This paper presents a virtual tool for programmable logic controllers (PLC). It provides a friendly graphical environment to perform programming tasks in an easy way and without being necessary to be connected to a PL...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781424427284
This paper presents a virtual tool for programmable logic controllers (PLC). It provides a friendly graphical environment to perform programming tasks in an easy way and without being necessary to be connected to a PLC. Therefore, the application can be used from everywhere without spatial-temporal constrains. The supported programming languages are those under the IEC 61131 standard and a graphical simulator is also included to test the developed programs.
Industrial control systems are used to monitor and operate critical infrastructures. For decades, the security of industrial control systems was preserved by their use of proprietary hardware and software, and their p...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9783319992778;9783319992761
Industrial control systems are used to monitor and operate critical infrastructures. For decades, the security of industrial control systems was preserved by their use of proprietary hardware and software, and their physical separation from other networks. However, to reduce costs and enhance interconnectivity, modern industrial control systems increasingly use commodity hardware and software, and are connected to vendor and corporate networks, and even the Internet. These trends expose industrial control systems to risks that they were not designed to handle. This chapter describes a novel approach for enhancing industrial control system security and forensics by adding monitoring and logging mechanisms to programmable logic controllers, key components of industrial control systems. A proof-of-concept implementation is presented using a popular Siemens programmablelogic controller. Experiments were conducted to compare the accuracy and performance impact of the proposed method versus the conventional programmablelogic controller polling method. The experimental results demonstrate that the new method yields increased anomaly detection coverage and accuracy with only a small performance impact. Additionally, the new method increases the speed of anomaly detection and reduces network overhead, enabling forensic investigations of programmable logic controllers to be conducted more efficiently and effectively.
PLCverif is an actively developed project at CERN, enabling the formal verification of programmablelogic Controller (PLC) programs in critical systems. In this paper, we present our work on improving the formal requi...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9783031331695;9783031331701
PLCverif is an actively developed project at CERN, enabling the formal verification of programmablelogic Controller (PLC) programs in critical systems. In this paper, we present our work on improving the formal requirements specification experience in PLCverif through the use of natural language. To this end, we integrate NASA's FRET, a formal requirement elicitation and authoring tool, into PLCverif. FRET is used to specify formal requirements in structured natural language, which automatically translates into temporal logic formulae. FRET's output is then directly used by PLCverif for verification purposes. We discuss practical challenges that PLCverif users face when authoring requirements and the FRET features that help alleviate these problems. We present the new requirement formalization workflow and report our experience using it on two critical CERN case studies.
Industrial control computers can be connected to the Internet, and equipped with a Web interface. This enables access to process data from any computer with a set of common web-related software applications. This pape...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9789532330816
Industrial control computers can be connected to the Internet, and equipped with a Web interface. This enables access to process data from any computer with a set of common web-related software applications. This paper deals with laboratory exercises performed as a part of courses regarding process control computers, which include tasks dealing with this topic. Integration of Java and HTML technologies is described, and an example of a simple process and its Web interface is given. PLC computers equipped with an advanced communication modules are connected to a personal computer (PC) via Ethernet. Alongside implementation of Java applets in Web environment, human machine interface design is regarded.
This paper deals with the implementation of supervisory control of discrete event systems into programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It discusses the problems that arise in this type of implementation and presents an...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781424427284
This paper deals with the implementation of supervisory control of discrete event systems into programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It discusses the problems that arise in this type of implementation and presents an implementation methodology that solves these problems. The local modular approach is used to synthesize the supervisors and a case study problem is presented as an example.
Supervisory control and data acquisition systems have been employed for decades to communicate with and coordinate industrial processes. These systems incorporate numerous programmable logic controllers that manage th...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9783030287528;9783030287511
Supervisory control and data acquisition systems have been employed for decades to communicate with and coordinate industrial processes. These systems incorporate numerous programmable logic controllers that manage the operations of industrial equipment based on sensor information. Due to the important roles that programmable logic controllers play in industrial facilities, these microprocessor-based systems are exposed to serious cyber threats. This chapter describes an innovative methodology that leverages unsupervised machine learning to monitor the states of programmable logic controllers to uncover latent defects and anomalies. The methodology, which employs a one-class support vector machine, is able to detect anomalies without being bound to specific scenarios or requiring detailed knowledge about the control logic. A case study involving a traffic light simulation demonstrates that anomalies are detected with high accuracy, enabling the prompt mitigation of the underlying problems.
In this paper, we present a predicate abstraction for programs for programmable logic controllers (PLCs) so as to allow for model checking safety related properties. Our contribution is twofold: First, we give a forma...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9783642410109;9783642410093
In this paper, we present a predicate abstraction for programs for programmable logic controllers (PLCs) so as to allow for model checking safety related properties. Our contribution is twofold: First, we give a formalization of PLC programs in first order logic, which is then used to automatically derive a predicate abstraction using SMT solving. Second, we employ an abstraction called predicate scoping which reduces the evaluation of predicates to certain program locations and thus can be used to exploit the cyclic scanning mode of PLC programs. We show the effectiveness of this approach in a small case study using programs from industry and academia.
Control systems rely on accurate sensor measurements to safely regulate physical processes. In False Data Injection (FDI) attacks, adversaries inject forged sensor measurements into a control system in hopes of misgui...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781479949342
Control systems rely on accurate sensor measurements to safely regulate physical processes. In False Data Injection (FDI) attacks, adversaries inject forged sensor measurements into a control system in hopes of misguiding control algorithms into taking dangerous actions. Traditional FDI attacks mostly require adversaries to know the full system topology, i.e., hundreds or thousands of lines and buses, while having unpredictable consequences. In this paper, we present a new class of FDI attacks directly against individual programmable logic controllers (PLCs), which are ubiquitous in power generation and distribution. Our attack allows the adversary to have only partial information about the victim subsystem, and produces a predictable malicious result. Our attack tool analyzes an I/O trace of the compromised PLCs to produce a set of inputs to achieve the desired PLC outputs, i.e., the system behavior. It proceeds in two steps. First, our tool constructs a model of the PLC's internal logic from the I/O traces. Second, it searches for a set of inputs that cause the model to calculate the desired malicious behavior. We evaluate our tool against a set of representative control systems and show that it is a practical threat against insecure sensor configurations.
In this paper, an implementation approach for norm-optimal iterative learning control (ILC) on programmable logic controllers (PLCs) is presented. After a detailed conceptual overview and discussion of the norm-optima...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781509013142
In this paper, an implementation approach for norm-optimal iterative learning control (ILC) on programmable logic controllers (PLCs) is presented. After a detailed conceptual overview and discussion of the norm-optimal ILC algorithm, the challenges for implementing ILC algorithms on PLCs are discussed and an efficient three-phase implementation approach is proposed. Here, the three phases consist of an offline calculation, the calculation of the feedforward part between consecutive iterations, and the online calculation of the current control input. It is also shown that this separation enables the efficient implementation of the norm-optimal ILC algorithm on standard industrial controllers like PLCs. The proposed norm-optimal ILC implementation approach is verified by a simulation of a gantry robot with three degrees of freedom, where the norm-optimal ILC algorithm is executed within a Soft-PLC.
Much attention has been given to the use of programmable logic controllers (PLCs) in substation applications in recent years. Innovative engineers have been actively seeking new applications for PLCs in substations. M...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0780366727
Much attention has been given to the use of programmable logic controllers (PLCs) in substation applications in recent years. Innovative engineers have been actively seeking new applications for PLCs in substations. Manufacturers of PLCs have responded by developing new products that meet the unique requirements of substation applications. As the use of PLCs in substations has grown, the benefits of their use have become more known to substation engineers. Not as well known or publicized are some of the pitfalls that engineers may fall into when applying PLCs in substations. Problems that are recognized beforehand are avoidable, and it is the goal of this presentation to help those applying PLCs to avoid as many pitfalls as possible.
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