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Matching Discrete Signals for Hardware-in-the-Loop-Testing of PLCs

IFAC-PapersOnLine 2018年第10期51卷 229-234页

作者： Thönnessen, David Rakel, Stefan Reinker, Niklas Kowalewski, Stefan Informatik 11 – Embedded Software RWTH Aachen University Germany

Executing Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) tests means to compare the actual behavior of a System Under Test (SUT) against a specification of its desired behavior, specified by the tester. The behavior of the SUT is available in form of time- and value-discrete signals coming from the SUT's I/O-modules. The HiL simulator compares these signals to reference signals, defined by the specification. Our approach performs this comparison by matching signal pairs, i.e. matching the actual and reference signal. We apply tolerances in order to allow the actual signal to deviate from the reference without causing the test to fail. © 2016

关键词： Embedded systems Applications Hardware Hardware in the loop simulation Manufacture Process control programmable logic controllers Signal processing Specifications Synthetic apertures Testing Verification Discrete signal Hardware in the loops Hardware in the loop testing Reference signals System under test Validation

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Data-Driven Approach for Feature Drift Detection in Embedded Electronic Devices ⁎

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IFAC-PapersOnLine 2018年第24期51卷 1024-1029页

作者： Djedidi, Oussama Djeziri, Mohand A. M'Sirdi, Nacer K. Aix Marseille University Université de Toulon CNRS LIS SASV Marseille France

This paper is a part of a project aiming to develop supervisor and monitoring devices for embedded systems in airplanes and vehicles. It focuses on the reliability of these systems and establishes a monitoring framework to detect drifts and faults in the behavior of the heterogeneous central processing units (CPU) and graphics processing units (GPU) chips powering them. In this work, we use a previously developed incremental model of these chips and associate it with a fault detection algorithm. Estimations from the model constitute inputs to the diagnosis module. The latter generates alarms in the presence of faults or drifts in the characteristics and features of the System-on-Chip (SoC). The obtained results validate the proposed monitoring algorithm and demonstrate the effectiveness of the fault detection algorithm. © 2018

关键词： Monitoring Computer graphics Embedded systems Fault detection Graphics processing unit Identification (control systems) Microprocessor chips Models Program processors programmable logic controllers Signal detection System on chip Analytical redundancy Embedded electronic devices Fault detection algorithm Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) Incremental modeling Monitoring algorithms Monitoring frameworks System on chips (SoC)

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A New Injection Threat on S7-1500 PLCs-Disrupting the Physical Process Offline

IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF THE INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS SOCIETY

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IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF THE INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS SOCIETY 2022年 3卷 146-162页

作者： Alsabbagh, Wael Langendoeerfer, Peter IHP Leibniz Inst Innovat Mikroelekt D-15236 Frankfurt Germany Brandenburg Univ Technol Cottbus Senftenberg D-03046 Cottbus Germany

programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are increasingly connected and integrated into the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) for a better network connectivity and a more streamlined control process. But in fact, this brings also its security challenges and exposes them to various cyber-attacks targeting the physical process controlled by such devices. In this work, we investigate whether the newest S7 PLCs are vulnerable by design and can be exploited. In contrast to the typical control logic injection attacks existing in the research community, which require from adversaries to be online along the ongoing attack, this article introduces a new exploit strategy that aims at disrupting the physical process controlled by the infected PLC when adversaries are not connected neither to the target nor to its network at the point zero for the attack. Our exploit approach is comprised of two steps: 1) Patching the PLC with a malicious Time-of-Day interrupt block once an attacker gains access to an exposed PLC, 2) Triggering the interrupt at a later time on the attacker will, when he is disconnected to the system's network. For a real attack scenario, we implemented our attack approach on a Fischertechnik training system based on S7-1500 PLC using the latest version of S7CommPlus protocol. Our experimental results showed that we could keep the patched interrupt block in idle mode and hidden in the PLC memory for a long time without being revealed before being activated at the specific date and time that the attacker defined. Finally, we suggested some potential security recommendations to protect industrial environments from such a threat.

关键词： Process control Integrated circuits Security Protocols Codes Training Licenses programmable logic controllers industrial control systems injection attack time-of-day block offline attack

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Real-Time Simulation and Control of a SAG Mill

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IFAC-PapersOnLine 2016年第20期49卷 61-66页

作者： Guerrero, F. Bouchard, J. Poulin, É. Sbarbaro, D. Department of Electrical Engineering Universidad de Concepcion Concepcion Chile Department of Mining Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Université Laval Québec [Québec] Canada Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Université Laval Québec [Québec] Canada

Real-time simulation plays an important role not only in the design and commissioning of new control strategies, but also in training the operators before the actual system is installed. There are in the market several simulation environments for carrying out these tasks. However, there is still a need of having more flexible environments that can be easily integrated with other systems and tools such as real-time optimization and advanced data analysis. In this work, several standard tools such as Simulink®/Simulink®, OPC toolbox, RSLogix 5000, and FactoryTalk®are integrated to simulate a control strategy for a SAG mill designed to keep the mill operating in the stable region by manipulating the fresh ore feed. The implementation of this strategy is based on standard control blocks available in the ControlLogix programmable logic controllers (PLCs). Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach to integrate standard tools, and open new possibilities for further developments in the design of advanced monitoring and control strategies for industrial processes. © 2016

关键词： Real time systems Personnel training programmable logic controllers Advanced monitoring Control strategies Flexible environments Further development Industrial processs Real time simulations Real time optimization Simulation environment

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Design of integrated fire alarm system for integrated pipe gallery based on multi-environmental sensors

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International Journal of Wireless and Mobile Computing 2020年第2期19卷 178-187页

作者： Wei, Liming Guo, Xing Wang, Qiucui School of Electrical and Computer Technology Jilin Jianzhu University Changchun Jilin China

This paper describes the design of a fire warning system for the purpose of preventing accidents such as fires in integrated pipe gallery. The sensor is used to monitor the internal environmental parameters of the pipe gallery, and the combination of programmable logic Controller (PLC) and Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench (Labview) software is used to design the overall scheme of the system. The upper computer interface and the system operation framework are given, and the selection process of the lower computer and the simulation process of the upper computer are explained. The system can prevent to some extent the early stage of the fire. Earlier control of the fire hazard in the pipe gallery from the source can provide a guarantee for the safe operation of the integrated pipe gallery. © 2020 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

关键词： programmable logic controllers

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Proposal discharging station compatible with CHAdeMO automotive standard

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IFAC-PapersOnLine 2018年第6期51卷 277-282页

作者： Mikolajek, Martin Vala, David Freiedrischkova, Kristyna Koziorek, Jiri Horak, Bohumil VSB TU Ostrava FEI Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering 17 Listopadu 15 Ostrava70833 Czech Republic

The paper is about proposal battery discharging station for automotive using by CHAdeMO standard. The article talks about this and other types of electric batteries sockets for electric cars. The main aim of this paper is talking about main points for create discharging station by CHAdeMO standard. Each communication standard has some advantages and disadvantages. This article contain using recharger socket with Can bus communication standard. First parts of this paper talks about proposal of discharging station. Continuing chapters are about realized and testing discharging automotive battery station. © 2018

关键词： Battery management systems Electric automobiles Electric connectors programmable logic controllers Secondary batteries Automotive battery Automotive standards Battery Management Can bus communications Communication standards discharging station Electric cars Electric connections

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Year 2000: Where do you stand?

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CONTROL ENGINEERING 1998年第2期45卷 65-+页

作者： Jacobsen, EC TAVA Technol ACS Operat W Chester PA 19380 USA

The Year 2000 bug (Y2K or millennium bug) is touted as modern automation's biggest glitch, and the people most proactively addressing the issue are those associated with the upper-level business systems. Unfortunately, many people do not associate software programming with plant-floor control systems. The process of performing a detailed compliance assessment of plant-floor software and addressing the problem if there are any can be organized into: assessment (project setup and system inventory);analysis (suspect and impact), conversion planning (project planning);and implementation (project execution and testing/commissioning).

关键词： software for control year 2000 industrial personal computers programmable logic controllers

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Automatic Error Cause Localization of Faulty PLC Programs

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IFAC-PapersOnLine 2015年第7期48卷 79-84页

作者： Biallas, Sebastian Friedrich, Nico Simon, Hendrik Kowalewski, Stefan Informatik 11 - Embedded Software RWTH Aachen University Germany

When a model checker detects a violation of an all-quantified specification, it generates a counterexample trace that explains how to reach a violating state. In the context of PLCs, the counterexample contains the required stimuli for the program to cause erroneous behavior. Although these counterexamples are tremendously helpful to assess the violation, the actual cause of the erroneous behavior, i. e., the faulty line in the program, can be hidden anywhere in the counterexample trace. Finding the cause manually still takes great effort if the counterexample is long. In this paper, we present a technique to automatically find possible causes of such a violation of PLC programs running in cyclic scanning mode. © 2015

关键词： programmable logic controllers

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Characterization of Novel Phospholipase C from Bacillus licheniformis MTCC 7445 and Its Application in Degumming of Vegetable Oils

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APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY AND MICROBIOLOGY 2013年第6期49卷 555-561页

作者： Bora, L. Tezpur Univ Dept Mol Biol & Biotechnol Tezpur 784028 Assam India

A novel microbial phospholipase C (PLC) from Bacillus licheniformis MTCC 7445 was purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulphate fractionation, dialysis, anion exchange chromatography and gel exclusion chromatography. The bacteria growing on vegetable oils secreted significantly high amount of PLC. The enzyme was purified to 23.4-fold with 46% recovery and specific activity 398 U/mg. It exhibited optimum activity at 70 degrees C and pH 10.0. Using diphosphatidylglycerol as substrate the PLC of B. licheniformis MTCC 7445 had a V-max and K-m of 0.68 mM/min and 32 mM, respectively. It hydrolyzed phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylserine as well as phosphatidylcholine but not other glycerophospholipids. Its activity was enhanced by 113% with Mn2+ and 110% with Mg2+. During degumming of vegetable oils with this enzyme preparation, the phosphorus content of the oil became lower than 4 mg/kg after 5 h of enzyme treatment at 40 degrees C. The novel PLC from B. licheniformis MTCC 7445 is potentially useful for the refining of high quality oils with 95% removal of phospholipids with attractive yield.

关键词： Degumming enzyme preparations phospholipase C Phosphorus content Vegetable Vegetable Oils Phosphatidylinositols oils Phosphatidylserines enzymatic treatment programmable logic controllers Bacillus licheniformis

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Modeling, Specification and Construction of PLC-Programs

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AUTOMATIC CONTROL AND COMPUTER SCIENCES 2014年第7期48卷 554-563页

作者： Kuzmin, E. V. Sokolov, V. A. Demidov Yaroslavl State Univ Sovetskaya Str 14 Yaroslavl 150000 Russia

A new approach to constructing reliable discrete PLC-programs with timers-programming based on specification and verification-is proposed. Timers are modelled in a discrete way. For the specification of the program behavior we use the linear-time temporal logic LTL. Programming is carried out in the ST-language according to an LTL-specification. A new approach to programming PLC is shown by an example. The proposed programming approach provides an ability of a correctness analysis of PLC-programs using the model checking method. The programming requires fulfillment of the following two conditions: (1) the value of each variable should be changed not more than once per one full PLC-program implementation (per one full working cycle of PLC);(2) the value of each variable should only be changed in one place of a PLC-program. Under the proposed approach the change of the value of each program variable is described by a pair of LTL-formulas. The first LTL-formula describes situations that increase the value of the corresponding variable, the second LTL-formula specifies conditions leading to a decrease of the variable value. The LTL-formulas (used for specification of the corresponding variable behavior) are constructive in the sense that they construct the PLC-program, which satisfies temporal properties expressed by these formulas. Thus, the programming of PLC is reduced to the construction of LTL-specification of the behavior of each program variable.

关键词： programmable logic controllers program variable time characteristic Program Behavior constructivity Specifications Timing devices

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