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The detection of empty resist bottles or air in the resist lines of a photolithography coating tool

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTER INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING 2015年第8期28卷 881-892页

作者： Sweeney, Terence Curran, Kevin Univ Ulster Sch Comp & Intelligent Syst Intelligent Syst Res Ctr Coleraine BT52 1SA Londonderry North Ireland

The process of photolithography uses light to imprint an image onto a wafer coated with photoresist in order to create integrated circuits or other technology such as read/write heads for hard drives. During this process, reservoir switching units can fail to detect resist on the photolithography tool or the Millipore pump, thus introducing air into the resist lines and ultimately causing scrap due to poor dispenses. This is difficult to detect via operator inspection. It is important to improve the dispense system of a photolithography coating tool because with the increasing cost of photoresist there is a need for less waste. There are more read/write heads on a wafer and larger wafers are being used;therefore, if the photolithography coating tool has a poor dispense which is not detected and a wafer is scrapped, this will increase manufacturing costs. By reducing the amount of scrap and reworks there will be a reduction in the time to produce a single wafer, thus reducing the overall production costs of making a single read/write head and staying more competitive in the hard drive market. This paper outlines a method for detecting empty resist bottles or air in the resist lines using programmable logic controller (PLC) technology in conjunction with a relay dispense system to monitor the dispense system from a remote station, thereby improving the process and reducing the cost of manufacturing read/write heads. Overall there are less dispense errors and thus less rework and scrap, meaning that the wafer yield has improved and therefore the cost of manufacturing a read/write head has reduced and the time to market has improved. Due to the success of the PLC control system, it will be implemented across other coating tools in the factory.

关键词： process control programmable logic controllers photolithography PLC control

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Experiences in Developing Labs for a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Course for Undergraduate Mechatronics Education

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COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN ENGINEERING EDUCATION 2015年第1期23卷 54-62页

作者： Senk, Ivana Ostojic, Gordana Jovanovic, Vukica Tarjan, Laslo Stankovski, Stevan Univ Novi Sad Fac Tech Sci Novi Sad 21000 Serbia Old Dominion Univ Mech Engn Technol Dept Norfolk VA 23529 USA

This paper describes the course Systems for Supervision and Process Visualization that is conducted at the undergraduate studies of Mechatronics at University of Novi Sad, the scope, tasks, labs and hands on activities. In addition, it presents the student evaluation of the course that provided valuable feedback for further improvements. (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 23:54-62, 2015;View this article online at;DOI

关键词： automation engineering education mechatronics programmable logic controllers SCADA systems

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Investigation of the Dynamic Strain Aging and Mechanical Properties in Alloy-625 with Different Microstructures

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METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE 2015年第3期46A卷 1097-1107页

作者： Chatterjee, Arnomitra Sharma, Garima Tewari, R. Chakravartty, J. K. Bhabha Atom Res Ctr Mech Met Div Director Mat Grp Bombay 400085 Maharashtra India Bhabha Atom Res Ctr Div Mat Sci Bombay 400085 Maharashtra India

Tensile tests were carried out on service exposed Alloy 625 ammonia cracker tube used at heavy water production plant to study the effect of microstructure on the serrated yielding and mechanical properties of the material. Owing to temperature gradient during service exposure, the microstructure was different in top, middle, and bottom sections of the tube. Variation of flow stress, ductility, and average work hardening were monitored with temperature. In the present work, emphasis was given on the study of serrated yielding in the service exposed Alloy 625. Detail investigations were made to study the effect of microstructure on the underlying mechanism of dynamic strain aging of the material. The study revealed that both the normal and the inverse Portevin-Le Chatelier effect (PLC) occured in the material at lower and higher temperature regime, respectively. While the normal PLC dynamics was associated with locking of dislocations by interstitial carbon atoms, the inverse one was accomplished by the dislocation pinning by substitutional Mo atoms. Further analyses identified that the basic deformation mechanism was different in middle and bottom samples as that in the top samples which was reflected in the difference in their respective activation energy and stress drop magnitude. (C) The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International 2014

关键词： dynamic strain aging deformation mechanism serrated yielding extension tests Microstructure Strain ageing work hardening Locking Mechanical properties programmable logic controllers temperature gradients

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Improving energy efficiency in dual-hop cooperative PLC relaying systems

Improving energy efficiency in dual-hop cooperative PLC rela...

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IEEE International Symposium on Power Line Communications and Its Applications (ISPLC)

作者： Khaled M. Rabie Bamidele Adebisi Abdelhamid Salem School of Engineering Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering University of Manchester Manchester UK

Energy efficiency (EE) in multi-hop cooperative communication systems, both wireless and wired, is increasingly becoming more and more critical. This has recently been extended to include power line communications (PLC). In this respect, we propose in this paper to enhance the EE of a dual-hop amplify-and-forward (AF) cooperative relaying PLC system by considering energy-harvesting (EH) at the relay node. The energy harvester exploits the high noisy PLC channel feature as well as the transmitted signal power to forward the source information. In light of this, we derive an analytical expression for the EE and verify it with Monte Carlo simulations. The performance of the conventional relaying system, i.e. without any EH, is also considered to clearly quantify the achievable gains. The results show that the proposed system can considerably improve the EE of PLC systems and that increasing the channel variance will always make the proposed system more energy-efficient.

关键词： AF relaying cooperative communications energy efficiency (EE) energy-harvesting (EH) power line communications (PLC) Energy efficiency programmable logic controllers cooperative communication relaying OFFICE OF THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR ENVIRONMENT, ET. AL. Information source US ENERGY EXTENSION SERVICE Trunk Node Monte Carlo technique

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Phototransduction in Drosophila

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CURRENT OPINION IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2015年 34卷 37-45页

作者： Hardie, Roger C. Juusola, Mikko Univ Cambridge Dept Physiol Dev & Neurosci Cambridge CB2 3EG England Univ Sheffield Dept Biomed Sci Sheffield S10 2TN S Yorkshire England Beijing Normal Univ Natl Key Lab Cognit Neurosci & Learning Beijing 100875 Peoples R China

Phototransduction in Drosophila's microvillar photoreceptors is mediated by phospholipase C (PLC) resulting in activation of two distinct Ca2+-permeable channels, TRP and TRPL. Here we review recent evidence on the unresolved mechanism of their activation, including the hypothesis that the channels are mechanically activated by physical effects of PIP2 depletion on the membrane, in combination with protons released by PLC. We also review molecularly explicit models indicating how Ca2+-dependent positive and negative feedback along with the ultracompartmentalization provided by the microvillar design can account for the ability of fly photoreceptors to respond to single photons 10-100x more rapidly than vertebrate rods, yet still signal under full sunlight.

关键词： Drosophila hydrogen ions phototransduction Photoreceptors programmable logic controllers Negative feedback

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Differential phospholipase C-dependent modulation of TASK and TREK two-pore domain K⁺ channels in rat thalamocortical relay neurons

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JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON 2015年第1期593卷 127-144页

作者： Bista, Pawan Pawlowski, Matthias Cerina, Manuela Ehling, Petra Leist, Michael Meuth, Patrick Aissaoui, Ania Borsotto, Marc Heurteaux, Catherine Decher, Niels Pape, Hans-Christian Oliver, Dominik Meuth, Sven G. Budde, Thomas Univ Munster Inst Physiol 1 D-48149 Munster Germany Univ Munster Klin Allgemeine Neurol D-48149 Munster Germany Univ Munster Inst Physiol Abt Neuropathophysiol D-48149 Munster Germany Univ Nice Sophia Antipolis CNRS Inst Pharmacol Mol & Cellulaire Valbonne France Univ Marburg AG Vegetat Physiol Inst Physiol & Pathophysiol D-35037 Marburg Germany Univ Marburg AG Neurophysiol Inst Physiol & Pathophysiol D-35037 Marburg Germany

The activity of two-pore domain potassium channels (K-2P) regulates the excitability and firing modes of thalamocortical (TC) neurons. In particular, the inhibition of two-pore domain weakly inwardly rectifying K+ channel (TWIK)-related acid-sensitive K+ (TASK) channels and TWIK-related K+ (TREK) channels, as a consequence of the stimulation of muscarinic ACh receptors (MAChRs) which are coupled to phosphoinositide-specific phospholipaseC (PLC), induces a shift from burst to tonic firing. By using a whole cell patch-clamp approach, the contribution of the membrane-bound second messenger molecules phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and diacylglycerol (DAG) acting downstream of PLC was probed. The standing outward current (I-SO) was used to monitor the current through TASK and TREK channels in TC neurons. By exploiting different manoeuvres to change the intracellular PIP2 level in TC neurons, we here show that the scavenging of PIP2 (by neomycin) results in an increased muscarinic effect on I-SO whereas increased availability of PIP2 (inclusion to the patch pipette;histone-based carrier) decreased muscarinic signalling. The degree of muscarinic inhibition specifically depends on phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP) and PIP2 but no other phospholipids (phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylserine). The use of specific blockers revealed that PIP2 is targeting TREK but not TASK channels. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the inhibition of TASK channels is induced by the application of the DAG analogue 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol (OAG). Under current clamp conditions the activation of MAChRs and PLC as well as the application of OAG resulted in membrane depolarization, while PIP2 application via histone carrier induced a hyperpolarization. These results demonstrate a differential role of PIP2 and DAG in K-2P channel modulation in native neurons which allows a fine-tuned inhibition of TREK (via PIP2 depletion) and TASK (via DAG) channels following MAChR stimulation.

关键词： programmable logic controllers current clamp KCNK3 gene Neurons

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Automatic Error Cause Localization of Faulty PLC Programs

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IFAC-PapersOnLine 2015年第7期48卷 79-84页

作者： Biallas, Sebastian Friedrich, Nico Simon, Hendrik Kowalewski, Stefan Informatik 11 - Embedded Software RWTH Aachen University Germany

When a model checker detects a violation of an all-quantified specification, it generates a counterexample trace that explains how to reach a violating state. In the context of PLCs, the counterexample contains the required stimuli for the program to cause erroneous behavior. Although these counterexamples are tremendously helpful to assess the violation, the actual cause of the erroneous behavior, i. e., the faulty line in the program, can be hidden anywhere in the counterexample trace. Finding the cause manually still takes great effort if the counterexample is long. In this paper, we present a technique to automatically find possible causes of such a violation of PLC programs running in cyclic scanning mode. © 2015

关键词： programmable logic controllers

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Instrumentation and automation system at coal leaching pilot plant

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AUTOMATION AND CONTROL 2015年第2期9卷 158-171页

作者： Ray, Tathagata Suresh, A. Dash, Pratik Swarup Banerjee, Pradip Kumar Tata Steel Res & Dev Jamshedpur 831001 Bihar India

Automation added with intelligent relays and instruments makes implementation of coal leaching pilot plant safe, maintenance free and less dependence upon man power. Two levels of automation have been implemented. Started with data acquisition through controllers overall supervision with supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) followed by supervision and data logging by supervisory server have been effectively achieved. Ladder logic programming is done in control logix PLC from M/s Rockwell after building logic sequence, control loops and interlocks of coal leaching process. HART-based instruments are mostly used as field instruments due to smart sensors technology.

关键词： chemical leaching supervisory control data acquisition SCADA instrumentation systems automation systems coal leaching pilot plants data logging ladder logic programming PLCs programmable logic controllers smart sensors FTV factory talk view software field instruments

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Integrating Lab-size Automation Plants into a Web-based E-learning Environment for Teaching C Programming in Teams

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IFAC-PapersOnLine 2015年第29期48卷 295-300页

作者： Vogel-Heuser, Birgit Rehberger, Sebastian Gramss, Denise Mayer, Felix Institute of Automation and Information Systems Technische Universität München München Germany

Teaching computer science and particularly programming in the curriculum of a mechanical engineering bachelor poses a difficult task due to motivational factors of the students. In this paper we describe the measures we have taken to reduce barriers and motivate the freshmen students to deal with the subject by introduction of an e-learning course and further by offering an associated lab course with practical application of cyclic programming of a real-time system in teams. Further we present an adapted architecture how the lab course is enhanced to act as a remote lab. Finally we evaluate the impact of the course by measuring the success factors of different gender combined groups and give an outlook on future scenarios for lab courses to improve the learning experience and success of the students for both gender. © 2015, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： E-learning C (programming language) Computer aided instruction Computer systems programming Interactive computer systems Laboratories programmable logic controllers Real time systems Remote control Students Teaching C programming Control education E learning course Laboratory education Learning experiences Remote labs Success factors Web based e learning

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Consumer energy management system with integration of smart meters

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ENERGY REPORTS 2015年 1卷 22-29页

作者： Pereira, R. Figueiredo, J. Melicio, R. Mendes, V. M. F. Martins, J. Quadrado, J. C. Univ Evora CEM IDMEC P-7000671 Evora Portugal Univ Tecn Lisboa Inst Super Tecn IDMEC P-1049001 Lisbon Portugal Univ Nova Lisboa Ctr Technol & Syst FCT P-2829516 Caparicac Portugal ISEL Dept Elect Engn & Automat P-1959007 Lisbon Portugal

This paper develops an energy management system with integration of smart meters for electricity consumers in a smart grid context. The integration of two types of smart meters (SM) are developed: (i) consumer owned SM and (ii) distributor owned SM. The consumer owned SM runs over a wireless platform - ZigBee protocol and the distributor owned SM uses the wired environment - ModBus protocol. The SM are connected to a SCADA system (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) that supervises a network of programmable logic controllers (PLC). The SCADA system/PLC network integrates different types of information coming from several technologies present in modern buildings. The developed control strategy implements a hierarchical cascade controller where inner loops are performed by local PLCs, and the outer loop is managed by a centralized SCADA system, which interacts with the entire local PLC network. In order to implement advanced controllers, a communication channel was developed to allow the communication between the SCADA system and the MATLAB software. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://***/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

关键词： programmable logic controllers

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