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2023 Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies, i-PACT 2023

作者： Bagyaveereswaran, V. Pang, Wai Leong Pragatheshwaran, N. Epcipha, R. Anitha, R. Pandian, B. Jaganatha School of Electrical Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology Tamilnadu Vellore India School of Engineering Taylor's University Subang Jaya Malaysia School of Electronics Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology Tamilnadu Vellore India

ISBN: (纸本)9798350325188

IoT - based remote monitoring and controlling of the substation is proposed in this work. It is done by using a Flexy-205 IoT Gateway and remote access router. The substation automation plant model has different model divisions such as City, Urban, Rural 1, and Rural 2, which have circuit breakers and lights. This model is controlled with the help of Siemens S7-300 programmable logic controller. A ladder logic program has developed in Simatic Manager software. The Flexy-205 is an advanced internet data gateway that allows machine builders to access and collect data remotely for evaluation and analytical maintenance. The remote access and data collection from the substation plant using S7-300 PLC with Flexy-205 is done by using Ebuddy and ECatcher software. The Graphical User Interface for substation remote access is created using viewON software. The proposed method is successfully tested on the substation remotely. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： Industrial IoT programmable logic controller Remote Monitoring and Control Substation Automation

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Development of a low-power switching signal acquisition device 10

Development of a low-power switching signal acquisition devi...

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10th International Forum on Electrical Engineering and Automation, IFEEA 2023

作者： Jing, Boyun Liu, Feilong Li, Guiping Xiong, Guangya Nanjing Nari Water Conservancy and Hydropower Technology Co. Ltd. Nanjing China Nanjing Nari Group Corporation Nanjing China

ISBN: (纸本)9798350309379

This paper introduces an ultra-low-power 32-bit microcontroller and develops a 16-channel switching volume acquisition local device as its main control chip. The device is a programmable logic controller switching volume acquisition device, which adopts optoelectronic isolation technology to convert the switching volume signals of the on-site equipment into high and low level digital signals that can be recognized by the system. The switching volume acquisition device can be widely used in water supply and drainage pipe network, water conservancy hub, reservoir, irrigation district and other switching volume monitoring water conservancy projects. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： component Photoelectric Isolation programmable logic controller Switching signal Water Conservancy Engineering Water Supply and Drainage Network

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Node-RED Web-based Monitor and Control of Power System Using Modbus and Message Queuing Telemetry Transport Communication in Raspberry Pi Embedded Platform

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SENSORS AND MATERIALS 2024年第11期36卷 4849-4864页

作者： Lin, Ming-Hung Wu, Sheng-Han Huang, Bo-Wun Chen, Po-Hsun Huang, Chao-Hung Chen, Cheng-Yi Yang, Cheng-Fu Cheng Shiu Univ Dept Elect Engn Kaohsiung 833301 Taiwan Cheng Shiu Univ Inst Mechatron Engn Kaohsiung 833301 Taiwan Natl Kaohsiung Univ Sci & Technol Dept Mech Engn Kaohsiung 807618 Taiwan Natl Univ Kaohsiung Dept Chem & Mat Engn Kaohsiung 811 Taiwan

The rapid development of the industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has transformed manufacturing processes, particularly in industries such as electronics and aerospace. While larger enterprises have successfully implemented IIoT applications to enhance productivity and facilitate smart manufacturing, small and medium-sized enterprises have faced challenges in adopting these technologies owing to financial constraints and limitations in their existing equipment. Therefore, in this paper, we propose to use Raspberry Pi as the hardware basis and the Cheng Shiu University laboratory as the research target. The approach presented in this paper involves integrating open-source packages to design both the programmable logic controller (PLC) publishing pattern and the PLC subscribing pattern. The proposed approach uses a message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) communication protocol for transmitting Modbus transmission control protocol (TCP) register data and bidirectional data exchange with a remote monitoring system. An MQTT Broker is established to act as a bridge between the monitoring platform and the control system. A Node-RED-based IoT platform is set up to subscribe to topics from the PLC publisher for data collection. Additionally, the human-machine interface (HMI) in the monitoring system utilizes MQTT communication to publish PLC control commands, and a database is implemented for the historical analysis of monitoring data. In this study, we aim to establish a web-based cross-platform monitoring and control system using lowcost integration through Raspberry Pi 4B embedded systems and various communication protocols. The design facilitates the IoT transformation of PLC control systems. This integrated system has broad applications in construction, production equipment, and power system monitoring to achieve power monitoring and energy conservation.

关键词： Raspberry Pi MQTT communication protocol Internet of Things node-RED programmable logic controller

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Raspberry Pi Applications in Electronics and Control Laboratories 13

Raspberry Pi Applications in Electronics and Control Laborat...

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13th IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (IEEE EDUCON)

作者： Vaca, Nelson Garcia-Loro, Felix Martin, Sergio Castro, Manuel Sancristobal, Elio Rodriguez-Artacho, Miguel Univ Nacl Educ Distancia Elect & Comp Engn Dept Ibarra Imbabura Ecuador Univ Nacl Educ Distancia Elect & Comp Engn Dept Madrid Spain Univ Nacl Educ Distancia Dept Lenguajes & Sistemas Informat Madrid Spain

ISBN: (纸本)9781665444347

This paper describes the design and development of a Remote Laboratory based on a single board computer (Raspberry Pi). This lab consist of 3 experiments, each one of them have a controller with different construction or configuration characteristics, allowing users to experiment with electrical and electronic control elements, presenting the possibility of open and closed control loops.

关键词： Remote Laboratory Raspberry Pi System on a Chip Operative System Data Base Pulse Width Modulation Proportional Integrative and Derivative programmable logic controller

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Obfuscation strategies for industrial control systems☆

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION 2024年 47卷

作者： Cozza, Vittoria Dalla Preda, Mila Lanotte, Ruggero Lucchese, Marco Merro, Massimo Zannone, Nicola Univ Verona Str Grazie 15 I-37134 Verona Italy Univ Insubria Via Valleggio 11 I-22100 Como Italy Eindhoven Univ Technol POB 513 NL-5600 MB Eindhoven Netherlands

Recently released scan data on Shodan reveals that thousands of Industrial Control Systems (ICSs) worldwide are directly accessible via the Internet and, thus, exposed to cyber-attacks aiming at financial gain, espionage, or disruption and/or sabotage. Executing sophisticated cyber-physical attacks aiming to manipulate industrial functionalities requires a deep understanding of the underlying physical process at the core of the target ICS, for instance, through unauthorized access to memory registers of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). However, to date, countermeasures aiming at hindering the comprehension of physical processes remain largely unexplored. In this work, we investigate the use of obfuscation strategies to complicate process comprehension of ICSs while preserving their runtime evolution. To this end, we propose a framework to design and evaluate obfuscation strategies for PLCs, involving PLC memory registers, PLC code (user program), and the introduction of extra (spurious) physical processes. Our framework categorizes obfuscation strategies based on two dimensions: the type of (spurious) registers employed in the obfuscation strategy and the dependence on the (genuine) physical process. To evaluate the efficacy of proposed obfuscation strategies, we introduce evaluation metrics to assess their potency and resilience, in terms of system invariants the attacker can derive, and their cost in terms of computational overhead due to runtime modifications of spurious PLC registers. We developed a prototype tool to automatize the devised obfuscation strategies and applied them to a non-trivial use case in the field of water tank systems. Our results show that code obfuscation can be effectively used to counter malicious process comprehension of ICSs achieved via scanning of PLC memory registers. To our knowledge, this is the first work using obfuscation as a technique to protect ICSs from such threats. The efficacy of the proposed obfuscation strategies

关键词： Code obfuscation Process comprehension programmable logic controller

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RPC-Based OPC-UA Agent for Legacy PLCs 27

RPC-Based OPC-UA Agent for Legacy PLCs

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IEEE 27th International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)

作者： Lee, Seung-Yong Sung, Minyoung Korea Elect Technol Inst Seongnam Si 13509 South Korea Univ Seoul Dept Mech & Informat Engn Seoul 02504 South Korea

ISBN: (数字)9781665499965

ISBN: (纸本)9781665499965

This paper proposes an agent for OPC unified architecture (UA) that enables UA information service and client functions in legacy programmable logic controllers (PLC). The agent runs on a separate machine connected to the PLC using a dedicated link and maintains shared memory with the PLC. Based on the synchronized variables, the agent provides information models and executes client function blocks on behalf of the PLC. One important design feature is that the agent uses synchronized variables to implement a simplified remote procedure call (RPC) mechanism that conforms to the IEC 61131-3 functional model. This allows standard OPC-UA client functions to be used in existing PLC programs that only support numeric types and do not support strings or complex structures.

关键词： OPC unified architecture agent programmable logic controller remote procedure call

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New electronic brains for Halfmann telescopes 7

New electronic brains for Halfmann telescopes

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Conference on Software and Cyberinfrastructure for Astronomy VII

作者： Weingrill, Jorg Granzer, Thomas Weber, Michael Bittner, Wilbert Seehaus, Carlo Mettke, Jan Leibniz Inst Astrophys Potsdam AIP Sternwarte 16 D-14482 Potsdam Germany TH Brandenburg Magdeburger Str 50 D-14770 Brandenburg Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781510653603;9781510653597

Many components of our STELLA telescopes located on Tenerife, which were built by Halfmann in the 2000s have reached the end of their life with no replacement parts available. A solution was necessary to guarantee continuous operation and support for the next ten years. The prerequisite for the retrofit, however, was that the mechanical components remain largely untouched in order to simplify the upgrade. We decided to remove all the existing electronics in the main control cabinet. In order to avoid electronic interference in the scientific instruments, we took several precautions. This included an isolating transformer, line filters and power chokes for the servo drivers. All of the control electronics as well as the sensory inputs is now handled by Beckhoff components. A Beckhoff PLC CX5140 is the new "electronic brain" replacing a Linux computer running the telescope control firmware. The new telescope control firmware written in TwinCAT3 is available as open source. MQTT messages are used to command the telescope and report sensor values and position information. Sensor measurements and the state of the telescope are logged in an Influx-database and visualized using Grafana(dagger). Future enhancements include an improved guiding of the telescope using machine vision and a GigE camera in a closed loop on the PLC.

关键词： programmable logic controller telescope control firmware TwinCAT3 open source electronic upgrade

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Reverse Engineering Physical Semantics of PLC Program Variables Using Control Invariants 20

Reverse Engineering Physical Semantics of PLC Program Variab...

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20th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys)

作者： Yang, Zeyu He, Liang Yu, Hua Zhao, Chengcheng Cheng, Peng Chen, Jiming Zhejiang Univ Hangzhou Peoples R China Univ Colorado Denver Denver CO USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450398862

Semantic attacks have incurred increasing threats to Industrial Control Systems (ICSs), which manipulate targeted system modules by identifying the physical semantics of variables in programmable logic controllers (PLCs) programs, i.e., the sensing/actuating modules represented by the variables. This is usually (and inefficiently) achieved via manual examination of system documents and long-term observation of system behavior. In this paper, we design ARES, a method that Automatically Reverse Engineers the Semantics of variables in PLC programs without requiring any domain knowledge. ARES is built on the fact that the Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) system monitors the behavior of PLC using a fixed mapping between the variables of program code and data log, and the data log variables are marked with physical semantics. By identifying the mapping between PLC code and SCADA data (i.e., the code-data mapping), ARES reverse engineers the physical semantics of program variables. ARES also sheds light on the preferred practices in implementing control rules that improve the resistance of PLC programs to semantic attacks. We have experimentally evaluated ARES and the recommended implementation practices on two ICS platforms.

关键词： programmable logic controller Physical Semantics Control Invariants

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Bounded Model Checking of PLC ST Programs using Rewriting Modulo SMT 8

Bounded Model Checking of PLC ST Programs using Rewriting Mo...

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8th International Workshop on Formal Techniques for Safety-Critical Systems (FTSCS)

作者： Lee, Jaeseo Kim, Sangki Bae, Kyungmin Pohang Univ Sci & Technol Pohang South Korea

ISBN: (纸本)9781450399074

A programmable logic controller (PLC) is widely used in industrial control systems, and Structured text (ST) is an imperative language to develop PLC programs. Because of its safety-critical nature, formally analyzing PLC programs is important, and a rewriting-based formal semantics of ST has been proposed for this purpose. This paper presents a bounded model checking technique for PLC ST programs based on the rewriting-based semantics. We apply rewriting modulo SMT to symbolically analyze LTL properties of ST programs with respect to sequences of (possibly infinite) inputs and outputs. We have demonstrated the effectiveness of our approach using a traffic light case study.

关键词： programmable logic controller Structured Text rewriting modulo SMT maude

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Distance Learning of programmable logic Control: An Implementation Example 29

Distance Learning of Programmable Logic Control: An Implemen...

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29th International Conference on Systems, Signals and Image Processing (IWSSIP)

作者： Music, Gasper Tomazic, Simon Logar, Vito Univ Ljubljana Fac Elect Engn Ljubljana Slovenia

ISBN: (纸本)9781665495783

This article describes the implementation of a distance learning course in programmable logic control designed and delivered during the Covid 19 pandemic. The course has a strong practical orientation, so it was a particular challenge to maintain this orientation in the remote implementation of the course. The goal was achieved through a combination of software simulation tools, remote access to computers in the lab and interactive sessions with an instructor.

关键词： distance learning engineering higher education laboratory course industrial automation programmable logic controller digital twin

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