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A smart PLC-SCADA framework for monitoring petroleum products terminals in industry 4.0 via machine learning

MEASUREMENT & CONTROL 2022年第7-8期55卷 830-848页

作者： Rashad, Ossama Attallah, Omneya Morsi, Iman Arab Acad Sci Technol & Maritime Transport Coll Engn & Technol Dept Elect & Commun Engn Alexandria 1029 Egypt

The paper introduces a programmable logic controller (PLC) / Human Machine Interface (HMI) system incorporated along with machine learning (ML) classifiers. Although some other studies have incorporated ML techniques to predict and control petroleum product terminals in terms of concentration, the proposed framework incorporates Add On Instruction (AOI) programming, PLC, and ML methods to automatically monitor petroleum products terminals. The framework adds an AOI in programming to achieve maximum usage of processor capabilities. Moreover, it uses AOI for programming in cooperation with the ladder diagram (LD). This leads to simplifying the LD graphical programming language, reducing the time of scanning, and making facilitate troubleshooting. The AOI is merged with ML to automate tank level detection and maintain good operational conditions and consequently protect these expensive essential assets. The introduced framework consists of three stages. The first stage is the PLC programming phase where the PLC is created using Add-On instructions. Next, HMI graphic displays are drawn and linked to the PLC tags in the following stage. During the third stage, the actual process readings are applied to the system based on ML algorithms to test its functionality. The proposed system results indicates a reduction in the LD number, highest program size, and maximum time of scanning. The results indicate that the AOI can help to trace the program more easily in fault situations. Besides, additional program instructions could reduce processor memory, system construction costs, and upgrade projects.

关键词： industry 4 0 SCADA HMI programmable logic controller real-time systems oil refinery process petroleum products machine learning level detection

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Practical Implementation of a Hydro Power Unit Active Power Regulation Based on an MPC Algorithm

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION 2022年第1期37卷 243-253页

作者： Beus, Mateo Pandzic, Hrvoje Univ Zagreb Fac Elect Engn & Comp Dept Energy & Power Syst Zagreb 10000 Croatia

Traditionally, proportional-integral-derivative (PID) based hydro turbine governors are mainly used due to their robustness and simple implementation. However, the weakness of these controllers is their design based on linear models and fixed parameters structure. This implies that the controller's parameters are usually calculated for the critical operating point leading to the controller's underperformance when operating away from the critical operating point. This paper introduces a Model Predictive Control (MPC) based hydro turbine's governor load/frequency controller whose linear prediction model parameters are updated depending on the operating point. The main intention of the paper is to reduce the gap between theoretical contributions and industrial practice. The experimental validation is achieved by implementing the introduced MPC algorithm to a laboratory hydro power plant's governor programmable logic controller (PLC) and comparing its response with the responses of the gain-scheduled PI (GS-PI) controller, PI controller based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO-PI) and the controller based on exponential control law (EXP).

关键词： Hydraulic turbines Power generation Prediction algorithms Predictive models Predictive control Power system stability Load modeling Load frequency control Pelton turbine programmable logic controller model predictive control turbine governor

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A novel gas turbine simulator for testing hybrid solar-Brayton energy systems

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ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT 2022年 268卷

作者： Pan, Tianyao Shen, Jiong Laumert, Bjorn Wang, Wujun KTH Royal Inst Technol Dept Energy Technol S-10044 Stockholm Sweden Southeast Univ Sch Energy & Environm Minist Educ Key Lab Energy Thermal Convers & Control Nanjing 210096 Peoples R China

A novel gas turbine simulator is developed to establish controllable boundaries for investigating the characteristics of key components in gas turbine based hybrid energy systems under different operating conditions. The gas turbine simulator consists of a compressed air system, an electrical heater, a mass flow controller, a proportional solenoid valve, a dual-flow choked nozzle, and a PLC-based control system. With the proposed control strategy, the fluid parameters, such as temperature, mass flow rate, and pressure, can be automatically regulated to simulate the boundary conditions of a gas turbine under various workloads. Experimental results for both cold and hot states have validated the capabilities of the gas turbine simulator to deliver convergent control results with fast response. The gas turbine simulator has demonstrated considerable performance in stabilizing system boundaries with the precision in terms of pressure control reaching +/- 0.004 bar for steady states, and +/- 0.018 bar to +/- 0.076 bar for transient states with mass flow and temperature perturbations. The gas turbine simulator can also accurately track linear and nonlinear trajectories during operating point migrations, and effectively limit deviations within +/- 0.037 bar.

关键词： Gas turbine simulator Concentrating solar power Choked nozzle Solenoid valve programmable logic controller

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Fault diagnosis of PLC-based discrete event systems using Petri nets

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MEASUREMENT & CONTROL 2022年第9-10期55卷 960-973页

作者： Li, Yongyao Wang, Ya Zhu, Guanghui Yin, Li Zhang, Huimin Macau Univ Sci & Technol Inst Syst Engn Taipa Macao Peoples R China Xuchang Univ Sch Elect & Mech Engn 88 Bayi Rd Xuchang 461000 Henan Peoples R China Guangxi Normal Univ Coll Comp Sci & Engn Guilin Peoples R China

This paper addresses the fault diagnosis problem of PLC-based systems that can be modeled as Petri nets under a certain level of abstraction. The existing Petri-net-based fault diagnosis approaches often associate transitions and/or places with sensors and require that any change in sensor readings needs to be treated by a PLC, leading to a situation that the PLC would be too busy processing the changes in sensor readings to perform other tasks. This paper assumes that a PLC does not monitor the changes of readings of sensors all the time, but periodically reads the values of sensors when needed. The system output is defined as a marking sequence interleaved with possible observed transitions. A fault diagnosis algorithm is developed by defining and solving integer linear programing (ILP) problems whose size is regardless of the length of the system output. The proposed approach enjoys high computational efficiency compared with other ILP-based approaches and is more suitable for fault diagnosis of PLC-based systems with low computing power.

关键词： Petri net fault diagnosis programmable logic controller discrete event system

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IEC 61850 Compatible OpenPLC for Cyber Attack Case Studies on Smart Substation Systems

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IEEE ACCESS 2022年 10卷 9164-9173页

作者： Roomi, Muhammad M. Ong, Wen Shei Hussain, S. M. Suhail Mashima, Daisuke Illinois Singapore Pte Ltd Singapore 138602 Singapore Natl Univ Singapore Sch Comp Singapore 119077 Singapore

programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are essential components for enabling remote monitoring and automated control in industrial control systems. Recently PLCs are often utilized in a modernized power grid system for implementing an additional layer of automated control, such as operation of circuit breakers under specific conditions. Thus, in order to create a software-based smart grid testbed (or 'cyber range' for cyber security experiments);emulation of the PLC is imperative. OpenPLC is a software widely used for emulating PLCs, but unfortunately it does not support IEC 61850 standard, which is the globally adopted standard for substation automation in smart power grid systems. Thus, in this paper, the enhancement of OpenPLC to support IEC 61850 protocol and information models is discussed. The performance of the implementation has been validated to corroborate its application for use cases in the smart grid paradigm. Subsequently, the implementation is demonstrated in a smart grid cyber range to evaluate the impacts of attacks and thereby, the effectiveness of security measures and robustness of PLC control logic. The implementation, named 'OpenPLC61850', is made available as an open-source project for the wider research and industry community.

关键词： IEC Standards Protocols Standards Smart grids Cyberattack Open source software IEC programmable logic controller cyber security smart grid test bed cyber range IEC 61850

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The Automated Efficiency Enhancement of Photovoltaic cells using Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things 9

The Automated Efficiency Enhancement of Photovoltaic cells u...

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9th International Conference on Electrical Energy Systems (ICEES)

作者： Mohankumar, P. Vinoth, R. Suresh, P. Ajayan, J. Sona Coll Technol Mechatron Engn Salem India SR Univ Dept ECE Warangal Andhra Pradesh India

ISBN: (纸本)9798350348033

Many solar plants adopt fixed solar panels in their plants for power production. Due to these fixed panels, maximum utilization of power output from the solar panels is not obtained during morning and evening time. This limitation can be overcome by using dual-axis solar trackers. With dual-axis solar radiation trackers, we could obtain more power output from solar panels even in morning and evening time compared to fixed solar panels. Compared to the average power output produced from the fixed panels, the average power output from the dual-axis solar trackers is 9.916% more thanthe fixed panels.

关键词： Solar power dual-axis tracker AI prediction Internet of Things programmable logic controller

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Search-based Test Case Selection for PLC Systems using Functional Block Diagram Programs 34

Search-based Test Case Selection for PLC Systems using Funct...

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34th IEEE International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering (ISSRE)

作者： Ugarte Querejeta, Miriam Jee, Eunkyoung Liu, Lingjun Valle, Pablo Arrieta, Aitor Illarramendi Rezabal, Miren Mondragon Unibertsitatea Arrasate Mondragon Spain Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol Daejeon South Korea

ISBN: (纸本)9798350315943

programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are the core unit of the production system, which frequently need to implement new processes to address customer needs. These changes must be fully tested to ensure the reliability of the PLC code, which is commonly programmed through Functional Block Diagrams (FBDs). This is a tedious task that requires considerable time and effort given the manual nature of the process involved in PLC testing. Hence, we present a cost-effective test selection approach to test FBD programs in dynamic environments. The proposed method uses a search-based multi-objective test case selection algorithm as a regression technique to test recently modified FBD programs. Specifically, we derived a total of 7 fitness function combinations, by combining different cost and quality-based fitness functions. We carried out an empirical evaluation, by employing fitness metrics in the well-known NSGA-II algorithm to determine the best configuration setup for testing FBD programs. Furthermore, we benchmarked the performance of the NSGA-II with the baseline Random Search (RS). The study was carried out with three case studies of a reactor protection system, and evaluated with two sets of mutants. The results demonstrated that the proposed approach significantly reduces time, while keeping high the overall fault detection capability.

关键词： programmable logic controller functional block diagram test case selection regression testing search-based testing

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Experimental outdoor performance assessment and energy efficiency of 11.28 kWp grid tied PV systems with sun tracker installed in saharan climate: A case study in Ghardaia, Algeria

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SOLAR ENERGY 2022年 243卷 174-192页

作者： Zaghba, Layachi Khennane, Messaouda Mekhilef, Saad Fezzani, Amor Borni, Abdelhalim Ctr Dev Energies Renouvelables Unite Rech Appl Energies Renouvelables URAER Ghardaia 47133 Algeria Swinburne Univ Technol Sch Sci Comp & Engn Technol Hawthorn Vic 3122 Australia Univ Malaya Power Elect & Renewable Energy Res Lab PEARL Dept Elect Engn Kuala Lumpur 50603 Malaysia King Abdulaziz Univ Ctr Res Excellence Renewable Energy & Power Syst Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia

In recent years, the demand for grid tied solar photovoltaic systems has been rising fleetly, due to the low cost of solar panels, storage systems, and inverter equipment. The expertise of the grid related photovoltaic solar system attached sun trackers doesn't depend on the following factors, the amount of sunshine, angular travel, posi-tioning frequency, and the region where they are installed. To comprehend how they perform in the whole world, we require assessing and comparing their performance in several parts of the country. This work details the experimental PV system setup and the analytics based on the measurements from the system in Algeria (Ghardaia City).This work exhibits detailed simulation data based on PVSYST software and compared with experimental results of an 11.28 kWp grid-connected solar system with sun tracking systems, after one year of operation at Applied Research Unit of Renewable Energy (URAER) in southern Algeria. The PV system consists of three identical 3.76 kWp solar trackers systems with the same module and inverter. This study also investigates during the real outdoor PV system operation, the yearly, monthly, and daily PV array and inverter behavior based on the performance metrics indicators, meteorological data (temperature and solar irradiation), DC and AC energy produced reference yield (YF), array yield (YA), final yield (YF), PV array and system efficiency, per-formance ratio (PR), PV array and system losses, and capacity factor (CF) of the whole solar photovoltaic system with sun tracker and likewise the three sub-PV systems with sun tracker following to the IEC 61,724 guidance. The electricity produced for the grid was also verified using the sunny portal application. The outcomes indicate that the binary-axis solar tracker shows a preferable performance, which collects about 20.89% further energy compared to that of the steady axis, and the one-axis tracker generates about 12.91% more energy compared to the fixed PV tracker.

关键词： Energy efficiency Performance evaluation Sun tracker programmable logic controller PVSYST software Sunny portal Desert climate

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Control system performance of a 7.3-meter radio telescope converted from telecommunication antenna to radio astronomy purposes in Malaysia

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JOURNAL OF ASTRONOMICAL TELESCOPES INSTRUMENTS AND SYSTEMS 2022年第3期8卷

作者： Abidin, Zamri Zainal Ramadhani, Farah Algaba, Juan Carlos Shah, Noraisyah Mohamed Dahari, Mahidzal Mokhtar, Wan Zul Adli Wan Univ Malaya Dept Phys Radio Cosmol Res Lab Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Univ Malaya Dept Elect Engn Kuala Lumpur Malaysia King Abdulaziz Univ Ctr Res Excellent Renewable Energy & Power Syst Jeddah Saudi Arabia Univ Pendidikan Sultan Idris Dept Phys Fac Sci & Math Tanjung Malim Malaysia

We present a crucial step in converting a commercial telecommunication antenna system into a radio astronomy telescope. This step involved the development of a newly installed and simple control system to manage the telescope movement with relatively good pointing accuracy. The control system was designed using a programmable logic controller (PLC) that is robust and affordable. Based on the performance testing, this control system achieved average accuracies of 0.95 and 1.083 arcmin in azimuth and elevation positioning respectively, and an RMS of 9 arcmin across the open sky. In addition, it reached average rotation speeds of about 5.4, 2.4, and 4.8 arcmin/s for azimuth, elevation, and tracking rate, respectively. The results also showed that the converted radio telescope has an acceptable tracking accuracy of errors below 10% of the antenna half-power bandwidth at a frequency of 1.4 GHz while generating movement speed suitable for basic radio astronomy observations. These results show that this converted small radio telescope has the basic requirements for tracking and imaging celestial radio objects, primarily via interferometry with larger radio telescopes at low observation frequencies. (C) 2022 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)

关键词： radio telescope instrumentation control programmable logic controller antenna control system

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PIRAT - Tool for Automated Cyber-risk Assessment of PLC Components & Systems Deploying NVD CVE & MITRE ATT&CK Databases 23

PIRAT - Tool for Automated Cyber-risk Assessment of PLC Comp...

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14th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems (ICCPS) part of CPS-IoT Week

作者： Petrovic, Stefan Vlajic, Natalija Cianfarani, Gabriele York Univ EECS Dept Toronto ON Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9798400700361

programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are the backbone of modern-day Industrial Control Systems (ICSs), and as such play a key role in many critical infrastructure sectors (e.g., water and water-waste management, power distribution, transportation, food and agriculture, critical manufacturing, etc.). Given the important functions that PLCs carry out within many critical infrastructures, a cyber-compromise of even a single PLC device can have far-reaching impact and consequences, ranging from distribution-system outages, environmental pollution, mass water and food poisoning, to outright loss of human life. The objective of this work-in-progress is to develop a free open source tool, named PIRAT, for cyber-risk assessment of individual PLC components, as well as more complex PLC systems. The tool synthesizes the user-provided PLC component/system information with the readily available data from the National Vulnerability Database (NVD) and MITRE Adversarial Tactics, Techniques and Common Knowledge (MITRE ATT&CK) database. The output of the tool is an aggregate risk scores for the given PLC component/system. The risk score is derived not only based on the known PLC vulnerabilities, but also based on the presence and capabilities of advance persistent threat (APT) groups potentially targeting the given PLC component/system and/or targeting the respective critical infrastructure industry.

关键词： programmable logic controller Industrial Control Systems Cybersecurity Cyber-Risk assessment NVD Database MITRE ATT&CK Database

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