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Identification of Design Patterns for IEC 61131-3 in Machine and Plant Manufacturing

IFAC Proceedings Volumes 2014年第3期47卷 6092-6097页

作者： J. Fuchs S. Feldmann C. Legat B. Vogel-Heuser Technische Universität München Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Institute of Automation and Information Systems D–85748 Garching

Industrial plant software is implemented in the programming languages of IEC 61131-3. As plant software needs to perform many tasks, it is often highly complex and typically characterized by a monolithic structure. Whereas for high-level programming languages, commonly occurring problems are solved using design patterns, such general reusable solution alternatives are not yet available for IEC 61131-3. Thus, an approach for statically analysing the plant software and visualizing the software units' complexity and interconnectedness is proposed in this paper. Furthermore, basic software design patterns are introduced and, subsequently, their appearance within plant software is evaluated using industrial code and interviews with experts. By that, a first step towards providing design patterns for IEC 61131-3 is made.

关键词： programmable logic controllers Software metrics Machine code Pattern identification Programming approaches

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Efficient Handling of States in Abstract Interpretation of Industrial programmable logic Controller Code

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IFAC Proceedings Volumes 2014年第2期47卷 400-405页

作者： Sebastian Biallas Stefan Kowalewski Stefan Stattelmann Bastian Schlich Embedded Software Laboratory RWTH Aachen University Germany ABB Corporate Research Research Area Software Ladenburg Germany

This paper presents an efficient static analysis for programmable logic controller code. For each program line (or each function block call), the analysis calculates an over-approximation of the possible values each variable can assume during all possible executions. This information can then be used to automatically check for certain critical program conditions such as division-by-zero and array-out-of-bounds. To make this approach applicable to large programs comprising many variables, we present a technique that only stores the values of a subset of the variables based on their context and liveness. We show how to detect typical problems in real PLC code.

关键词： Formal verification programmable logic controllers Industry automation Software tools Software safety

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Model-based testing of PLC software: test of plants' reliability by using fault injection on component level

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IFAC Proceedings Volumes 2014年第3期47卷 3509-3515页

作者： Susanne Rösch Dmitry Tikhonov Daniel Schütz Birgit Vogel-Heuser Technische Universität München Institute of Automation and Information Systems 85748 Garching bei München Germany

In this paper, the current situation of how PLC software is tested in industry is analyzed and the challenges on new testing approaches are identified using real industry code and a survey conducted within industry. The different possible and most relevant faults that may occur and must be dealt with are identified and requirements for testing approaches concerning component failures are derived. Further on, an approach to generate tests for error handling routines, which test the reliability of plants by injecting the corresponding faults is presented. The test cases are generated from timing sequence diagrams in combination with failure mode and effects analysis. In order to inject the faults at relevant points during the execution of the control software, IEC 61131-3 code is analyzed for the derivation of the test cases.

关键词： plant automation test generation model-based development programmable logic controllers reliability software engineering manufacturing systems IEC 61131-3

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Control design pattern based on safety logical constraints for manufacturing systems: application to a palletizer

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IFAC Proceedings Volumes 2014年第2期47卷 388-393页

作者： B. RIERA R. COUPAT A. PHILIPPOT D. ANNEBIQUE F. GELLOT CReSTIC (EA3804) UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles Reims University (URCA) Moulin de la Housse BP 1039 51687 Reims - France CReSTIC (EA3804) IUT de Troyes 9 rue de Québec BP 396 10026 TROYES Cedex France PSIGT-TE (CES) Direction de l'Ingénierie Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Français 6 avenue François Mitterrand - 93574 La Plaine Saint Denis CEDEX France

This paper presents an original approach for safe controller design for manufacturing systems controlled by PLC (programmable logic Controller). In this work, manufacturing systems are considered as Discrete Event Systems (DES) with logical Inputs (sensors) and logical Outputs (actuators). The proposed approach, which separates the functional control part from the safety control part, is easy to implement and ensures that the designed controller is safe. The methodology is based on the use of safety constraints in order to get a permissive safe controller which can be validated off line by model-checking. This controller is then constrained by functional constraints. The approach is illustrated with a palletizer simulated process using the ITS PLC software from the Real Games Company ( *** ). The control algorithm is presented and allows resulting in a safe control using a standard control design pattern, may be simpler than a conventional approach based on a complete specification in GRAFCET (IEC 60848) that does not distinguish the functional aspect from the safety aspect. This approach presents interesting perspectives like the management of several operating modes linked to a Manufacturing Execution System (MES) or the manual modes through Human-Machine Interfaces (HMI) or Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems.

关键词： Discrete-Event Systems Control Safety programmable logic controllers Manufacturing Systems

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Point Line Cover: The Easy Kernel is Essentially Tight 14

Point Line Cover: The Easy Kernel is Essentially Tight

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Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms

作者： Stefan Kratsch Geevarghese Philip Saurabh Ray Technical University Berlin Germany Max-Planck-Institute for Informatics Saarbrücken Germany Ben-Gurion University Israel

ISBN: (纸本)9781611973389

The input to the NP-hard Point Line Cover problem (PLC) consists of a set P of n points on the plane and a positive integer k, and the question is whether there exists a set of at most k lines which pass through all points in P. By straightforward reduction rules one can efficiently reduce any input to one with at most k~2 points. We show that this easy reduction is already essentially tight under standard assumptions. More precisely, unless the polynomial hierarchy collapses to its third level, for any ε> 0, there is no polynomial-time algorithm that reduces every instance (P, k) of PLC to an equivalent instance with O(k~(2-ε)) points. This answers, in the negative, an open problem posed by Lokshtanov (PhD Thesis, 2009). Our proof uses the notion of a kernel from parameterized complexity, and the machinery for deriving lower bounds on the size of kernels developed by Dell and van Melkebeek (STOC 2010). It has two main ingredients: We first show, by reduction from Vertex Cover, that - unless the polynomial hierarchy collapses - PLC has no kernel of total size O(k~(2-ε)) bits. This does not directly imply the claimed lower bound on the number of points, since the best known polynomial-time encoding of a PLC instance with n points requires ω(n~2) bits. To get around this hurdle we build on work of Goodman, Pollack and Sturmfels (STOC 1989) and devise an oracle communication protocol of cost O(n log n) for PLC;its main building blocks are a bound of O(n~(O(n))) for the order types of n points that are not necessarily in general position and an explicit (albeit slow) algorithm that enumerates a superset of size n~(O(n)) of all possible order types of n points. This protocol, together with the lower bound on the total size (which also holds for such protocols), yields the stated lower bound on the number of points. While a number of essentially tight polynomial lower bounds on total sizes of kernels are known, our result is - to the best of our knowledge - the first to s

关键词： Lower bound programmable logic controllers Kernel Seeds K line instruction type Superset

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Frequency-Shift Filtering for OFDM Recovery in Narrowband Power Line Communications

Frequency-Shift Filtering for OFDM Recovery in Narrowband Po...

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IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing

作者： Nir Shlezinger Ron Dabora Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Ben-Gurion University Israel

ISBN: (纸本)9781479928941

Power line communications (PLC) has been drawing considerable interest in recent years due to the growing interest in smart grid implementation. In smart grids, network control and grid applications are allocated the frequency band of 0-500 kHz, commonly referred to as the narrowband PLC channel. This channel is characterized by strong periodic noise and low signal to noise ratio (SNR). In this work we propose a receiver which uses frequency shift filtering to exploit the cyclostationary properties of both the narrowband PLC noise, as well as the information signal, digitally modulated using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. The results show that the new receiver obtains a substantial performance gain over previously proposed receivers, without requiring any coordination with the transmitter.

关键词： carrier transmission on power lines Frequency division Narrowband Frequency bands low SNR signal to noise ratios FREQUENCY SHIFT Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing Receivers programmable logic controllers Smart grids Transmitters Filtration

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COTS PLC technology in rail signalling LX PLC project

COTS PLC technology in rail signalling LX PLC project

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Railway Safety Assurance. Management and Method in a Safe Network

作者： David Collier Tahir Ayub Pilz UK Bus. Dev. UK

Presents a collection of slides covering the following topics: PLC technology; rail signalling; level crossings; network rail; train movement control; industrial safety technology; and software editors.

ISBN: (纸本)9781634397124

关键词： programmable logic controllers LEVEL CROSSING life cycle costs Capital Expenditures radar Environmental requirements Rail Railway Rail Renewal signals relay

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A new testing device for RFID performance factors of Conveyor belt system

A new testing device for RFID performance factors of Conveyo...

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10th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM 2014)

作者： Xiaofeng Ning Hongsheng Zhao RFID Research Center Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China

ISBN: (纸本)9781510804166

Combining with RFID technology, Conveyor plays a very important role in modern industrial automation. However, RFID performance will be affected by many factors in conveyor application. In this paper, we build a new experimental device to test RFID performance factors of conveyor belt, the innovative aspects of our new experimental device are we adopt automated guided vehicle (AGV) instead of traditional real conveyor belt. It makes the test become more convenient and comprehensive. Meanwhile, we provide serial important and indispensable test cases based on our new experimental device, the methodology and test data of these test cases are discussed. Our new experimental device can be put into practical application without making complex changes on the existing production line.

关键词： AGV PLC Controller RFID Performance Automated guided vehicle systems experimental devices CASING INSPECTION programmable logic controllers Radio frequency identification Performance Factors Radio Frequency Identification Device belts

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Laboratory projects for embedded and control systems security 14

Laboratory projects for embedded and control systems securit...

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Proceedings of the 2014 Information Security Curriculum Development Conference

作者： Guillermo A. Francia Jay Snellen Jacksonville State University Jacksonville AL

ISBN: (纸本)9781450330497

The ever-increasing trend of our nation's critical infrastructures (CIs) being connected to the Internet ushered the need for a more sophisticated cyber defense mechanism and better educated future workforce. Recognizing this need, we designed and developed an undergraduate embedded and control systems security curriculum that emphasizes a balance between theory and application. To that end, we present hands-on laboratory projects that are envisioned to stimulate learning and motivate critical thinking among students in this area of national need.

关键词： security vulnerability SCADA programmable logic controllers cybersecurity embedded systems course modules critical infrastructures control systems

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Software Changes in Factory Automation: Towards Automatic Change Based Regression Testing

Software Changes in Factory Automation: Towards Automatic Ch...

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Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society

作者： Sebastian Ulewicz Daniel Schutz Birgit Vogel-Heuser Institute of Automation and Information Systems Technische Universitat Munchen

ISBN: (纸本)9781479940318

Changes of software in factory automation are frequent and resource-consuming in quality assurance when proving compliance with functional specifications. Automated testing can help minimizing required resources for software engineering. However, changes in the software cause a need for re-evaluating functionality through tests. To reduce resource consumption, existing relevant tests can be re-executed after ensuring their compatibility with the software after the changes. In this paper, an approach for enabling the automatic identification and classification of changes is presented, which can be used to efficiently select existing and help adapting incompatible test cases, leading to an overall increase in test efficiency. The approach is based on a detailed programmable logic Controller (PLC) program library and code analysis (both in IEC 61131-3) for several types of machines of industrial companies from the domain of factory automation.

关键词： Manufacturing systems Automatic control programmable logic controllers Quality control Software engineering Change detection Change classification Test selection

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