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Field-Ready Implementation of Linear Economic Model Predictive Control for Microgrid Dispatch in Small and Medium Enterprises

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ENERGIES 2021年第13期14卷 3921页

作者： Kull, Tobias Zeilmann, Bernd Fischerauer, Gerhard Univ Bayreuth Ctr Energy Technol ZET Chair Measurement & Control Syst Univ Str 30 D-95447 Bayreuth Germany Richter R&W Steuerungstech GmbH D-95491 Ahorntal Germany

The increasing share of distributed renewable energy resources (DER) in the grid entails a paradigm shift in energy system operation demanding more flexibility on the prosumer side. In this work we show an implementation of linear economic model predictive control (MPC) for flexible microgrid dispatch based on time-variable electricity prices. We focus on small and medium enterprises (SME) where information and communications technology (ICT) is available on an industrial level. Our implementation uses field devices and is evaluated in a hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) test bench to achieve high technological maturity. We use available forecasting techniques for power demand and renewable energy generation and evaluate their influence on energy system operation compared to optimal operation under perfect knowledge of the future and compared to a status-quo operation strategy without control. The evaluation scenarios are based on an extensive electricity price analysis to increase representativeness of the simulation results and are based on the use of historic real-world measurements in an existing production facility. Due to real-world restrictions (imperfect forecast knowledge, implementation on field hardware, power fluctuations), between 72.2% and 85.5% of the economic optimum (rather than 100%) is reached. Together with reduced operation cost, the economic MPC implementation on field-typical industrial ICT leads to an increased share of renewable energy demand.

关键词： model predictive control hardware-in-the-loop programmable logic controller cyber-physical system energy transition smart energy systems

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Intelligent Control of Automatic Irrigation for Farmland Planting Based on PLC Control

台湾水利

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台湾水利 2021年第2期69卷 36-43页

作者：鄭海燕

The automatic irrigation for farmland planting is of great value to improve the utilization rate of water resources and promote the high yield of crops. In this study, an intelligent control system based on programmable logic controller (PLC) was designed for automatic irrigation of farmland planting. The soil moisture content was obtained by humidity sensor, and then the intelligent control of irrigation was realized by PLC. The system was tested in the actual farmland with 70% humidity. It was found that the actual soil moisture content was controlled around 70% during the operation of system, and the fluctuation was about 2%. The test results show that the designed system has good control accuracy and stability, which contributes to the realization of intelligent irrigation for farmland.

关键词： programmable logic controller automatic irrigation water-saving irrigation intelligent control PID algorithm

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Application of PLC based smart microgrid controller for sequential load restoration during station blackout of nuclear power plants

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ANNALS OF NUCLEAR ENERGY 2021年 151卷 107899-107899页

作者： Khatua, Subhakanta Mukherjee, V Indian Sch Mines Indian Inst Technol Dhanbad Bihar India

Post Fukushima nuclear disaster, the distributed energy resources (DERs) based integrated microgrid (IMG) is under consideration as an alternative source to strengthen the station blackout power supply in nuclear power plants. The complete IMG blackout during switching over from on-grid to islanded mode is still an outstanding issue. The biggest challenge is power restoration to loads within 3 min of time after making black-start operation of DERs. A conceptual design of programmable logic controller based smart microgrid controller is proposed in this research to meet these challenges. In addition to it, a suitable protection scheme is also suggested to avoid transitional collapse of safety power supply. The concepts of black-start and sequential load restoration process are validated by using PSCAD/EMTDC simulation platform, a widely used power system transient and switching operation analysis tool. This software allows the users to assemble the circuit graphically, run the simulation, analyze the results, and manage the data in a completely integrated graphical environment. Based on the analysis reported in this paper, it is observed that the fluctuations in voltage and frequency are high during black-start operation. Hence, power electronics based soft starter is suggested to overcome these issues. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Distributed energy resources (DERs) Integrated microgrid (IMG) Nuclear power plant programmable logic controller PSCAD/EMTDC Station blackout Smart microgrid controller

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Supervisory Control Synthesis for Safety PLCs 15th

Supervisory Control Synthesis for Safety PLCs

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15th IFAC Workshop on Discrete Event Systems (WODES)

作者： Reijnen, Ferdie F. H. Erens, Toby R. van de Mortel-Fronczak, Joanna M. Rooda, Jacobu E. Eindhoven Univ Technol Dept Mech Engn Eindhoven Netherlands Rijkswaterstaat Cent Informat Serv Delft Netherlands

The development of supervisory controllers for cyber-physical systems is a laborious and error-prone process. Supervisor synthesis enables control designers to automatically synthesize a correct-by-construction supervisor from a model of the plant in combination with a model of the control requirements. Subsequently, the controller code can be generated from the supervisor model such that it can be implemented on a programmable logic controller (PLC). In industry, supervisors have to adhere to strict safety standards. To achieve these standards, safety PLCs (SPLCs) are used. For SPLC implementation, the supervisor has to be split into a regular part and a safety part. This paper presents a method to automatically splits a supervisor model for this purpose. To validate the method, a case study on a rotating bridge has been performed. The result is compared to a splitting result made by experts. Furthermore, the supervisor has been implemented to control the real bridge. Copyright (c) The Authors. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://***/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Due to the large number of sensors and actuators present i d ybe phy i l y t d th g ing fu i lity that h s to b p o id d by th ont l sy t Due to the large number of sensor and actuators p esent n mrn cr-mnrwnnthe deveopm nt of the associatesupervsry controller in modern cyberphysical systems and the growing func h d vep t f th s t up i y tr s itnrvd onrm, tionality that has to be provided by the control system , in mode n cyber-physical systems and the growing funcionality that has to be prvdby the cntrol system, vl mnoiervrnrll ris a laborious and errorprone process. Supervisor synthethe development of the associated supervisory controllers i l b io d p p s S p vi y th the development of the associated supervisory controllers si , introduced in Ramadge and Wonham (1987), enabls rnrrrrnrurvr ne is a laborious and error-prone process . Supervisor synthecontrol desig

关键词： Supervisory control theory programmable logic controller Industrial automation

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Sequential Function Chart to Function Block Diagram Transformation with Explicit State Representation 40th

Sequential Function Chart to Function Block Diagram Transfor...

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40th Anniversary International Conference on Information Systems Architecture and Technology (ISAT)

作者： Hojda, Maciej Filcek, Grzegorz Popek, Grzegorz Wroclaw Univ Sci & Technol Fac Comp Sci & Management Ignacego Lukasiewicza 5 PL-50371 Wroclaw Poland

ISBN: (纸本)9783030306045;9783030306038

This paper presents a method and a tool for converting Sequential Function Charts into Function Block Diagrams in a manner that models states with the use of flip-flops. Order of evaluation is enforced through the use of explicit delays. Presented approach can be used when SFC programming is not directly available but the developer wants to use advantages of SFC modeling.

关键词： Sequential Function Chart Function Block Diagram programmable logic controller

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Towards Integration of Heterogeneous controllers in an IOT-based Automation System 4

Towards Integration of Heterogeneous Controllers in an IOT-b...

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4th International Conference on Electrical Systems, Technology and Information (ICESTI)

作者： Wicaksono, Handy Santoso, Petrus Putro, Iwan Handoyo Hutomo, Ivan Surya Alvina, Pricilia Petra Christian Univ Elect Engn Dept Jl Siwalankerto 121-131 Surabaya 60236 Indonesia Natl Chiao Tung Univ Elect Engn & Comp Sci Dept 1001 Univ Rd Hsinchu 300 Taiwan

Heterogeneous controllers (such as: various brands of PLCs and microcontrollers), are existed in an automated system. This research propose a framework to integrate them by using NodeRed, an open source project to gather various devices and services in an IOT setting. The research framework was applied successfully in three cases: a smart home prototype for elderly, a smart door using face recognition method, and an automated system for multiple houses in separated locations.

关键词： Communication data internet of things smart home programmable logic controller

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Unavailability analysis of a digital hybrid platform for reactor protection systems

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ANNALS OF NUCLEAR ENERGY 2021年 160卷 108351-108351页

作者： Jeong, Jiye Son, Kibeom Heo, Gyunyoung Kyung Hee Univ 1732 Deogyeong Daero Yongin Gyeonggi Do South Korea Doosan Heavy Ind & Construct Co Ltd 37 Samsung 1 Ro 5 Gil Hwaseong Si Gyeonggi Do South Korea

Transition from conventional analog technology to advanced digital technology is a global trend, and commercial and research reactors are increasingly using digital instrumentation and control (I&C) systems. However, common cause failures (CCFs) of the digital platform are significant issues. In this paper, we proposed a potential solution for such CCFs by implementing a digital hybrid model that combines two different platforms, programmable logic controller (PLC) and field programmable gate array (FPGA). PLCs have been used for decades, while FPGAs are comparatively new in nuclear safety-grade I&C systems. The digital hybrid model was compared with an analog model and individual digital models for each platform in terms of the results using fault tree analysis and generic failure rate database. The quantitative improvements of the proposed digital hybrid model were demonstrated for a reactor protection system. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Unavailability analysis Reactor protection system programmable logic controller Field programmable gate array Fault tree Common cause failure

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Autonomous distributed control system strategy of rail vehicle for nuclear waste disposal 20

Autonomous distributed control system strategy of rail vehic...

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20th International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems (ICCAS)

作者： Nemcik, Jakub Krupa, Filip Slanina, Zdenek Ozana, Stepan Koziorek, Jiri Polak, Daniel VSB Tech Univ Ostrava Dept Cybernet & Biomed Engn 17 Listopadu 2172-15 Ostrava Czech Republic ROBOTSYSTEM SRO Havlickovo Nabrezi 2728-38 Ostrava Czech Republic

ISBN: (纸本)9788993215199

The long-term storage and disposal of radioactive waste is one of the major problems in nuclear energy. Deep geological disposal is widely agreed to be the best solution for storage of the radioactive waste. It is deposited in these repositories by conventional vehicles with human operator, which is exposed to radiation. For this reason, it is appropriate to develop new vehicles for the transport and storage of spent radioactive fuel that operates autonomously without the presence of an operator. Rail vehicles are most fitting type of transportation of the nuclear waste due high load capacity. The autonomous operation of this vehicles requires high demands on the control system, control strategy and safety. This article presents the design and implementation of distributed control system of rail vehicle for transport and storage of the waste. It includes the control system and strategy for coupling/decoupling and movement of connected vehicles. The control system is implemented in a programmable logic controller, which is widely used in industrial application.

关键词： autonomous rail vehicle distributed control system programmable logic controller radioactive waste

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Software and Hardware on the Platform of Standard Schneider Electric Devices that Implement Digital Correction of Frequency-Controlled Asynchronous Electric Drives

Software and Hardware on the Platform of Standard Schneider ...

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Global Smart Industry Conference (GloSIC)

作者： Baldenkov, Aleksandr Kodkin, Vladimir Loginova, Natalia South Ural State Univ Dept Automat Elect Drive Chelyabinsk Russia

ISBN: (纸本)9781728180755

The article substantiates the fundamental possibilities of implementing control algorithms for asynchronous electric drives, the structure of which differs from the standard algorithms for scalar and vector control. It is shown how specific programmable logic controllers from Schneider Electric can be used for these purposes, which are most often used to work with frequency converters to solve problems of controlling technological modes of operation of technological equipment. Examples of algorithms that implement dynamic positive feedback on the stator current of asynchronous electric motors without changing the software and hardware of the frequency converters are given. This control is very promising, since it opens up the possibility of introducing new control algorithms into frequency converters widely used in industry and power engineering.

关键词： programmable logic controller asynchronous electric drive control algorithms

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BMK10k: An autonomous robotic Observatory with fail-safe industrial Components 6

BMK10k: An autonomous robotic Observatory with fail-safe ind...

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Conference on Software and Cyberinfrastructure for Astronomy VI held as Part of SPIE Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation Conference

作者： Weingrill, Joerg Granzer, Thomas Bittner, Wilbert Jaervinen, Arto Leibniz Inst Astrophys Potsdam AIP Sternwarte 16 Potsdam Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781510636927

The BMK10k is a 30cm-aperture lens telescope 'Ballistische Messkammer 75/2,5/18', now equipped with a 100Megapixel STA1600LN CCD camera. With a plate scale of 2.54 arcsec per pixel, it delivers an astrometrically well-corrected field of view of 7.25 degrees x 7.25 degrees. We have roboticized it with the intention of operating it from Cerro Armazones, Chile, where it saw first light in August 2019. It is currently in commissioning. Among other applications, we plan to use it to observe the Southern PLATO Field (SPF) almost continuously for three years in preparation for the PLATO satellite, which will have much reduced spatial resolution in comparison. The telescope mount was retrofitted with modern servo motors and an industrial Beckhoff programmable logic controller (PLC), allowing reliable remote telescope control, environmental monitoring, dome control, with a separate PLC ensuring safely measures to protect the telescope in case of communication loss or power failure. Communications between the TCS and the PLC firmware are accomplished with Beckhoff TwinCAT Automation Device Specification (ADS) over TCP/IP. Real-time response is realised within the PLC, and ADS has latency times on the order of a few 100 ms, sufficient for high-level control of the telescope. Using off-the-shelf industrial components has proven to be a cost-effective and reliable method of operating a fully autonomous observatory.

关键词： robotic telescopes PLC programmable logic controller line replaceable units LRUs

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