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IEEE Potentials 1996年第1期15卷 14-17页

作者： Erickson, Kelvin T. Univ of Missouri-Rolla Rolla United States

programmable logic controllers (PLCs) have a major role in assembly automation. They employ a novel language called ladder logic. The ladder logic was developed based on the relay ladder logic wiring diagram. Five categories of PLCs are available in various capabilities, from micro PLCs to very large PLCs. The parts of the PLCs include the processor, power supply, and input/output modules. A number of factories have been using PLCs to cut production costs and increase quality.

关键词： programmable logic controllers

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programmable logic controllers

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLERS

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ASME 1991 Citrus Engineering Conference, CEC 1991

作者： Sages, Terence M. Allen-Bradley Company 5820 W. Cypress Street Suite E TampaFL33607 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9780791899786

The use of the programmable logic controller has advanced tremendously since its introduction in the late 1960's. The programmable logic controller, affectionately known as the PLC in today's industries, was first introduced as an electrical control relay replacer. The purpose of this paper is to assist those who are considering the application of a PLC in their facility to better understand where programmable logic controller technology has advanced to today. © 1991 ASME. All rights reserved.

关键词： programmable logic controllers

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A digital twin design and implementation approach for industrial application leveraging programmable logic controllers

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTERACTIVE DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING - IJIDEM 2025年第5期19卷 3479-3487页

作者： Zancul, Eduardo Oliveira, Andre Wang, Yubo Schuetzer, Klaus Schleich, Benjamin Univ Sao Paulo Dept Prod Engn Ave Prof Luciano Gualberto 1380 BR-05508010 Sao Paulo Brazil RheinMain Univ Appl Sci Dept Mech Engn Russelsheim Germany Tech Univ Darmstadt Prod Life Cycle Management Darmstadt Germany

The Digital Twin allows the merging of the physical and virtual worlds, having many applications in design and manufacturing. While the Digital Twin conceptual foundations are well developed, and fundamental integration technology is available, there is a gap related to generally applicable Digital Twin implementation approaches. Motivated by this, the paper presents a novel Digital Twin design and implementation approach that considers standard industrial automation technologies. The proposed approach relies on a solution architecture positioning programmable logic controllers (PLC) as a central element for Digital Twin deployment for industrial applications. The solution architecture enables a direct connection between the PLC and the Digital Twin platform. The proposal was applied to implement a pneumatic crane for remote operation based on Digital Twin. The assessment demonstrates adequacy in describing implementation activities independently of the specific equipment features, indicating an opportunity for extension to other cases and situations. Thus, the proposed Digital Twin implementation approach can serve as a case reference to support Digital Twin dissemination in practice.

关键词： Digital Twin programmable logic controllers PLC Industry 4.0 Remote operation

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programmable logic controllers Used in Collecting of Metal Packaging Waste

Programmable Logic Controllers Used in Collecting of Metal P...

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7th International Symposium on Advanced Topics in Electrical Engineering (ATEE)

作者： Saracin, Cristina Gabriela Saracin, Marin Ciobanu, Calin Dragus, Silviu Univ Politehn Bucuresti Bucharest Romania

ISBN: (纸本)9781457705076

In today's society, it is more and more emphasized the necessity to collect and recycle the waste products resulted from human daily activities. In the process of waste products collecting and transporting, one of the main impediments is the efficiently using of storage space, reason why, we have proposed a solution for compaction of small non ferrous metal cans. We developed a hardware structure composed from the individual selecting and positioning system, compacting lever both electrically driven, and the optical sensors system for the positioning of the tin can plus, inductive sensors for stroke limitation of the compacting lever. Then, we have programmed the PLC able to control (the execution elements) and ensure the succession of the process states. This application could be extended to an urban recyclable waste products collecting system that would involve execution elements and sensors able to ensure a reliable, robust and efficient functioning. At this solution, supplementary functions might be added, functions necessary to monitor the system and also useful for people's attraction to waste products recycling (e. g. by providing valued coupons).

关键词： programmable logic controllers inductive sensors Waste Management Waste Products hardware architecture efficient functioning packaging waste Daily Activities Positioning systems storage spaces COMPACTING Sensor systems metal cans

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programmable logic controllers (PLC) in the Packaging Industry: an Object Oriented Approach for Developing Control Programs 9

Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) in the Packaging Indust...

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International Microsystems Packaging Assembly and Circuits Technology Conference IMPACT

作者： Pineda-Sanchez, Manuel Perez-Vazquez, Marina Sapena-Bano, Angel Martinez-Roman, Javier Perez-Cruz, Juan Puche-Panadero, Ruben Perez-Vazquez, Victor Univ Politecn Valencia Dept Elect Engn Camino Vera S-N E-46022 Valencia Spain

ISBN: (纸本)9781479977277

Packaging automated industry is based on PLC control systems. Most of them are IEC 61131-3 PLC compliant. The standard was the first step to introduce Object Oriented Programming (OOP) features in the PLC based automation such as encapsulation in Function Blocks. Nevertheless, other major benefits of OOP such inheritance, or polymorphism weren't defined. On the other hand, the standard was born with the aim of create a unique structure of PLC programs providing a way to exchange programs between several PLC brands. However this goal is far from being achieved. In this paper, a new approach to include these OOP benefits is proposed. Besides, programs developed within this framework can be adapted with minimum effort and maximum reliability to different packaging.

关键词： electronics packaging encapsulation object-oriented programming programmable controllers reliability IEC 61131-3 PLC compliant OOP developing control programs function block encapsulation object oriented approach object oriented programming packaging automated industry packaging industry packaging reliability polymorphism programmable logic controllers Automation Conductors IEC standards Packaging Programming Relays object oriented programming programmable logic controllers Packing industry IEC publications Electronics packaging Automation Packaging encapsulation relay conducting bodies development control Programming Package reliability Program control

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programmable logic controllers Used in Electric Drives of an Intelligent Building

Programmable Logic Controllers Used in Electric Drives of an...

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7th International Symposium on Advanced Topics in Electrical Engineering (ATEE)

作者： Saracin, Cristina Gabriela Saracin, Marin Lupu, Marin Univ Politehn Bucuresti Bucharest Romania

ISBN: (纸本)9781457705076

This paperwork presents applications built to create automatic processes performed through preprogramming of the functions of a building and the spaces adjacent to this one. The concept of "intelligent building" gives us a drastic reduction of energy consumption without affecting of the comfort given by the most modern electric equipment and facilities. In a classical building, the individual systems are independently controlled and their parameters do not influence one on each others. A building can be called "intelligent" when its systems control is integrated and the decisions are taken based on rules initially set out. So, we built a hardware structure for an intelligent building implemented system at a scale model and then we programmed the machine to obtain various equipment drives built into the system. The extending of these applications made for a scale model of a building to a real building, it will consist of sensors ( presence, motion, level and humidity) able to ensure the desired system security degree. Also, other functions can be added to let the system to be remotely controlled via telephone or through a computer connected to the Internet.

关键词： programmable logic controllers electric drives Buildings scale models energy consumption hardware architecture AUTOMATIC PROCESSING Telephone COMFORT

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programmable logic controllers: What every controls curriculum needs to cover 126

Programmable logic controllers: What every controls curricul...

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126th ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition: Charged Up for the Next 125 Years, ASEE 2019

作者： Erickson, Kelvin T. Missouri University of Science and Technology United States

The field of automatic control has been undergoing a transformation over the past thirty years. The number of control engineering positions in manufacturing has been dramatically increasing to the point that the majority of new control engineering positions is now in manufacturing and involves programmable logic controllers (PLCs). The typical college or university has been slow to recognize this trend. This paper describes three courses that were developed to satisfy this demand. All three courses present the subject of programming PLCs with an emphasis on the engineering and the design of the programs. These courses contain an integral laboratory component that solidifies the concepts presented in the lectures. Best practices for PLC design and the application of standards are also key content elements. The philosophy and pedagogical features of the three courses are first described, followed by the structure of the lecture and the laboratory exercises. The paper concludes with assessment results. In the author's opinion, every university that teaches control system courses should have at least elective one course devoted to PLC programming, the basic one described in this paper. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2019.

关键词： programmable logic controllers

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A mechatronics educational laboratory - programmable logic controllers and material handling experiments

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MECHATRONICS 2007年第9期17卷 480-488页

作者： Bassily, Hany Sekhon, Rajat Butts, David E. Wagner, John Clemson Univ Dept Mech Engn Clemson SC 29634 USA Engn Technol & Engn Transfer Midlands Tech Coll Columbia SC 29202 USA

The integration of robotics, conveyors, sensors, and programmable logic controllers into manufacturing and material handling processes requires engineers with technical skills and expertise in these systems. The coordination of assembly operations and supervisory control demands familiarity with mechanical and electrical design, instrumentation, actuators, and computer programming for successful system development. This paper presents an educational mechatronics laboratory that encourages multi -disciplinary hands-on engineering discovery within team settings. Three focused progressive experiments are reviewed that allow students to program and operate a programmable logic controller, a traditional conveyor system, and a distributed servo-motor based conveyor. The students also program and implement two robotic arms for material handling applications. The equipment, learning objectives, and experimental methodology for each laboratory are discussed to offer insight. A collaborative design project case study is presented in which student teams create a smart material handling system. Overall, engineering graduates have generally been required to learn material handling and other multidisciplinary concepts in the field, and therefore, a well-rounded engineering curriculum should incorporate mechatronics in both the classroom and laboratory. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： mechatronics programmable logic controllers conveyors robotics sensors

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PLCPrint: Fingerprinting Memory Attacks in programmable logic controllers

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION FORENSICS AND SECURITY 2023年 18卷 3376-3387页

作者： Cook, Marco M. Marnerides, Angelos K. Pezaros, Dimitrios Univ Glasgow Sch Comp Sci Glasgow G12 8RZ Scotland

programmable logic controllers (PLCs) constitute the functioning basis of Industrial Control Systems (ICS) and hence are often a focal point for attackers to exploit. Previous attacks have seen PLC memory maliciously altered in order to disrupt the underlying physical process. Different types of memory attack can cause a similar impact on the PLC's operation and result in indistinguishable physical manifestations. Consequently, delays in triaging attacks through digital forensic practices can induce significant financial loss, physical damage to the infrastructure, and degradation of safety. In this work, we propose PLCPrint, a novel vendor-independent fingerprinting approach that utilises PLC memory artefacts to perform detection and classification of memory attacks. PLCPrint uses PLC memory register mapping, a novel method exploiting the relationship between PLC registers and memory artefacts including the PLC application code. Through this, registers are assigned a Mapping Condition (MC) to indicate how they exist within the PLC memory artefacts. We evaluate the performance of PLCPrint over realistic emulations conducted at a real testbed emulating water filtration and distribution. Through PLCPrint we depict how MC deviations are utilised within supervised learning schemes such as to adequately classify PLC memory attacks with high accuracy performance. In general, we demonstrate that PLCPrint fills the gap in the context of attack technique triaging since this has been a missing element within current ICS forensics schemes.

关键词： Anomaly classification anomaly detection cyber-security digital forensics industrial control systems machine learning programmable logic controllers

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An evaluation of modification attacks on programmable logic controllers

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION 2014年第1期7卷 61-68页

作者： Schuett, Carl Butts, Jonathan Dunlap, Stephen Air Force Inst Technol Wright Patterson AFB OH 45433 USA

Unprotected supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems offer promising targets to potential attackers. Field devices, such as programmable logic controllers (PLCs), are of particular concern because they directly monitor and control industrial processes. Although attacks targeting SCADA systems have increased, relatively little research has focused on exploring the vulnerabilities directly associated with the exploitation of field devices. Attacks such as Stuxnet have targeted operating characteristics, but not low-level firmware code. As attacks increase in sophistication, it is reasonable to expect increased exploitation of the field device firmware. This paper examines the feasibility of modifying PLC firmware to execute remotely-triggered attacks. A general method is used to reverse engineer the firmware to determine its structure. After the structure is understood, the firmware is modified to add an exploitable feature that can remotely disable a PLC. The attacks described in this paper utilize a variety of triggers and leverage existing functions to exploit PLCs. Important segments of the firmware are described to demonstrate how they can be used in attack development. Finally, design recommendations are suggested to help mitigate potential weaknesses in future firmware development. Published by Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Industrial control systems programmable logic controllers Firmware Modification attacks Reverse engineering ARM

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