grid and communication network planning in one application. Initial results from preliminary studies show that a reduced use of PLC repeaters is sufficient for complete communication coverage in the given grid and that the data rate can be increased at the same time.

关键词： Power grids Power cables programmable logic controllers Smart grids Data transfer rates Communications infrastructure topology physical parameters input parameter INFRASTRUCTURE Low voltage

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PLC based automation of test rig for brake actuators

PLC based automation of test rig for brake actuators

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2017 International Conference on Energy, Communication, Data Analytics and Soft Computing, ICECDS 2017

作者： Malakanagouda, B.B. Harisha, S.K. Computer Integrated Manufacturing R v College of Engineering Karnataka Bengaluru India

ISBN: (纸本)9781538618868

During the past decennium, number of industrial automations have been developed based on Electro pneumatics. This paper represents the application of PLC (programmable logical controller) and SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system in the Industrial automation. The conventional method of testing machine with pneumatic setup is automated with the electro pneumatic system and PLC based system. The automation of testing machine with the help of various sensors and control devices with high accuracy modules decreases the errors in the results. The automation of testing machine involves the Simulation with Fluidsim, design and development of Electro pneumatic circuit as well as development of PLC logic with SCADA control system. © 2017 IEEE.

关键词： programmable logic controllers

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Cascaded PLC-VLC Channel Using OFDM and CSK Techniques

Cascaded PLC-VLC Channel Using OFDM and CSK Techniques

引用

IEEE Global Communications Conference

作者： A. R. Ndjiongue Thokozani Shongwe H. C. Ferreira T. M. Nkouatchah Ngatched A. J. Han Vinck Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science University of Johannesburg Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science Memorial University Institute of Experimental Mathematics University of Duisburg-Essen

ISBN: (纸本)9781479959532

This paper puts in Cascade the power line communications (PLC) channel and the visible light communications (VLC) channel, in order to use the PLC channel as backbone for the VLC channel. This combination is suitable for applications in which hybrid PLC-VLC systems are needed. We investigate the behaviour of the cascaded channels for a full link transmission. Quadrature phase shift keying combined with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (QPSK-OFDM) is used over the PLC channel and color shift keying (CSK) is deployed over the VLC channel to convey the information. Cascaded channel variances are analyzed. Complete simulated bit error rate (BER) is analyzed and presented for multiple scenarii that could occur in the two channels.

关键词： PLC-OFDM VLC Hybrid systems Cascaded channels PLC-VLC interface CSK scheme RGB colors space variable length codes hybrid systems Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing cascades color cast programmable logic controllers Quadrature phase shift keying 2-channel Bit error rate

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Fault Localization for Power Line Communications with Topology Inference

Fault Localization for Power Line Communications with Topolo...

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International Conference on Intelligent Computing, Automation and Systems (ICICAS)

作者： Xueliang Wang Xun Dai Huizhu Xian Weiqiong Song Baiyu Gao Shuming Xu Lin Pang Shuai Guo PLC Application Technology Lab China Gridcom Co.Ltd Shenzhen China Liaoning Electric Power Company Liaoning China Electric Power Research Institute of State Grid Beijing Electric Power Co. Ltd Beijing China

ISBN: (数字)9781728161068

ISBN: (纸本)9781728161075

Power line communications (PLC) is one of the communication methods which have been deployed and attracted considerable attention on supporting smart grid applications. Furthermore, link failures will have a great impact on the normal operation of PLC network and the causes of link failures are diverse. Therefore, rapid fault location is extremely important for PLC. Fault localization generally requires complete knowledge of the network topology which is usually unknown and needs to be learned by topology inference algorithms. However, it is difficult for routers to collect complete topology information for topology inference. We propose an algorithm based on partial information for topology inference to help the PLC to detect and locate faults normally. The inference algorithm first builds a virtual topology, overestimates the number of network components, and then repeatedly merges the links in this topology to infer the structure of the real network. We conducted simulations and compared our algorithm with the most advanced inference algorithms. The results show that compared with other methods, the topology structure of our inference algorithm significantly improves the performance of the fault location.

关键词： carrier transmission on power lines fault location inference mechanisms smart power grids telecommunication network reliability telecommunication network topology Fault location carrier transmission on power lines Smart grids Inference algorithms Inference mechanisms telecommunication network topology telecommunication network reliability Network topology topology programmable logic controllers

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Wisconsin malting operation uses PLC in its process

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Control Solutions International 2003年第3期76卷 37-37页

作者： Yunger, John Controls Concepts Corporation Appleton WI

The use of programmable logic controllers (PLC) by Wisconsin in the malting operation was discussed. Wisconsin is a an expansion of Briess which is a leading producer of speciality malts for the brewing food industries. A PLC and dual redundant client-server personal computers (PC) were used to get the most out of its malt operation. It is observed that Briess has turned towards more advanced process automation for greater product consistency and yield.

关键词： programmable logic controllers

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