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programming change Among Nonprofit Human Service Organizations During the COVID-19 Pandemic

HUMAN SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS MANAGEMENT LEADERSHIP & GOVERNANCE 2024年第3期48卷 285-304页

作者： Ma, Yinglin Beaton, Erynn E. Eastern Kentucky Univ Dept Govt Richmond KY USA Ohio State Univ John Glenn Coll Publ Affairs Columbus OH 43210 USA

PRACTICE POINTSThe COVID-19 pandemic has forced a number of nonprofit human service organizations (NHSOs) to change their programming. Many NHSOs added programs, added new service populations, and discontinued *** seem to have balanced resource and client needs as they enacted programming change, but as pandemic resources wane NHSOs will need to change *** change enacted during the pandemic was intended to persist after the pandemic ends. This may exert a toll as NHSOs recognize that the pandemic has required them to increase their programming load. Research shows that nonprofit human service organizations are nimble in times of crisis. The surprising nature of the pandemic posed unique challenges to both the supply and demand sides of the human service sector. One way that nonprofit human service organizations responded to the pandemic environment was through programming change, including adding new programs, serving new populations, and discontinuing previous programs. Drawing from a two-wave statewide survey, our results indicate that a sizable proportion of nonprofit human service organizations engaged in these changes within the first five months of the pandemic. Such decisions were associated with both resource and mission considerations. Extant research shows how strategic change made in response to environmental shifts often leaves an imprint on organizations. As such, pandemic-era programming change may have a lasting impact on the human service sector, further evidenced by leaders' intentions to sustain them in the years to come.

关键词： COVID-19 pandemic programming change strategic change

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An efficient implementation of SELF, a dynamically-typed object-oriented language based on prototypes

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Lisp and Symbolic Computation 1991年第3期4卷 243-281页

作者： Chambers, Craig Ungar, David Lee, Elgin Computer Systems Laboratory Stanford University Stanford 94305 California United States

We have developed and implemented techniques that double the performance of dynamically-typed object-oriented languages. Our SELF implementation runs twice as fast as the fastest Smalltalk implementation, despite SELF's lack of classes and explicit variables. To compensate for the absence of classes, our system uses implementation-level maps to transparently group objects cloned from the same prototype, providing data type information and eliminating the apparent space overhead for prototype-based systems. To compensate for dynamic typing, user-defined control structures, and the lack of explicit variables, our system dynamically compiles multiple versions of a source method, each customized according to its receiver's map. Within each version the type of the receiver is fixed, and thus the compiler can statically bind and inline all messages sent to self. Message splitting and type prediction extract and preserve even more static type information, allowing the compiler to inline many other messages. Inlining dramatically improves performance and eliminates the need to hard-wire low-level methods such as +, ==, and ifTrue:. Despite inlining and other optimizations, our system still supports interactive programming environments. The system traverses internal dependency lists to invalidate all compiled methods affected by a programming change. The debugger reconstructs inlined stack frames from compiler-generated debugging information, making inlining invisible to the SELF programmer. © 1991 Kluwer Academic Publishers.

关键词： programming Environment Efficient Implementation Type Information programming change Source Method

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