To allow companies of the manufacturing domain to satisfy customer demands and withstand increasing global competition, production automation processes have to become more efficient, stable and flexible. For this purp...
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In this paper we develop an approach to interactive verification of programmable logic controllers which often serve as controllers in safety critical systems and hence need thorough verification. As a verification to...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9783319247045;9783319247038
In this paper we develop an approach to interactive verification of programmable logic controllers which often serve as controllers in safety critical systems and hence need thorough verification. As a verification tool we use the KIV system, whereas the formalization is done in modal Kleene algebra. We first prove a bunch of theorems from modal Kleene algebra in KIV, subsequently translate the desired properties of a program for a programmablelogic controller in modal Kleene algebra, and finally prove these encoded properties interactively with KIV.
Packaging automated industry is based on PLC control systems. Most of them are IEC 61131-3 PLC compliant. The standard was the first step to introduce Object Oriented Programming (OOP) features in the PLC based automa...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781479977277
Packaging automated industry is based on PLC control systems. Most of them are IEC 61131-3 PLC compliant. The standard was the first step to introduce Object Oriented Programming (OOP) features in the PLC based automation such as encapsulation in Function Blocks. Nevertheless, other major benefits of OOP such inheritance, or polymorphism weren't defined. On the other hand, the standard was born with the aim of create a unique structure of PLC programs providing a way to exchange programs between several PLC brands. However this goal is far from being achieved. In this paper, a new approach to include these OOP benefits is proposed. Besides, programs developed within this framework can be adapted with minimum effort and maximum reliability to different packaging.
Hydrogen sulfide is a gas that highly toxic, colorless, and heavier than air that is heavy with the kind of 1,152 kg/m~3. The type of weight resulted in H_2S gas at the bottom make it easy wafted by the human senses. ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781467373470
Hydrogen sulfide is a gas that highly toxic, colorless, and heavier than air that is heavy with the kind of 1,152 kg/m~3. The type of weight resulted in H_2S gas at the bottom make it easy wafted by the human senses. The presences of H_2S gas, often encounter in the process of exploration and drilling for natural gas and petroleum refining. Therefore, it's necessary to build a system design of H_2S gas leak solution in the oil and gas industry. Thus, the system can maintain the security of environment and human resources in the industrial area. The system is mixing the concept of individual well with water scrubber method to generate multiple securities. Hence, it should be getting intensive treatment with quick response, so as not to cause damage to the industry, due to its very existence threatened workers. H_2S Safety Instrument System consists of H_2S sensor and programmable logic controllers as a safety function components. PLC is often chosen for safety instrument system as a logic solver. PLC also gives appropriate action for set-point which has been programmed before. There are 4 stages of set-point in the H_2S SIS. First, when the H_2S levels reached 10 ppm, an actuator is a strobe light. Second, when simply applied the actuator reaches 20 ppm, a strobe light and siren. Third, when it reached 25 ppm, the actuator is vacuum compressor that integrated with the system of purification of water scrubber. Fourth, shutdown system for inactive throughout the process at this stage, the plant is used as a safety system double layer when the H_2S safety instrument system is not functioning. The result of this research is decrease of Probability of Failure on Demand value from 7.997 E ~(-01) to 1.17 E~(-03) and increase Safety Integrity Level from 1 to 3.
Unprotected supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems offer promising targets to potential attackers. Field devices, such as programmable logic controllers (PLCs), are of particular concern because they...
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Unprotected supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems offer promising targets to potential attackers. Field devices, such as programmable logic controllers (PLCs), are of particular concern because they directly monitor and control industrial processes. Although attacks targeting SCADA systems have increased, relatively little research has focused on exploring the vulnerabilities directly associated with the exploitation of field devices. Attacks such as Stuxnet have targeted operating characteristics, but not low-level firmware code. As attacks increase in sophistication, it is reasonable to expect increased exploitation of the field device firmware. This paper examines the feasibility of modifying PLC firmware to execute remotely-triggered attacks. A general method is used to reverse engineer the firmware to determine its structure. After the structure is understood, the firmware is modified to add an exploitable feature that can remotely disable a PLC. The attacks described in this paper utilize a variety of triggers and leverage existing functions to exploit PLCs. Important segments of the firmware are described to demonstrate how they can be used in attack development. Finally, design recommendations are suggested to help mitigate potential weaknesses in future firmware development. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Traditional cyber security mechanisms, such as network-based intrusion detection systems and signature-based antivirus software, have limited effectiveness in industrial control settings, rendering critical infrastruc...
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programmable logic controllers (PLC) are key components in modern packaging automation systems. But their success has led to the presence of a broad range of brands and models, each one with its own and unique feature...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781479977277
programmable logic controllers (PLC) are key components in modern packaging automation systems. But their success has led to the presence of a broad range of brands and models, each one with its own and unique features, but also with its own environment for software development. This situation has some major drawbacks: it is very difficult to upgrade an installation by changing the PLC, maintenance costs rise with the multiplicity of PLC brands in a given factory, and production parameters must be changed when the production is changed to a machine with a different PLC. In this paper, a first step is presented to address such a situation: instead of developing the same program from scratch for each different PLC brand, a unique program is stored using the PLCopen XML standard. When the program must be ported to a given PLC, an automatic tool, the postprocessor, generates the final code that has to be downloaded to the target PLC. In this paper the PLC tool adapter is presented and an example is shown for three of the major PLC brands present in the packaging industry such as Siemens, Schneider Electric and ABB.
Industrial control computers can be connected to the Internet, and equipped with a Web interface. This enables access to process data from any computer with a set of common web-related software applications. This pape...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9789532330816
Industrial control computers can be connected to the Internet, and equipped with a Web interface. This enables access to process data from any computer with a set of common web-related software applications. This paper deals with laboratory exercises performed as a part of courses regarding process control computers, which include tasks dealing with this topic. Integration of Java and HTML technologies is described, and an example of a simple process and its Web interface is given. PLC computers equipped with an advanced communication modules are connected to a personal computer (PC) via Ethernet. Alongside implementation of Java applets in Web environment, human machine interface design is regarded.
Control systems rely on accurate sensor measurements to safely regulate physical processes. In False Data Injection (FDI) attacks, adversaries inject forged sensor measurements into a control system in hopes of misgui...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781479949342
Control systems rely on accurate sensor measurements to safely regulate physical processes. In False Data Injection (FDI) attacks, adversaries inject forged sensor measurements into a control system in hopes of misguiding control algorithms into taking dangerous actions. Traditional FDI attacks mostly require adversaries to know the full system topology, i.e., hundreds or thousands of lines and buses, while having unpredictable consequences. In this paper, we present a new class of FDI attacks directly against individual programmable logic controllers (PLCs), which are ubiquitous in power generation and distribution. Our attack allows the adversary to have only partial information about the victim subsystem, and produces a predictable malicious result. Our attack tool analyzes an I/O trace of the compromised PLCs to produce a set of inputs to achieve the desired PLC outputs, i.e., the system behavior. It proceeds in two steps. First, our tool constructs a model of the PLC's internal logic from the I/O traces. Second, it searches for a set of inputs that cause the model to calculate the desired malicious behavior. We evaluate our tool against a set of representative control systems and show that it is a practical threat against insecure sensor configurations.
This paper addresses design and implementation of an Industrial Generalized Predictive Controller with the aid of artificial neural networks (ANNs) for multivariable processes via industrial programmablelogic Control...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781479978632
This paper addresses design and implementation of an Industrial Generalized Predictive Controller with the aid of artificial neural networks (ANNs) for multivariable processes via industrial programmable logic controllers (PLCs). Nowadays, Although PLCs are the widely accepted computer-based industrial controllers due to their remarkable advantages, implementation of advanced control techniques is not easily possible on available PLCs. Therefore, searching ways of implementing these control techniques via PLCs even with low computational power can promote the product quality in process industries. The key novelty of this paper is, implementing an Industrial Generalized Predictive Control via PLC, in which the controller parameters are approximated by using artificial neural network (ANN). Furthermore, a fast programming technique based on simplified algorithms using IEC 61131-3 standard is investigated. In addition, laboratory experiments are carried out for a two-input two-output semi-industrial level and temperature process in the PLC Laboratory of Shiraz University. Implementation of traditional PID controllers on the same PLC is also investigated for comparative purpose. Experimental results reveal the superiority of the proposed approach over the traditional PID controllers in both set point tracking and control action. Besides, the results show that such advanced techniques can be implemented on PLCs with normal computational power without bearing the high cost of upgrading the PLCs.
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