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Enhanced architecture for programmable logic controllers targeting performance improvements

MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROSYSTEMS 2018年 61卷 306-315页

作者： Tasca, Laurence Crestani de Freitas, Edison Pignaton Wagner, Flavio Rech Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul Grad Programme Comp Porto Alegre RS Brazil Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul Inst Informat Porto Alegre RS Brazil

programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are massively used as the central processing control units in industrial automation solutions. Unfortunately, the lack of performance of these controllers requires coupling specific drivers to the PLCs to enable deterministic response in time-sensitive real-time applications, thus reducing the importance of the PLCs in the entire automation systems. Current solutions do not focus on PLC performance, and it is, therefore, safer to use the design pattern with these specific drivers when required. This situation does not give PLC users of those solutions full control of the provided automation and, consequently, it increases the price of the entire system, as well as the need for spare parts. To put PLCs back as central processing units of industrial automation technology and to reduce the need for specific drivers, this work proposes a novel architecture with enhanced improvements based mainly on the concepts of data flow computation and memoization technique to boost PLC performance. Evaluations made on the proposed design demonstrate a reduction of 95% in the proposed architecture's scan time and show significant performance boost even in small-scale, didactic and straightforward examples. Moreover, the experimental evaluations also have demonstrated the potential for continued performance improvement with the increase of the program size.

关键词： programmable logic controllers Special architecture Data flow machines Memoization technique

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Detecting Payload Attacks on programmable logic controllers (PLCs) 6

Detecting Payload Attacks on Programmable Logic Controllers ...

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6th IEEE Conference on Communications and Network Security (CNS)

作者： Yang, Huan Cheng, Liang Chuah, Mooi Choo Lehigh Univ Dept Comp Sci & Engn Bethlehem PA 18015 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781538645864

programmable logic controllers (PLCs) play critical roles in industrial control systems (ICS). Providing hardware peripherals and firmware support for control programs (i.e., a PLC's "payload") written in languages such as ladder logic, PLCs directly receive sensor readings and control ICS physical processes. An attacker with access to PLC development software (e.g., by compromising an engineering workstation) can modify the payload program and cause severe physical damages to the ICS. To protect critical ICS infrastructure, we propose to model runtime behaviors of legitimate PLC payload program and use runtime behavior monitoring in PLC firmware to detect payload attacks. By monitoring the I/O access patterns, network access patterns, as well as payload program timing characteristics, our proposed firmware-level detection mechanism can detect abnormal runtime behaviors of malicious PLC payload. Using our proof-of-concept implementation, we evaluate the memory and execution time overhead of implementing our proposed method and find that it is feasible to incorporate our method into existing PLC firmware. In addition, our evaluation results show that a wide variety of payload attacks can be effectively detected by our proposed approach. The proposed firmware-level payload attack detection scheme complements existing bump-in-the-wire solutions (e.g., external temporal-logic-based model checkers) in that it can detect payload attacks that violate realtime requirements of ICS operations and does not require any additional apparatus.

关键词： programmable logic controllers

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ENHANCING THE SECURITY AND FORENSIC CAPABILITIES OF programmable logic controllers 14th

ENHANCING THE SECURITY AND FORENSIC CAPABILITIES OF PROGRAMM...

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14th IFIP WG 11.9 International Conference on Digital Forensics

作者： Chan, Chun-Fai Chow, Kam-Pui Yiu, Siu-Ming Yau, Ken Univ Hong Kong Comp Sci Hong Kong Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9783319992778;9783319992761

Industrial control systems are used to monitor and operate critical infrastructures. For decades, the security of industrial control systems was preserved by their use of proprietary hardware and software, and their physical separation from other networks. However, to reduce costs and enhance interconnectivity, modern industrial control systems increasingly use commodity hardware and software, and are connected to vendor and corporate networks, and even the Internet. These trends expose industrial control systems to risks that they were not designed to handle. This chapter describes a novel approach for enhancing industrial control system security and forensics by adding monitoring and logging mechanisms to programmable logic controllers, key components of industrial control systems. A proof-of-concept implementation is presented using a popular Siemens programmable logic controller. Experiments were conducted to compare the accuracy and performance impact of the proposed method versus the conventional programmable logic controller polling method. The experimental results demonstrate that the new method yields increased anomaly detection coverage and accuracy with only a small performance impact. Additionally, the new method increases the speed of anomaly detection and reduces network overhead, enabling forensic investigations of programmable logic controllers to be conducted more efficiently and effectively.

关键词： programmable logic controllers anomaly detection forensics

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A FORENSIC LOGGING SYSTEM FOR SIEMENS programmable logic controllers 14th

A FORENSIC LOGGING SYSTEM FOR SIEMENS PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CON...

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14th IFIP WG 11.9 International Conference on Digital Forensics

作者： Yau, Ken Chow, Kam-Pui Yiu, Siu-Ming Univ Hong Kong Comp Sci Hong Kong Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9783319992778;9783319992761

Critical infrastructure assets are monitored and managed by industrial control systems. In recent years, these systems have evolved to adopt common networking standards that expose them to cyber attacks. Since programmable logic controllers are core components of industrial control systems, forensic examinations of these devices are vital during responses to security incidents. However, programmable logic controller forensics is a challenging task because of the lack of effective logging systems. This chapter describes the design and implementation of a novel programmable logic controller logging system. Several tools are available for generating programmable logic controller audit logs;these tools monitor and record the values of programmable logic controller memory variables for diagnostic purposes. However, the logged information is inadequate for forensic investigations. To address this limitation, the logging system extracts data from Siemens S7 communications protocol traffic for forensic purposes. The extracted data is saved in an audit log file in an easy-to-read format that enables a forensic investigator to efficiently examine the activity of a programmable logic controller.

关键词： programmable logic controllers forensics logging system

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Power Grid Safety Control via Fine-Grained Multi-Persona programmable logic controllers

Power Grid Safety Control via Fine-Grained Multi-Persona Pro...

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IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm)

作者： Salles-Loustau, Gabriel Garcia, Luis Sun, Pengfei Dehnavi, Maryam Zonouz, Samara Rutgers State Univ Elect & Comp Engn Dept New Brunswick NJ 08901 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781538609439

Trustworthy and safe operation of the power grid critical infrastructures relies on secure execution of low-level substation controller devices such as programmable logic controllers (PLCs). Currently, there are very few security protection solutions deployed on these devices to ensure provenance control: to execute controller code on the device that is developed by trusted parties and complies with safety/security policies that are defined by the code developer as well as the power grid operators. Resource-limited PLC controllers have been becoming increasingly popular among not only legitimate system operators, but also malicious adversaries such as the most recent Stuxnet and BlackEnergy malware that caused various damages such as unauthorized infrastructural safety and integrity violations. We present PLCtrust, a domain-specific solution that deploys virtual micro security-perimeters, so-called capsules, and the corresponding device-level runtime power system-safety policy enforcement dynamically. PLCtrust makes use of data taint analysis to monitor and control data flow among the capsules based on data owner-defined policies. PLCtrust provides the operators with a transparent and lightweight solution to address various safety-critical data protection requirements. PLCtrust also provides the legitimate third-party controller code developers with a taint-aware programming interface to develop applications in compliance with the dynamic power system safety/security policies. Our experimental results on real-world settings show that PLCtrust is transparent to the end-users while ensuring the power grid safety maintenance with minimal performance overhead.

关键词： Security Power grids Safety Substations Power system dynamics Monitoring Power grids Power system dynamics Substations programmable logic controllers Consumer safety safety Security Hyalin Security measures controllers CAPSULES Policies Safe handling

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Curriculum development of an enhanced automation and control course by emphasizing on programmable logic controllers in electronics engineering technology program 11

Curriculum development of an enhanced automation and control...

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11th International Multi-Conference on Society, Cybernetics and Informatics, IMSCI 2017

作者： Islam, Rafiqul Jannik, Adam Al Sharab, Jafar Benalla, Mohammed Engineering Technology Department Northwestern State University NatchitochesLA71497 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781941763650

Automation and control represents a rapidly growing discipline and one that will continue to grow, given present-day increases in population and advancements in the automation and control areas. Automation has become an integral part of the industrial process control to achieve quality production by saving time, cost, and labor. Since programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are highly configurable and reliable, they have been widely used in various industries such as automotive, pulp and paper, material handling, food processing, and manufacturing. PLC is also the heart of automation and industrial process control. More emphasis will be placed on PLC programming using ladder diagrams and industrial automation by enhancing the current automation and control course and associated laboratory. The primary objective of this paper is to enable Electronic Engineering Technology major students to use PLC technology on a limited scale in the laboratory;but be prepared to use the same knowledge on a larger scale in industry. The phenomenal growth in automation and control technology has put new demands on the job duties of engineers and technologists. The author will present evidence that Automation and Control and Robotics will continue to dominate the manufacturing industry throughout the twenty first century. Industries are increasingly seeking graduates with appropriate background and training in this technology. This paper describes an enhancement of automation and control course in the form of lecture and laboratory studies. To ensure the proper delivery of the course with hands-on laboratory, the authors have already acquired a grant of $83,852.00 from Louisiana Board of Regents to purchase PLC laboratory equipment. Working on equipment in a laboratory setting is an indispensable component of any applied engineering technology curriculum. The authors will present the students' learning outcomes of the implementation of this enhanced course and laboratory. Such studies pr

关键词： programmable logic controllers

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Functionalities of multi-agent systems in programmable logic controllers

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IFAC-PapersOnLine 2016年第30期49卷 60-64页

作者： Peixoto, João Alvarez Pereira, Carlos Eduardo de Oliveira, José Barata Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil Electrical Engineering Department Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil Electrical Engineering Department New University of Lisboa Lisboa Portugal

The consumer market ever more calls for diversified products in small batches and the industry lacks production systems that meet the demands with efficiency and ability to adapt quickly. Integrated manufacturing systems implemented have their management for programmable logic controllers and electrical interconnections, control logic and satisfactory robustness, but they do not attend the needs of diversity and flexibility in production. The solutions to these needs refer the company to migrate to the use of new technologies of control, circuit and logic. However, for an industry migrates is a very big and expensive step. Then, there is an urgent need for methods that implement the interface between logic controllers and multi-agent systems in order to evolve an integrated manufacturing system taking advantage of all electrical circuitry, control logic and the logic controller that installs itself, taking advantage of the self-adapting characteristics that the multi-agent systems provide. © 2016

关键词： Multi agent systems Adaptive systems Agile manufacturing systems Computer circuits controllers logic circuits programmable logic controllers Programmed control systems agility Electrical circuitries Electrical interconnections Industrial manufacturing Integrated manufacturing systems Production system Self adaptive system self x

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Framework for Implementation of Iterative Learning Control on programmable logic controllers 21

Framework for Implementation of Iterative Learning Control o...

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21st IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)

作者： Bibl, Matthias Robin, Michael Steinegger, Michael Schitter, Georg Vienna Univ Technol Automat & Control Inst Gusshausstr 27-29 A-1040 Vienna Austria

ISBN: (纸本)9781509013142

In this paper, an implementation approach for norm-optimal iterative learning control (ILC) on programmable logic controllers (PLCs) is presented. After a detailed conceptual overview and discussion of the norm-optimal ILC algorithm, the challenges for implementing ILC algorithms on PLCs are discussed and an efficient three-phase implementation approach is proposed. Here, the three phases consist of an offline calculation, the calculation of the feedforward part between consecutive iterations, and the online calculation of the current control input. It is also shown that this separation enables the efficient implementation of the norm-optimal ILC algorithm on standard industrial controllers like PLCs. The proposed norm-optimal ILC implementation approach is verified by a simulation of a gantry robot with three degrees of freedom, where the norm-optimal ILC algorithm is executed within a Soft-PLC.

关键词： programmable logic controllers

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Practical and Dependable Control Synthesis for programmable logic controllers

Practical and Dependable Control Synthesis for Programmable ...

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第35届中国控制会议

作者： ZAYTOON Janan RIERA Bernard CReSTIC University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne Moulin de la house

This paper provides an overview of formal approaches for the synthesis and implementation of logic controllers. Most of these approaches are based on the use and the adaptation/extension of the supervisory control theory of discrete-event systems. Recent contributions, based on algebraic synthesis and logic constraints, will also be highlighted.

关键词： Control synthesis implementation supervisory control theory algebraic synthesis programmable logic controllers

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Changeability of Manufacturing Automation Systems using an Orchestration Engine for programmable logic controllers 15

Changeability of Manufacturing Automation Systems using an O...

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15th IFAC Symposium on Information Control Problems in Manufacturing

作者： Buehrer, Ulrich T. Legat, Christoph Vogel-Heuser, Birgit Tech Univ Munich Inst Automat & Informat Syst Garching Germany

To allow companies of the manufacturing domain to satisfy: customer demands and withstand increasing global competition, production automation processes have to become more efficient, stable and flexible. For this purpose. aspects of changeability and adaptiveness of automation systems have to be considered. Within this paper, a concept for an Orchestration Engine is proposed, which aims at providing the required degrees of flexibility within the field level control software. This Orchestration Engine is able to flexibly adapt its behavior during operation and is also able to adapt to physical changes of the production environment. For the implementation of this approach, existing concepts and technologies of model-driven engineering are utilized as a starting point for system modelling and automatic code generation, which is realized by model to text transformations. In order to allow application of the proposed concept to existing PLCs, requirements of the predominant IEC 61131-3 standard, such as cyclic execution, are taken into account. (C) 2015, IFAC (International Federation or Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Factory automation flexible manufacturing systems models programmable logic controllers

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