Protein quantitation by mass spectrometry has always been a resourceful technique in protein discovery, and more recently it has leveraged the advent of clinical proteomics. A single mass spectrometry analysis experim...
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Protein quantitation by mass spectrometry has always been a resourceful technique in protein discovery, and more recently it has leveraged the advent of clinical proteomics. A single mass spectrometry analysis experiment provides identification and quantitation of proteins as well as information on posttranslational modifications landscape. By contrast, protein array technologies are restricted to quantitation of targeted proteins and their modifications. Currently, there are an overwhelming number of quantitative mass spectrometry methods for protein and peptide quantitation. The aim here is to provide an overview of the most common mass spectrometry methods and algorithms used in quantitative proteomics and discuss the computational aspects to obtain reliable quantitative measures of proteins, peptides and their posttranslational modifications. The development of a pipeline using commercial or freely available software is one of the main challenges in data analysis of many experimental projects. Recent developments of R statistical programming language make it attractive to fully develop pipelines for quantitative proteomics. We discuss concepts of quantitative proteomics that together with current R packages can be used to build highly customizable pipelines. less
Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) are an important feature of prokaryote genomes but are seldom well annotated and, consequently, are often underestimated. MGEs include transposons (Tn), insertion sequences (ISs), propha...
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Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) are an important feature of prokaryote genomes but are seldom well annotated and, consequently, are often underestimated. MGEs include transposons (Tn), insertion sequences (ISs), prophages, genomic islands (GEIs), integrons, and integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs). They are intimately involved in genome evolution and promote phenomena such as genomic expansion and rearrangement, emergence of virulence and pathogenicity, and symbiosis. In spite of the annotation bottleneck, there are so far at least 75 different programs and databases dedicated to prokaryotic MGE analysis and annotation, and this number is rapidly growing. Here, we present a practical guide to explore, compare, and visualize prokaryote MGEs using a combination of available software and databases tailored to small scale genome analyses. This protocol can be coupled with expert MGE annotation and exploited for evolutionary and comparative genomic analyses. less
Unique metabolic features allow fungi to colonize and persist within the human host. Investigations of unique metabolic fingerprints of a pathogenic fungus can provide a more complete understanding of the infection pr...
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Unique metabolic features allow fungi to colonize and persist within the human host. Investigations of unique metabolic fingerprints of a pathogenic fungus can provide a more complete understanding of the infection process and an interpretation of associations between genotype and phenotype. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has proved to be one of the most powerful analytical techniques used for qualitative and quantitative detection of cellular metabolites. This technique has been used for comparative metabolomic analyses of both intracellular and secreted metabolites under variable conditions. This book chapter describes the use of GC–MS in the detection of both intracellular and secreted metabolites from Candida auris, a newly emerging fungal pathogen representing a serious global health threat due to its multidrug resistance profile. The identified fungal metabolites are compared using available software in order to assign a correlation between the pattern of accumulation of metabolites and behavior of the organism. less
The concept of molecular shape has been considered in various forms in the context of drug design. The following chapter details the application of molecular shape to the design of compound libraries for assessment of...
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The concept of molecular shape has been considered in various forms in the context of drug design. The following chapter details the application of molecular shape to the design of compound libraries for assessment of potential biological activity. Whilst the utility of shape descriptors is well documented in the area of ligand similarity, the use of shape descriptors is equally applicable to protein structures. Indeed, work has been published using various descriptors to compare proteins but little published where protein shape descriptors have been used to investigate ligand selectivity. less
The fact that mass spectrometry have become a high-throughput method calls for bioinformatic tools for automated sequence handling and prediction. For efficient use of bioinformatic tools, it is important that these t...
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The fact that mass spectrometry have become a high-throughput method calls for bioinformatic tools for automated sequence handling and prediction. For efficient use of bioinformatic tools, it is important that these tools are integrated or interfaced with each other. The purpose of sequence analysis toolbox v1.0 was to have a general purpose sequence analyzing tool that can import sequences obtained by high-throughput sequencing methods. The program includes algorithms for calculation or prediction of isoelectric point, hydropathicity index, transmembrane segments, and glycosylphosphatidyl inositol-anchored proteins. less
Over the years, hundreds of enzyme reaction mechanisms have been studied using experimental and simulation methods. This rich literature on biological catalysis is now ripe for use as the foundation of new knowledge-b...
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Over the years, hundreds of enzyme reaction mechanisms have been studied using experimental and simulation methods. This rich literature on biological catalysis is now ripe for use as the foundation of new knowledge-based approaches to investigate enzyme mechanisms. Here, we present a tool able to automatically infer mechanistic paths for a given three-dimensional active site and enzyme reaction, based on a set of catalytic rules compiled from the Mechanism and Catalytic Site Atlas, a database of enzyme mechanisms. EzMechanism (pronounced as ‘Easy’ Mechanism) is available to everyone through a web user interface. When studying a mechanism, EzMechanism facilitates and improves the generation of hypotheses, by making sure that relevant information is considered, as derived from the literature on both related and unrelated enzymes. We validated EzMechanism on a set of 62 enzymes and have identified paths for further improvement, including the need for additional and more generic catalytic *** the years, hundreds of enzyme reaction mechanisms have been studied using experimental and simulation methods. This rich literature on biological catalysis is now ripe for use as the foundation of new knowledge-based approaches to investigate enzyme mechanisms. Here, we present a tool able to automatically infer mechanistic paths for a given three-dimensional active site and enzyme reaction, based on a set of catalytic rules compiled from the Mechanism and Catalytic Site Atlas, a database of enzyme mechanisms. EzMechanism (pronounced as ‘Easy’ Mechanism) is available to everyone through a web user interface. When studying a mechanism, EzMechanism facilitates and improves the generation of hypotheses, by making sure that relevant information is considered, as derived from the literature on both related and unrelated enzymes. We validated EzMechanism on a set of 62 enzymes and have identified paths for further improvement, including the need for additional and more generic ca
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts over 200 base pairs in length without discernible protein coding potential. Long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) constitute a subset of lncRNAs, which do not overlap ...
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Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts over 200 base pairs in length without discernible protein coding potential. Long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) constitute a subset of lncRNAs, which do not overlap protein coding genes. Here we describe a detailed pipeline for lincRNA discovery from publicly available non-stranded RNA-Seq datasets. The pipeline presented can be applied to any plant species for which RNA-Seq data and a reference genome sequence are available. less
Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) is a useful tool for the analysis of lipid components in biofluids such as serum/plasma. Such tool is applied for the analysis of lipid components in serum/plasm...
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Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) is a useful tool for the analysis of lipid components in biofluids such as serum/plasma. Such tool is applied for the analysis of lipid components in serum/plasma of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). The practical approach of sampling, storage, lipid extraction procedure, sample preparation before performing the 1H NMR spectroscopy experiments is presented. All the experimental parameters of NMR spectroscopy are also described. Details of the assignments of lipid components (qualitative analysis) and quantification of particular lipid components (quantitative analysis) are explained. less
COBRA toolbox is one of the most popular tools for systems biology analyses using genome-scale metabolic reconstructions. The toolbox permits the use of many constraint-based analytical methods for examining character...
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COBRA toolbox is one of the most popular tools for systems biology analyses using genome-scale metabolic reconstructions. The toolbox permits the use of many constraint-based analytical methods for examining characteristics of metabolism in the biosystems ranging in complexity from single cells to microbial communities and ultimately multicellular organisms. The toolbox has a number of different variants that can be used depending on a user’s choice of programming language. Here, I provide a basic tutorial for beginners that plan to use the original MATLAB version of the toolbox. less
Interfering peptides (iPs) have been recognized as valuable substances to specifically target protein–protein interactions (PPIs) in senescence and disease. Although the concept of iPs has been validated for several ...
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Interfering peptides (iPs) have been recognized as valuable substances to specifically target protein–protein interactions (PPIs) in senescence and disease. Although the concept of iPs has been validated for several PPIs in medical and pharmaceutical research, little attention so far has been paid to the enormous potential iPs that may provide to target and control plant growth and developmental processes or plant environmental responses. However, recent research on PPIs in the ethylene signaling pathway has identified the synthetic peptide NOP-1 derived from the nuclear localization signal of ethylene regulator EIN2 as an efficient inhibitor of typical ethylene responses such as ripening, aging, and senescence. Biophysical and biochemical studies on purified recombinant proteins of the ethylene receptor family from various plant species demonstrate that the synthetic peptide binds in the nM-μM range at the plant target. Here, we describe methods to evaluate and quantify the effect of the NOP-1 peptide on flower senescence as a typical ethylene response in the intact plant system. This approach will help to systematically advance our technological capability to delay plant ethylene responses and to expand shelf-life or vase life of fruits and flowers. less
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