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4th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems (ICPS)

作者： Oleghe, Omogbai Rite Pak Co Ltd Networking Syst Ota Nigeria

ISBN: (纸本)9781728162072

This article presents an overarching overview of controller- based Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) infrastructures, with emphasis on the prevalent enabling technologies. Through a critical analysis, the study is used to reveal the determinants for choosing IIoT infrastructure and enabling technologies, given the type of field device whether microcontroller or programmable logic controller. Findings from the analysis motivate proposal for generalized configurations for the design of IIoT systems to harmonize the multitude of conceivable designs.

关键词： IIoT programmable logic controller microcontroller application protocol infrastructure enabling technology

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Scan Time Reduction of PLCs by Dedicated Parallel-Execution Multiple PID controllers Using an FPGA

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SENSORS 2022年第12期22卷 4584页

作者： Dhanabalan, Gnanasekaran Selvi, Sankar Tamil Mahdal, Miroslav AAA Coll Engn & Technol Dept Elect & Commun Engn Sivakasi 626123 India VSB Tech Univ Ostrava Fac Mech Engn Dept Control Syst & Instrumentat 17 Listopadu 2172-15 Ostrava 70800 Czech Republic

A programmable logic controller (PLC) executes a ladder diagram (LD) using input and output modules. An LD also has PID controller function blocks. It contains as many PID function blocks as the number of process parameters to be controlled. Adding more process parameters slows down PLC scan time. Process parameters are measured as analog signals. The analog input module in the PLC converts these analog signals into digital signals and forwards them to the PID controller as inputs. In this research work, a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based multiple PID controller is proposed to retain PLC scan time at a lower value. Concurrent execution of multiple PID controllers was assured by assigning separate FPGA hardware resources for every PID controller. Digital input to the PID controller is routed by the novel idea of analog to digital conversion (ADC), performed using a digital to analog converter (DAC), comparator, and FPGA. ADC combined with dedicated PID controller logic in an FPGA for every closed-loop control system confirms concurrent execution of multiple PID controllers. The time required to execute two closed-loop controls was identified as 18.96000004 ms. This design can be used either with or without a PLC.

关键词： analog to digital conversion data acquisition field programmable gate arrays PI control programmable logic controller scan time

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Evaluation of Similarities in Data Points Necessary for Monitoring Biogas Plants

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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY 2020年第1期43卷 95-98页

作者： Meier, Karlheinz BayWa Re Bioenergy GmbH Blumenstr 16 D-93055 Regensburg Germany

Acquiring data from biogas plants can be done by accessing the data stored in the programmable logic controller (PLC) of the biogas plant, which is responsible for issuing control commands to the hardware of the plant. Eight plants of three different manufacturers, with a total of 1370 data points, were analyzed to find similarities which could lead to a reliable but manufacturer-independent readout of sensor and control values. The expectation was plants of the same vendor being very similar but analysis showed that only minor similarities exist between plants of the same manufacturer. Even less similarities are found when it comes to plants from different manufacturers.

关键词： Biogas plants Data acquisition Data points programmable logic controller

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Identifying and Verifying Vulnerabilities through PLC Network Protocol and Memory Structure Analysis

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2020年第10期65卷 53-67页

作者： Joo-Chan Lee Hyun-Pyo Choi Jang-Hoon Kim Jun-Won Kim Da-Un Jung Ji-Ho Shin Jung-Taek Seo Department of Information Security Engineering Soonchunhyang UniversityAsan31538Korea

Cyberattacks on the Industrial Control System(ICS)have recently been increasing,made more intelligent by advancing *** such,cybersecurity for such systems is attracting *** a core element of control devices,the programmable logic controller(PLC)in an ICS carries out on-site control over the ICS.A cyberattack on the PLC will cause damages on the overall ICS,with Stuxnet and Duqu as the most representative ***,cybersecurity for PLCs is considered essential,and many researchers carry out a variety of analyses on the vulnerabilities of PLCs as part of preemptive efforts against *** this study,a vulnerability analysis was conducted on the XGB *** vulnerabilities were identified by analyzing the network protocols and memory structure of PLCs and were utilized to launch replay attack,memory modulation attack,and FTP/Web service account theft for the verification of the *** on the results,the attacks were proven to be able to cause the PLC to malfunction and disable it,and the identified vulnerabilities were defined.

关键词： Industrial control system programmable logic controller cybersecurity network protocol vulnerability

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Anomaly Detection in Real-Time Multi-Threaded Processes Using Hardware Performance Counters

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION FORENSICS AND SECURITY 2020年 15卷 666-680页

作者： Krishnamurthy, Prashanth Karri, Ramesh Khorrami, Farshad NYU Tandon Sch Engn Dept Elect & Comp Engn Brooklyn NY 11201 USA

We propose a novel methodology for real-time monitoring of software running on embedded processors in cyber-physical systems (CPS). The approach uses real-time monitoring of hardware performance counters (HPC) and applies to multi-threaded and interrupt-driven processes typical in programmable logic controller (PLC) implementation of real-time controllers. The methodology uses a black-box approach to profile the target process using HPCs. The time series of HPC measurements over a time window under known-good operating conditions is used to train a machine learning classifier. At run-time, this trained classifier classifies the time series of HPC measurements as baseline (i.e., probabilistically corresponding to a model learned from the training data) or anomalous. The baseline versus anomalous labels over successive time windows offer robustness against the stochastic variability of code execution on the embedded processor and detect code modifications. We demonstrate effectiveness of the approach on an embedded PLC in a hardware-in-the-loop (HITL) testbed emulating a benchmark industrial process. In addition, to illustrate the scalability of the approach, we also apply the methodology to a second PLC platform running a representative embedded control process.

关键词： Anomaly detection cyber security programmable logic controller malware resilient control

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Design and industrial implementation of fuzzy logic control of level in soda production

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ENGINEERING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL-JESTECH 2020年第3期23卷 691-699页

作者： Yordanova, Snejana Gueorguiev, Branimir Slavov, Milen Tech Univ Sofia Fac Automat Sofia 1000 Bulgaria SolvaySodi SA Devnya Bulgaria

The linear control techniques often fail to satisfy the high standards in the control of the contemporary complex plants accounting for the emerging importance of the plant nonlinearity, model uncertainty, variables coupling and disturbances from the industrial environment. The fuzzy logic controller (FLC) successfully ensures control system stability, robustness and desired performance in the whole range of plant operation. Despite the rapid theoretical development the reported FLC industrial applications are still only few. The aim of the present investigation is to design and implement a model-free FLC for the liquid level in a carbonisation column in soda ash production using a low-cost general purpose industrial programmable logic controller (PLC). The novelty is the design of a single-input-single-output FLC, the FLC transformation to enable its programming in a PLC and implementation of the PLC-FLC for the real time control of the level in a carbonisation column in "Solvay Sodi" SA - Devnya, Bulgaria. The conducted real time experiments on the industrial plant show that the FLC system outperforms the existing model-based fuzzy parallel distributed control system in an increased dynamic accuracy and a reduced settling time. (C) 2019 Karabuk University. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Carbonisation column Level control Mamdani fuzzy logic control programmable logic controller Real time experimentation

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Operational Semantics of Annotated Reflex Programs

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AUTOMATIC CONTROL AND COMPUTER SCIENCES 2020年第7期54卷 719-727页

作者： Anureev, I. S. Russian Acad Sci Siberian Branch Ershov Inst Informat Syst Novosibirsk 630090 Russia Russian Acad Sci Siberian Branch Inst Automat & Electrometry Novosibirsk 630090 Russia

Reflex is a process-oriented language for developing easy-to-maintain control software for programmable logic controllers. The language has been successfully used in several safety-critical control systems, e.g., in control systems of a silicon single crystal growing furnace and electronic equipment. Currently, the main goal of the Reflex language project is to develop formal verification methods for Reflex programs in order to guarantee increased reliability of the software created on its basis. The paper presents formal operational semantics of Reflex programs extended with annotations describing the formal specification of software requirements as a necessary basis for the application of such methods. A brief review of the Reflex language is given, and a simple example of its use, a control program for a hand dryer, is provided. The concepts of environment and variables shared with the environment are defined, which make it possible to abstract from specific input/output ports. Types of annotations that specify constraints on the values of the variables at program start, constraints on the environment (in particular, on the control object), control cycle invariants, and pre- and postconditions of external functions used in Reflex programs are defined. Annotated Reflex also uses standard annotations assume, assert, and havoc. The operational semantics of annotated Reflex programs uses the global clock and the local clocks of individual processes, the time of which is measured in the number of control cycle iterations, to simulate time constraints on process execution in certain states. It stores a complete history of changes in the values of the shared variables for a more complete description of time properties of the program and its environment. Semantics takes into account the infinity of the program execution cycle, the logic of controlling transitions of processes from state to state and the interaction of processes with each other and with the environment. E

关键词： operational semantics Reflex language control system control software programmable logic controller annotation annotated program

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The development of a monitoring system for analyzing factors affecting film thickness in a sputtering process

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MODERN PHYSICS LETTERS B 2020年第7-9期34卷

作者： Chou, Cheng-Hsueh Lin, You-Teh Shinde, Swapnil Huang, Ci-En Wu, Tsung-Chien Lin, Keh-Moh Hsiao, Wen-Tse Southern Taiwan Univ Sci & Technol Dept Mech Engn Tainan 71005 Taiwan Natl Appl Res Labs Taiwan Instrument Res Inst Hsinchu 300 Taiwan

Since semiconductor technology has been progressing, an approach to precise size control of the devices becomes a main challenge. In this work, a programmable logic controller module was used to read the sputtering parameters in real time. Experimental results confirmed that the direct current (DC) bias increased with increasing sputtering power. At the same time, the non-uniformity of the deposited films also increased along with the increasing power. However, the film thickness difference caused by plasma turbulence decreased with increasing deposition time. In addition, it was difficult to evaluate the local uniformity of the film by using the DC bias.

关键词： Sputtering technology programmable logic controller smart fabrication

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Development of an Automatic Control System for Pot-Grown Rice Inspection Based on programmable logic controller

Development of an Automatic Control System for Pot-Grown Ric...

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5th International Conference on Computer and Computing Technologies in Agriculture (CCTA)

作者： Yang, Wanneng Huang, Chenglong Liu, Qian Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol Britton Chance Ctr Biomed Photon Wuhan Natl Lab Optoelect Wuhan 430074 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9783642272745

Rice improvement breeding is one of the most important research fields in China. With the development of modern rice breeding technology, hundreds to thousands of new varieties are produced daily, creating the impetus for rapid plant phenotyping evaluation. However, traditional measurement is inefficiency, contact-interferential, and lack-objectivity. Thus a high-throughput and automatic extraction system for rice plant is imperative. In this article we developed a rice phenotyping automatic extraction system and designed the automatic control for the system based on programmable logic controller (PLC). Subsequently, the prototype was test under industrial conditions continuous 24 h workdays and the error probability was less than 0.01%. In sum, base on PLC, we provide an efficient and stable automatic control system for pot-grown rice phenotyping inspection.

关键词： Rice breeding phenotyping inspection automatic control system programmable logic controller phenomics

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Using micro/mini PLC/PAC in the Edge Computing Architecture 19

Using micro/mini PLC/PAC in the Edge Computing Architecture

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INFOTEH-JAHORINA 19th International Symposium (INFOTEH)

作者： Stankovski, Stevan Ostojic, Gordana Saponjic, Milan Stanojevic, Milos Babic, Mladen Univ Novi Sad Fac Tech Sci Novi Sad Serbia

ISBN: (纸本)9781728147758

A programmable logic controller (PLC) is the core of any industrial automation. For many years, PLC is used mostly to solve logical control tasks. Increasing processor performance and memory capacity, PLCs have the ability to handle a number of different and more complex tasks that are no longer just logical type. This kind of controller is the programmable Automation controller (PAC). In industrial control systems are present different kinds of architecture and concepts for integration in enterprise information systems. Edge computing architecture is one of them. In this paper is described a comparison of performance some of the micro/mini PLC/PAC in order to find how of micro/mini PLC/PAC can fit in the Edge Computing Architecture.

关键词： component programmable logic controller programmable Automation controller Edge/Fog Computing

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