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IEEE Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation

作者： Hendrik Simon Nico Friedrich Sebastian Biallas Stefan Hauck-Stattelmann Bastian Schlich Stefan Kowalewski Embedded Software Laboratory RWTH Aachen University ABB Corporate Research Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781467379304

This paper presents a method for automatic test case generation for PLC software following the IEC61131-3 standard. The core component is a model checker that iteratively creates program traces, each of them covering a part of the program in terms of a coverage metric. These test cases are translated into Structured Text, a programming languages defined in the IEC61131-3, to allow the execution on a soft-PLC or the actual hardware. Our approach is evaluated on a set of function blocks that are used in industry. We demonstrate that test cases can be automatically generated within few seconds in most cases.

关键词： CASING INSPECTION Automatic testing programmable logic controllers Coverage Metronidazole Legal Executions

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Outage Probability Analysis of PLC with Channel Gain under Nakagami-m Additive Noise

Outage Probability Analysis of PLC with Channel Gain under N...

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IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference

作者： Aashish Mathur Manav R. Bhatnagar Bijaya K. Panigrahi Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology - Delhi Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India

ISBN: (纸本)9781479980925

Power line communication (PLC) deals with the transmission of data through the use of power lines. It is an emerging field of communication for the home area network of smart grid. The presence of the additive and multiplicative power line noises significantly affects the performance of PLC systems. There are two types of additive noises in PLC systems, namely background noise and impulsive noise. The multiplicative PLC noise results in fading in the received signal strength. The Rician fading model has been experimentally found to be applicable to the PLC systems and has been widely used in conventional and current literature on PLC. In this paper, we provide the performance analysis of a PLC system over Rician fading channel under Nakagami-m distributed additive background noise assuming binary phase shift keying modulation scheme. We derive the probability density function of the decision variable and the instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). A closed-form expression of the outage probability of the considered system is obtained. The validity of the derived analytical expressions is closely verified by the simulated results.

关键词： Background noise binary phase shift keying Nakagami-m distribution outage probability power line communications Rician fading BACKGROUND NOISE Binary phase shift keying programmable logic controllers carrier transmission on power lines Rician fading Additive noise Probabilistic analysis Power cables

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Model-Driven Runtime Embedded Monitoring for Industrial controllers

Model-Driven Runtime Embedded Monitoring for Industrial Cont...

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IEEE International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications (TrustCom)

作者： Pavel Kustarev Sergei Bykovskii Vasiliy Milin Alexander Antonov Computer Science Department ITMO University saint Petersburg Russia

ISBN: (纸本)9781467379533

In the article, the original method of embedded functional monitoring for industrial controllers is proposed. The method can be used during commissioning and operation of industrial automation systems. The method is effective for long-term monitoring in runtime and is characterized by low requirements for embedded memory. The method is based on fixation of controller's behavior in terms of state machine formal model. Observation is realized by monitoring modules embedded in industrial controllers. The results can be used as input data for existing formal verification methods.

关键词： monitoring PLC verification behavior model industrial controller automation systems automation system role model Runtime programmable logic controllers controllers Verification state machines embedding Industrial

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Impulsive noise detection in PLC with smoothed L0-norm

Impulsive noise detection in PLC with smoothed L0-norm

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IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing

作者： F. H. Juwono Q. Guo D. Huang K. P. Wong L. Xu Sch. of Electr. Electron. & Comput. Eng. Univ. of Western Australia Perth WA Australia

ISBN: (纸本)9781467369985

Power-line communications (PLC) commonly employs orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) as the modulation technique, and impulsive noise has a significant negative impact on its performance. Using the property of null subcarriers in OFDM and the fact that impulsive noise is sparse, we formulate a minimization problem to detect and estimate the impulsive noise. In previous works, l_1-norm minimization was employed to achieve this task. In this paper, we propose to use a smoothed l_0-norm minimization algorithm for impulsive noise detection instead. Simulation results show that this approach is promising as it achieves comparable performance as l_1-norm minimization but with much lower complexity.

关键词： l1-norm OFDM PLC impulsive noise smoothed l0-norm Impulse noise programmable logic controllers Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing noise monitoring

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Modeling and Performance Analysis of a PLC System in Presence of Impulsive Noise

Modeling and Performance Analysis of a PLC System in Presenc...

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IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting

作者： Ankit Dubey Dushyant Sharma Ranjan K. Mallik Sukumar Mishra Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering National Institute of Technology - Goa Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology - Delhi

ISBN: (纸本)9781467380416

In this paper, a power system having different loads which are switched at different instants is considered. We consider scenarios when the loads in a power system change at very fast rate. This switching causes impulsive noise in the associated power line communication (PLC) channel which limits the average bit error rate (BER) performance. The paper aims to analyze the performance of a PLC system for varying load switching rates. The PLC system under consideration employs direct sequence spread spectrum coding with amplitude shift-keying (ASK) modulation. An approximate closed form expression for the average BER is derived. A composite and a physical layer system model is developed. The physical layer model analysis shows that the average BER performance improves with increasing transmitted power and decreasing distance between the transmitter and the receiver. Similarly, the composite model analysis shows that the performance improves with decreasing load switching rates.

关键词： Amplitude shift-keying (ASK) Bernoulli-Gaussian impulsive noise Bit error rate (BER) Log-normal fading Power line communication (PLC) Impulse noise bit error rate performance programmable logic controllers variable amplitude loading Pattern analysis power systems direct sequence spread spectrum transmitter receivers Modeling ABER LOAD Physical layer log normal distribution

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Cascaded PLC-VLC Channel Using OFDM and CSK Techniques

Cascaded PLC-VLC Channel Using OFDM and CSK Techniques

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IEEE Global Communications Conference

作者： A. R. Ndjiongue Thokozani Shongwe H. C. Ferreira T. M. Nkouatchah Ngatched A. J. Han Vinck Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science University of Johannesburg Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science Memorial University Institute of Experimental Mathematics University of Duisburg-Essen

ISBN: (纸本)9781479959532

This paper puts in Cascade the power line communications (PLC) channel and the visible light communications (VLC) channel, in order to use the PLC channel as backbone for the VLC channel. This combination is suitable for applications in which hybrid PLC-VLC systems are needed. We investigate the behaviour of the cascaded channels for a full link transmission. Quadrature phase shift keying combined with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (QPSK-OFDM) is used over the PLC channel and color shift keying (CSK) is deployed over the VLC channel to convey the information. Cascaded channel variances are analyzed. Complete simulated bit error rate (BER) is analyzed and presented for multiple scenarii that could occur in the two channels.

关键词： PLC-OFDM VLC Hybrid systems Cascaded channels PLC-VLC interface CSK scheme RGB colors space variable length codes hybrid systems Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing cascades color cast programmable logic controllers Quadrature phase shift keying 2-channel Bit error rate

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A Many-Core based Execution Framework for IEC 61131-3

A Many-Core based Execution Framework for IEC 61131-3

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Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society

作者： Matthias Becker Kristian Sandstrom Moris Behnam Thomas Nolte MRTC / M?lardalen University V?ster?s Sweden

ISBN: (纸本)9781479917631

programmable logic controllers are widely used for the control of automation systems. The standard IEC 61131-3 defines the execution model as well as the programming languages for such systems. Nowadays, actuators and sensors connect to the programmable logic controller via automation buses. While such buses, as well as the sensors and actuators, become more and more powerful, a shift away from the current distributed operation of automation systems, close to the field level, becomes possible. Instead, execution of complex control functions can be relocated to more powerful hardware, and technologies. This paper presents an execution framework for IEC 61131-3, based on a many-core processors. The presented execution model exploits the characteristics of the IEC 61131-3 applications as well as the characteristics of the many-core processor, yielding a predictable execution. We present the platform architecture and an algorithm to allocate a number of IEC 61131-3 conform applications. Experimental as well as simulation based evaluation is provided.

关键词： Legal Executions International Electrotechnical Commission automation system programmable logic controllers field level Sensors control function actuators WELLS Computer Programming Languages Motor buses

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Verification and Validation based on the generation of Testing Sequences from Timing Diagram Specifications in Industrial Automation

Verification and Validation based on the generation of Testi...

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Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society

作者： Lorenzo Racchetti Cesare Fantuzzi Lorenzo Tacconi Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio nell'Emilia via Amendola 2 42122 Reggio Emilia Italy

ISBN: (纸本)9781479917631

We present Timing Diagram Testing for Verification & Validation (T4V, which is red as "tav") for Industrial Automation Systems. T4V is our approach to address the problem of generating test sequence to verify & validate (V&V) industrial automation systems software. T4V aims to solve this problem by generating test sequences from the timing diagrams of software specifications. Then, run them in Real-Time (RT) onto the PLC, check part of their conformance on-the-run, save the test outlines, and automatically analyze the outlines through an algorithmic verification. We currently implemented T4V for IEC61131-3 platforms (e.g. Beckhoff TwinCAT3) and Rockwell Automation PLCs, but we are integrating it only in our testing and V&V platform for Beckhoff PLCs. We believe that T4V may simplify and/or face the challenges of V&V in order to enable a more efficient and effective testing. Moreover, we believe that it could help PLC providers to understand the needs of an environment with testing and V&V features integrated.

关键词： timing diagram Industrial automation programmable logic controllers Verification Outlines Industrial automation systems V&V Specifications

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On the Achievable Rate of a Hybrid PLC/VLC/RF Communication System

On the Achievable Rate of a Hybrid PLC/VLC/RF Communication ...

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IEEE Global Communications Conference

作者： Mohamed Kashef Ahmed Torky Mohamed Abdallah Naofal Al-Dhahir Khalid Qaraqe Electrical and Computer Engineering Texas A & M University at Qatar Electronics and Communications Department Cairo University Department of Electrical Engineering University of Texas at Dallas

ISBN: (纸本)9781479959532

The increased demands for indoor wireless data services with the limited available radio frequency (RF) spectrum are motivating researchers to investigate alternative technologies to augment the existing RF networks. Utilizing the visible light spectrum by exploiting visible light communication (VLC) has shown strong potential to augment RF networks in indoor scenarios. The ubiquity of the power-line network makes it an attractive choice as a communication medium between the data sources and the VLC transmitters through power line communication (PLC). Hence, integrating VLC and PLC systems can be a strong complementary hybrid wireline/wireless technology for indoor data networks. In this paper, we investigate the power allocation problem for a communication scenario in which data is transferred through a cascaded PLC/VLC channel in parallel to an RF wireless channel. We develop an algorithm for allocating the transmission powers among the communication nodes to maximize the achievable rate. Our results show that the proposed system provides appreciable rate gains compared to conventional RF communication systems for the same amount of total transmission power.

关键词： power transmission variable length codes Communications Media radiofrequency visible light spectrum DADANET power splitting Data sources Communication Research Alternative Technologies realizable programmable logic controllers

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A fault diagnosis system-PLC design for system reliability improvement

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY 2014年第1-4期75卷 523-534页

作者： Bao, Jian Wu, Huifeng Yan, Yimajian Hangzhou Dianzi Univ Inst Software & Intelligent Technol Hangzhou Zhejiang Peoples R China Purdue Univ Sch Elect & Comp Engn W Lafayette IN 47907 USA

In this paper, a fault diagnosis system-programmable logic controller (FDS-PLC) is developed and discussed, regarding the improvement of reliability of PLC systems. Traditional approaches to improve reliability of the fault diagnose functions of PLC are not conscious of the fact: system developers and programmers are not able to identify every fault that may occur during the system's lifetime. In order to conquer this problem, a FDS-PLC design that establishes and perfects a specification model of the PLC system is introduced. Firstly, FDS-PLC collects and transmits diagnosis data in surplus kernel time of the embedded processor;therefore, it does not decrease the responding speed of the system. Secondly, a finite state machine (FSM) built on PC is applied to construct the specification model and report faulty states to the system operator. Finally, the system is endowed with learning ability by perfecting the specification model. The application of FDS-PLC is further illustrated by an example on an elevator control system experimental platform.

关键词： programmable logic controllers Reliability Fault diagnosis Finite state machine Task scheduling

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