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programmable logic controller Block Monitoring System for Memory Attack Defense in Industrial Control Systems

Computers, Materials & Continua 2023年第11期77卷 2427-2442页

作者： Mingyu Lee Jiho Shin Jung Taek Seo Department of Information Security Gachon UniversitySeongnam13120Korea Police Science Institute Korean National Police UniversityAsan31539Korea Department of Computer Engineering Gachon UniversitySeongnam13120Korea

Cyberattacks targeting industrial control systems(ICS)are becoming more sophisticated and advanced than in the past.A programmable logic controller(PLC),a core component of ICS,controls and monitors sensors and actuators in the ***,PLC has memory attack threats such as program injection and manipulation,which has long been a major target for attackers,and it is important to detect these attacks for ICS *** detect PLC memory attacks,a security system is required to acquire and monitor PLC memory *** addition,the performance impact of the security system on the PLC makes it difficult to apply to the *** address these challenges,this paper proposes a system to detect PLC memory attacks by continuously acquiring and monitoring PLC *** proposed system detects PLC memory attacks by acquiring the program blocks and block information directly from the same layer as the PLC and then comparing them in bytes with previous *** with Siemens S7-300 and S7-400 PLC were conducted to evaluate the PLC memory detection performance and performance impact on *** experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system detects all malicious organization block(OB)injection and data block(DB)manipulation,and the increment of PLC cycle time,the impact on PLC performance,was less than 1 *** proposed system detects PLC memory attacks with a simpler detection method than earlier ***,the proposed system can be applied to ICS with a small performance impact on PLC.

关键词： programmable logic controller industrial control system attack detection

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Stepper Motor Position Control Using PD and MPC Algorithms Embedded in programmable logic controller

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IEEE ACCESS 2025年 13卷 39096-39106页

作者： Jaswal, Anshul Abu-Ayyad, Ma'moun Lad, Yash Attaluri, Anilchandra Penn State Harrisburg Sch Sci Engn & Technol Dept Mech Engn Middletown PA 17057 USA

This research studies the implementation of Proportional-Derivative (PD) and Model Predictive Control (MPC) approaches embedded in an industrial programmable logic controller (PLC) to achieve the precise position control of a stepper motor. The MPC algorithm is widely used in industrial plants, particularly in slower processes, such as press machines and heat treatment. However, their application in faster processes, such as servomotors and robotics, is often require faster optimization algorithms or more powerful processors. In this project, MATLAB Simulink (R) was used to model the motor and test the controller in advance to reduce the field commissioning time. Once validated, the model was exported to PLC-compatible code for real-time system integration. In addition, this study compares the result of MPC algorithm with traditional control strategies, such as PD. To generate pulses and read the motor encoder signal, the project used special function modules and implemented IEC 61131 programming code in ladder logic, function blocks, and structured text. The integration of Simulink with PLCs proved successful, demonstrating the adaptability and responsiveness of the system under varying conditions. Detailed analyses of motor position and speed further highlight the performance of the system. The PD controller exhibited more effective results in controlling position than the PI and MPC controllers. Implementing MPC on PLCs present challenges such as limited computational power, memory, and programming flexibility. PLCs often lack the processing capacity for real-time optimization and fast sampling rates required for accurate predictions.

关键词： Motors Rotors Mathematical models Torque Industries Accuracy Real-time systems programmable logic devices logic Signal resolution programmable logic controller proportional derivative controller model predictive control stepper motor position control

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Reliability evaluation of a programmable logic controller based system

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEM ASSURANCE ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 2024年第8期15卷 3620-3628页

作者： Ram, Mangey Tyagi, Subhi Kumar, Akshay Graphic Era Dept Math Dehra Dun Uttaranchal India Chandigarh Univ Univ Inst Sci Dept Math Chandigarh India Graphic Era Hill Univ Dept Math Dehra Dun Uttaranchal India

This research proposes a programmable logic controller (PLC) based system that make black salt. In this system, there exists funnels where the salt is supposed to heat up for few hours and gets converted into black salt afterwards. With every funnel, two burners are connected in parallel with different level of intensity. Then there are also temperature sensors in the funnel to sense the temperature and help PLC to maintain a given range of temperature in the funnel. Both burner and sensor are considered to have multi-state with various performance level, from complete failure to perfectly working and both are connected to each other in series. Set of burners and sensors in a funnel together form one subsystem where the system as a whole is considered a k-out-of-n:G type. So, out of n funnels, k are supposed to work at a time, and if there will be any failure in any subsystem the PLC will automatically starts another subsystem to function. The elements are considered to be repairable, and reliability of the proposed system is computed from universal generating function technique. Also, numerical examples are presented to illustrate the model by taking different functioning conditions and the proposed algorithm.

关键词： programmable logic controller Multi-state system Independent and identically distributed

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An improved strategy for solid waste management based on programmable logic controller

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENT AND WASTE MANAGEMENT 2024年第3期34卷 297-310页

作者： Sahib, Thaeer Mueen Mohd-Mokhtar, Rosmiwati Alharan, Abbas Fadhil Hamzah Ali, Nabeel Salih Kadhum, Ali Abdyasser Al Furat Alawsat Tech Univ Tech Inst Kufa Dept Elect Tech Najaf 54003 Iraq Univ Sains Malaysia Sch Elect & Elect Engn Engn Campus Nibong Tebal 14300 Pulau Pinang Malaysia Univ Sains Malaysia Sch Elect & Elect Engn Engn Campus Nibong Tebal 14300 Pulau Pinang Malaysia Univ Kufa Fac Educ Girls Comp Dept Najaf Iraq Univ Kufa Informat Technol Res & Dev Ctr Najaf Iraq Al Furat Alawsat Tech Univ Tech Inst Kufa Dept Elect Tech Najaf 54003 Iraq

Environmental concerns have been raised in various research and technology developments. Advanced technology plays a crucial role in diverse aspects of environmental discipline such as monitoring, tracking, observing, controlling, and so on. The article aims to propose a system to manage and dispose of solid waste to prevent pollution from the main and sub streets. The controller device named LOGO 230RC is utilised to control the system operations by depending on the control actions which were written in the functional block diagram. The simulation experiments were run using the LOGO Soft Comfort software, in which, based on the three flowcharts, the system work logically. The system objectives have been achieved successfully via testing five baskets' distributions as a suggestion over the street and have been analysed based on the reduced time to transferring the waste from the source to the target. Based on the results, there is a reduction of waste collection time from 4.06% to 17.87% for all five test cases.

关键词： solid waste management programmable logic controller function block diagram municipal solid waste sensors

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Process Mining with programmable logic controller Memory States 3rd

Process Mining with Programmable Logic Controller Memory Sta...

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3rd International Conference on Ubiquitous Security (UbiSec)

作者： Chan, Chun Fai Chow, Kam Pui Univ Hong Kong Dept Comp Sci Pokfulam Hong Kong Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9789819712731;9789819712748

This paper presents novel contributions to the field of process mining in programmable logic controllers (PLCs). One significant contribution is the proposal of a new event source for process mining, which can be used when PLC logs are absent or insufficient. This research also demonstrated the feasibility of converting the memory states of PLCs into event logs, which can be used to construct a process model of the PLC. This approach requires neither detailed knowledge about control logic nor source code of PLC. The paper also evaluates the use of process confrontation as a means of detecting abnormal or cyber-attacks on PLCs, which can provide an effective method for identifying abnormal behaviors and deviations from the normal process flow. Finally, the paper explores other optimization ideas for process mining in PLCs, provides useful insights, and offers potential solutions for extending research in this area.

关键词： PLC programmable logic controller process mining anomaly detection cyber security Industrial control systems ICS

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ELECTRIC AND PNEUMATIC REGULATION OF A DUAL PLANETARY GEARING SYSTEM USING A programmable logic controller

ELECTRIC AND PNEUMATIC REGULATION OF A DUAL PLANETARY GEARIN...

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ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition (IMECE)

作者： Achord, Gillian Hackett, Kyle Burlton, Cahil Azzouz, Salim Midwestern State Univ Wichita Falls TX 76308 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780791887653

The purpose of this project is to create a new lab apparatus for the Machine Element Design course at the McCoy School of Engineering at Midwestern State University. The apparatus is designed so that future students can visualize and understand how a car transmission system works, specifically in regards to the concepts of mechanical advantage, gear ratios and efficiency. The transmission control system utilizes pneumatic-mechanical clutches and electro-mechanical brakes to realize one of the six possible gear ratios. The system is automated by a programmable logic controller (PLC) that is able to shift the transmission into the different gear configurations and allow the students to determine the mechanical advantage and the efficiency of each configuration. To achieve the stated goals, necessary modifications have been made to a transmission built and modified by previous senior design groups. The current team of senior design students used the SolidWorks CAD software to design a new clutching and braking system that works more effectively. The team also created a new PLC program. The PLC controls the pneumatic cylinders for the clutch system, the linear actuators for the braking system, and it reads and displays the torque readings from two transducers. The PLC is used in conjunction with a Human Machine Interface (HMI). The HMI has been programmed so that the user may select a gear configuration simply by tapping a digital button on the touch screen.

关键词： Transmission gear ratio mechanical advantage programmable logic controller

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Model Predictive Control based on Dynamics Matrix embedded in a programmable logic controller 11

Model Predictive Control based on Dynamics Matrix embedded i...

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11th International Conference on Control, Mechatronics and Automation (ICCMA)

作者： Carvalho Henriques, Joao Paulo Raimundo Neto, Egidio Magalhaes de Paula Paiva, Joao Pedro de Souza, Leticia Carneiro Lugli, Alexandre Baratella Carvalho Rocha, Tulio Vinicius Rip, Martin Lucas Teixeira Natl Inst Telecommun INATEL Dept Ind Automat BR-37540000 Santa Rita Do Sapucai MG Brazil

ISBN: (纸本)9798350315684

Industries rely on numerous processes that require effective control. Whereas conventional controllers are commonly used, they may not be suitable for highly complex processes. In such cases, a feasible solution is to employ model predictive control (MPC), which may offer advanced capabilities to effectively regulate complex processes and optimize performance. This paper focuses on the study and the development of a MPC based on dynamic matrix control (DMC), which is implemented within a programmable logic controller (PLC). In order to evaluate the performance of the controller, a B&R Automation commercial PLC and a didactic level plant were employed. A comparison was made between the real process results and the simulation outcomes obtained using Matlab (R) software.

关键词： Dynamic Matrix Control Model Predictive Control programmable logic controller

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HRPDF: A Software-Based Heterogeneous Redundant Proactive Defense Framework for programmable logic controller

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Journal of Computer Science & Technology 2021年第6期36卷 1307-1324页

作者： Ke Liu Jing-Yi Wang Qiang Wei Zhen-Yong Zhang Jun Sun Rong-Kuan Ma Rui-Long Deng State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing Zhengzhou 450001China College of Control Science and Engineering Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310027China College of Computer Science and Technology Guizhou UniversityGuiyang 550025China School of Information Systems Singapore Management UniversitySingapore 689867Singapore

programmable logic controllers(PLCs)play a critical role in many industrial control systems,yet face increasingly serious cyber *** this paper,we propose a novel PLC-compatible software-based defense mechanism,called Heterogeneous Redundant Proactive Defense Framework(HRPDF).We propose a heterogeneous PLC architecture in HRPDF,including multiple heterogeneous,equivalent,and synchronous runtimes,which can thwart multiple types of attacks against PLC without the need of external *** ensure the availability of PLC,we also design an inter-process communication algorithm that minimizes the overhead of *** implement a prototype system of HRPDF and test it in a real-world PLC and an OpenPLC-based device,*** results show that HRPDF can defend against multiple types of attacks with 10.22%additional CPU and 5.56%additional memory overhead,and about 0.6 ms additional time overhead.

关键词： industrial control system programmable logic controller proactive defense heterogeneous redundant architecture

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Designing and Building a Basic Programming logic controller (PLC) Kit for Teaching in the programmable logic controller Course for Bachelor of Industrial Education Program 7

Designing and Building a Basic Programming Logic Controller ...

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7th International Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Education (ISTEM-Ed) Conference on Sustainable Development and Lifelong Learning

作者： Kheowsakul, Nutjired Senajit, Narongrit Maneechay, Thitirat Rajamangala Univ Technol Srivijaya Fac Ind Educ & Technol Elect Dept Songkhla Thailand Rajamangala Univ Technol Srivijaya Elect & Telecommun Engn Program Songkhla Thailand

ISBN: (数字)9781665498210

ISBN: (纸本)9781665498210

Research on a basic programming logic controller (PLC) kit designing and creation for teaching in the programmable logic controller course here resulted from the recognition on problems related to the lacking of testing kit as a teaching material in the programmable logic controller course of the Electrical Department, Faculty of Industrial Education and Technology. Researchers conducted this research to design and create a basic programming logic controller (PLC) kit for teaching in the programmable logic controller course. The sample group in this study was 20 of students from the second year of the Electrical Department. Data analysis was done to retrieve the percentage, average, and standard deviation values, as well as to compare the learning achievement by t-test. It was found from the results that the experts agreed with the quality of a designed and created basic programming logic controller (PLC) kit at very high level. Teaching by this basic programming logic controller (PLC) kit allowed the group of student samples to have higher learning achievement at the statistically significant level of .05. The group of samples also satisfied with a designed and created basic programming logic controller (PLC) kit at highest level.

关键词： Industrial Education programmable logic controller Educational programs

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InstruPro: Instrumenting programmable logic controller (PLC) based on Model Checking

InstruPro: Instrumenting Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)...

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IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (IEEE SSCI)

作者： Al Farooq, Abdullah Sarker, Manash Wentworth Inst Technol Sch Comp & Data Sci Boston MA 02115 USA Potuakhali Sci & Technol Univ Dept Comp & Commun Engn Potuakhali Bangladesh

ISBN: (纸本)9781665487689

programmable logic controller (PLC) suffers from various types of attacks due to misconfiguration in its logic system. These misconfigurations cannot be found by looking at the logic/rules only. Therefore, we propose a methodology where temporal logic is used to find the misconfigurations in the subsequent rules. Our framework is capable of finding the codes in PLC that are responsible for abnormal behavior in PLC. Having accomplished that, an automated approach to instrument the code. We run our methodology on some real world PLC program applications and found that our approach can eradicate a good number of abnormal behaviors successfully.

关键词： programmable logic controller formal verification dynamic analysis model checking Industrial Control System

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