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Simulation and validation of diagram ladder-petri nets

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY 2017年第5-8期88卷 1393-1405页

作者： Quezada, J. C. Medina, J. Flores, E. Seck Tuoh, J. C. Solis, A. E. Quezada, V. Univ Autonoma Estado Hidalgo Escuela Super Tizayuca Ext 5700Km 2-5 Carretera Fed Tizayuca Pachuca Pachuca Hidalgo Mexico Univ Autonoma Estado Hidalgo Ctr Invest Avanzada Ingn Ind Pachuca Hidalgo Mexico

Automated systems based on programmable logic controllers (PLC) are still applied in discrete event systems (DES) for controlling and monitoring of industrial processes signals. PLC-based control systems are characterized for having physical input and output signals coming from and going to sensors and actuators, respectively, which they are in direct contact with the production or manufacturing process. The input subsystem to PLC consists of sensor-wiring-physical inputs module, and it can present two kinds of faults: short circuit or open circuit, in one or more signals of the process physical inputs, which it causes faults in the control and/or in the control algorithms behavior. Ladder diagram (LD) is one of the five programming languages supported by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) through the IEC-61131-3 standard, and it remains being used at industry for control algorithm design of PLC-based systems. This paper proposes the simulation and validation of control algorithms developed in LD by using Petri Nets (PN) in order to deal with the possible fault options (short circuit and/or open circuit) in the physical inputs subsystem of a PLC-based control system. One control algorithms in LD have been analyzed in order to show the advantages of the proposed approach.

关键词： Control algorithms Discrete event systems Ladder diagram Petri nets programmable logic controller Simulation Validation

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Modularity and architecture of PLC-based software for automated production Systems: An analysis in industrial companies

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JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS AND SOFTWARE 2017年 131卷 35-62页

作者： Vogel-Heuser, Birgit Fischer, Juliane Feldmann, Stefan Ulewicz, Sebastian Roesch, Susanne Tech Univ Munich Inst Automat & Informat Syst D-85748 Garching Germany

Adaptive and flexible production systems require modular and reusable software especially considering their long-term life cycle of up to 50 years. SWMAT4aPS, an approach to measure Software Maturity for automated Production Systems is introduced. The approach identifies weaknesses and strengths of various companies' solutions for modularity of software in the design of automated Production Systems (aPS). At first, a self-assessed questionnaire is used to evaluate a large number of companies concerning their software maturity. Secondly, we analyze PLC code, architectural levels, workflows and abilities to configure code automatically out of engineering information in four selected companies. In this paper, the questionnaire results from 16 German world-leading companies in machine and plant manufacturing and four case studies validating the results from the detailed analyses are introduced to prove the applicability of the approach and give a survey of the state of the art in industry. (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier Inc.

关键词： Factory automation Automated production systems Maturity Modularity Control software programmable logic controller

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Generating Correct, Compact, and Efficient PLC Code from Scenario-based Assume-Guarantee Specifications

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Procedia Manufacturing 2018年 24卷 153-158页

作者： Daniel Gritzner Joel Greenyer Leibniz Universität Hannover Fachgebiet Software Engineering Welfengarten 1 D-30167 Hannover Germany

Cyber-physical systems can be found in many areas, e.g., manufacturing, health care or smart cities. They consist of many distributed components cooperating to provide increasingly complex functionality. The design and development of such a system is difficult and error-prone. To help engineers overcome these challenges we created a formal, scenario-based specification language. Short scenarios, i.e., event sequences, specify requirements and the desired behaviors by describing how components may, must, or must not behave. Scenarios provide an intuitive way for creating formal assume-guarantee (GR(1)) specifications, giving engineers easy access to simulation, for validating the specified behavior, and controller synthesis, for creating controller software which is correct by construction. In this paper we present an approach for generating programmable logic controller (PLC) code from a scenario-based specification. Previous code generation efforts, including our own, created large, verbose source files causing some tools, e.g., compilers or editors, to perform slowly or even become unresponsive. Our new approach creates compact files, shifting significant amounts of code from executable instructions to data, to reduce the burden on the compiler and other tools. The generated code is efficient and introduces minimal to no latency between the occurrence of an event and the system’s reaction to it.

关键词： code generation assume-guarantee specification scenarios controller synthesis programmable logic controller

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A Light-Weight Fault Injection Approach to Test Automated Production System PLC Software in Industrial Practice

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CONTROL ENGINEERING PRACTICE 2017年 58卷 12-23页

作者： Roesch, Susanne Vogel-Heuser, Birgit Tech Univ Munich Boltzmannstr 15 D-85748 Garching Germany

A light-weight software-implemented fault injection (SWIFT) testing approach is introduced, focusing on technical process faults and system faults. The reaction of automated production systems (aPSs) and their programmable logic controller (PLC) software to these faults is tested. In order to tailor the testing approach to the aPS domain in industrial practice, our test generation is based on a classification of possible deviations, i.e. a classification of possible technical process and system faults as the PLC perceives them. As a result, both specification and test execution become more efficient for practitioners. Furthermore, the test specification is tailored for execution on IEC 61131-3 programming environments. In this, the execution of test cases both against simulation or the real aPS, is enabled.

关键词： Automated production system Software-implemented fault injection Automated software testing programmable logic controller Error handling

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Interfacing technique and hardware-in-loop simulation of real-time co-simulation platform for wind energy conversion system

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IET GENERATION TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION 2017年第12期11卷 3030-3038页

作者： Jia, Feng Cai, Xu Lou, Yaolin Li, Zheng Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ Sch Elect Informat & Elect Engn Dongchuan Rd 800 Shanghai Peoples R China Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ Wind Power Res Ctr Dongchuan Rd 800 Shanghai Peoples R China China Windey Corp Floor 22Bldg A Hangzhou Zhejiang Peoples R China Donghua Univ Coll Sci & Technol North Renming Rd 2999 Shanghai Peoples R China

The wind energy conversion system is a complex dynamic system which contains multi-coupling and multi-time-scales. The commonly used simplified models are unable to uncover all the detailed dynamics. The real-time co-simulation platform based on real-time digital simulator and GH Bladed is built with a controller hardware-in-loop, in which the kinematics equation of generator rotor is used as the interface to decouple the different time scales, and a specific programmable logic controller is used to build the two-way communication. The effect of signal delay between the two simulation platforms is discussed and the stability of the system is analysed. The proposed co-simulation platform is able to show detailed dynamics of the whole turbine as well as the comprehensive effects of the controllers. The correctness and superiorities are verified by number of simulations.

关键词： wind power wind power plants rotors programmable controllers wind turbines hardware-in-the loop simulation power engineering computing interfacing technique hardware-in-loop simulation real-time co-simulation platform wind energy conversion system generator rotor programmable logic controller two-way communication signal delay

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Development of PLC-Based controller for Pneumatic Pressing Machine in Engine-Bearing Manufacturing Plant

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Procedia Computer Science 2018年 125卷 449-458页

作者： Ranjeeta Singh H.K. Verma Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering School of Engineering and Technology Sharda University Greater Noida 201 306 India

The paper reports design and development of a PLC-based controller for pneumatic pressing machine, which performs the most critical operation in an engine bearing manufacturing plant. The paper firstly overviews the manufacturing process of engine bearing and then discusses the need of automating the pneumatic press. The proposed automation system involves (a) speed control by replacing the conventional method with a variable frequency drive (VFD), (b) feeder and pusher control using PLC, (c) fault detection and safety measures, (d) and PLC-based sequential control of all the processes carried out on pneumatic press. The control system is based on MicroLogix-1000 PLC from Allen Bradley and the ladder logic program for it has been written on RSlogix-500. For the evaluation of the proposed control system, the PLC program was emulated on RSLogix Emulate-500 and the operations of the pneumatic press were simulated on FluidSIM-P. The results of simulation validate the design of PLC-based controller in general and digital input-output connections of the PLC and PLC program in particular.

关键词： Automation Engine bearing Pneumatic press programmable logic controller FluidSIM-P

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Transformation of GRAFCET to PLC code including hierarchical structures

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CONTROL ENGINEERING PRACTICE 2017年 64卷 173-194页

作者： Julius, Robert Schuerenberg, Max Schumacher, Frank Fay, Alexander Helmut Schmidt Univ Inst Automat Technol Holstenhofweg 85 D-22043 Hamburg Germany

GRAFCET is an advantageous modelling language for the specification of controllers in discrete event systems. It allows for hierarchically structuring a control program's specification based on the elements enclosing steps, partial-Grafcets and forcing orders. A method is already available for the automatic transformation of Grafcets(1) into PLC code but this method cannot keep the hierarchical structures due to limitations of the PLC language SFC. In this contribution a systematic approach to automatically transform Grafcets into PLC code while retaining the hierarchical structures is described. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Modelling language GRAFCET Hierarchical structure Control code programmable logic controller

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Net-Zero-Energy Automated Bio-Diesel Production Unit

Net-Zero-Energy Automated Bio-Diesel Production Unit

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International Conference on Advanced Control Circuits Systems (ACCS) Systems / International Conference on New Paradigms in Electronics and Information Technology (PEIT)

作者： Saad, Waseem W. Hebala, Ahmed Ashour, Hamdy A. Arab Acad Sci Technol & Maritime Transport Alexandria Egypt

ISBN: (纸本)9781538664070

in this paper, the design and implementation of biodiesel process production unit controlled by a programmable logic controller (PLC) and powered by photovoltaic (PV) is introduced. The main idea here is based on getting the biodiesel as a chemical reaction process of transestrefication of fatty oils from wasted used cooking oil. This process requires continuous measurement from different sensors and take long hours to be finished. Hence, implementing a well-designed automated system is essential, while the need for operator supervision is greatly minimized, which in turn permits the labor cost to be reduced and optimizing the repeatability and efficiency of the whole process. The proposed unit utilizes an HMI with different SCADA facilities;hence, the operator can readily and efficiently take real time action on the flow of the process. The required electrical energy of the unit has been designed to be supplied through PV panels, which permits the production of the bio-diesel without the need for any other power source. The overall unit has been tested and found to be very reliable with significant energy efficient operation.

关键词： Bio-diesel Energy Efficient programmable logic controller SCADA system Solar energy

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Proposal of a Fuzzy Control System for Heat Transfer Using PLC 1

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6th Computer Science On-Line Conference (CSOC)

作者： Nesticky, Martin Skulavik, Tomas Znamenak, Jaroslav Slovak Univ Technol Bratislava Fac Mat Sci & Technol Trnava Paulinska 16 Trnava 91724 Slovakia

ISBN: (数字)9783319572611

ISBN: (纸本)9783319572611

The article presents a fuzzy controller design for using PLC as a control system. The subject of controlling is a mathematical model of a heat exchanger modeled in Simulink. The control algorithm was developed and configurated in the FuzzyControl++ configuration tools for the automation of technical processes. The goal of the paper is to explore the possibilities to implement and realize the potential of fuzzy control in areas belonging to the domain of classical regulation. Model of the closed loop control system in virtual environment is used to perform multiple simulations to detect the system behavior under various conditions. It is concluded that the applied control strategies can offer same properties in progress of regulation and offer better approach to intuitive knowledge base design and configuration parameters of controller.

关键词： Fuzzy control programmable logic controller Heat exchange

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Temperature Measurement and Control System for Engineering Education 18

Temperature Measurement and Control System for Engineering E...

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18th International Carpathian Control Conference (ICCC)

作者： Purcaru, Dorina Purcaru, Anca Radulescu, Virginia Univ Craiova Dept Automat & Elect Fac Automat Comp & Elect Craiova Romania VIG IMPEX Craiova Romania

ISBN: (纸本)9781509048625

This paper presents an experimental system for temperature measurement and control very useful for engineering undergraduates to test their theoretical knowledge about sensors and transducers, electronic circuits and devices, measurement techniques, control systems etc. This temperature measurement and control system allows an intelligent temperature sensor programming and operating study and controls temperature using a programmable logic controller. The sensor programming involves choosing the temperature unit, output function and type, but also operating functions for switching outputs, temperature thresholds for both outputs, value domain of output current etc. The sensor functioning for various settings can be verified through the manually controlled voltage supply of the power resistor and the cooler. As an application of intelligent temperature sensor, an on-off temperature control system is implemented using a programmable logic controller. The experimental system presented in this paper has various benefits in engineering education: the students are able to work with a real temperature probe and an intelligent sensor and they can implement and test an on-off temperature control system.

关键词： engineering education temperature sensor programmable logic controller measurement control

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