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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING JOURNAL 1991年第5期6卷 285-302页

作者： MINSKY, NH RUTGERS STATE UNIV DEPT COMP SCINEW BRUNSWICKNJ 08903

This paper describes a software development environment based on a new approach for managing large-scale evolving systems. Under this approach, the conventional notion of a system is augmented with a new component called the law of the system, which is an explicit and strictly enforced set of rules about the operation of the system, about its evolution and about the evolution of the law itself. The resulting combination is called a law-governed system (LGS). The law of a system is not meant to provide its functional specification but to establish the ground rules under which the system is to operate and evolve. We believe that the very existence of such a law, together with assurances that it cannot be violated, can make the system more understandable and, in effect, simpler;in a similar way to how the physical world is effectively simplified by the laws of nature. The feasibility of the proposed architecture has been demonstrated by the construction of a prototype environment (Darwin/1) that supports law-governed systems. The efficacy of this approach has been tested by establishing a wide range of regimes over both the operation of a system and its evolution. These include encapsulation, class-inheritance, evolving layered architecture, various module-interconnection schemes, strategies for exception handling etc.

关键词： software engineering programming support prototype environment LGS exception handling law-governed system large-scale evolving systems Software management encapsulation software development environment programming environments module-interconnection schemes Software engineering techniques class-inheritance evolving layered architecture strictly enforced Darwin/1

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CHANGE-ORIENTED VERSION DESCRIPTIONS IN EPOS

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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING JOURNAL 1991年第6期6卷 378-386页

作者： GULLA, B KARLSSON, EA YEH, DS NORWEGIAN INST TECHNOL DIV COMP SYST & TELEMATN-7034 TRONDHEIMNORWAY INT SOFTWARE SYST AUSTINTX 78759

In EPOS,* software configuration management is based on the change-oriented versioning model. As part of a configured system specification, a version description is used to select the desired versions of different components that constitute the product. Furthermore, version descriptions are used to specify which versions are affected by a certain change. For large software systems comprising many variants, building a consistent configuration meeting specified requirements is not an easy task. In this paper, we propose a set of version description mechanisms and exemplify their use. An abstract description specifying the desired properties and functional requirements is expanded, using validities characterising properties of versions, preferences and defaults. We believe that the proposed mechanisms provide simpler, more intuitive and more compact descriptions of versions of large-scale software systems than conventional tools.

关键词： EPOS version description software tools software configuration management consistent configuration functional requirements programming support Expert systems and other AI software and techniques configured system specification large software systems change-oriented versioning model Software engineering techniques expert systems abstract description configuration management

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Building Better Graphical User Interfaces for CACSD - The Case for Object-Oriented programming

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IFAC Proceedings Volumes 1991年第4期24卷 147-151页

作者： C.P. Jobling Control and Computer-aided Engineering Research Group Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering. University of Wales Swansea UK

Graphical user interfaces are becoming the de facto standard for all kinds of applications on computers that range from IBM-PC compatibles to super workstations. Graphical user interfaces are. however, notoriously difficult to create. In this paper we review the changing expectations of computer users which are a direct result of developments in computer graphics. The support for these changing requirements that are provided by the current standards are discussed and finally the development of object-oriented programming and its relationship to graphical user interfaces are presented. The conclusions discuss the potential benefits that the new programming methodology provides for the development of future interfaces for CACSD systems.

关键词： computer-aided design control system design computer graphics programming languages programming support object-oriented programming

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SPECIFYING RESTRICTIONS ON IMPERATIVE programming-LANGUAGES FOR USE IN A DISTRIBUTED EMBEDDED ENVIRONMENT

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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING JOURNAL 1990年第2期5卷 93-104页

作者： HUTCHEON, AD WELLINGS, AJ UNIV YORK DEPT COMP SCIYORK YO1 5DDN YORKSHIREENGLAND

Very few programming languages provide direct support for programming distributed embedded systems. However, as such systems become more widespread, many languages, particularly concurrent languages like Ada and Modula, will be employed for this purpose. Restrictions should be placed on the use of these languages, so that processes executing on one machine do not have access to the memory space of processes executing on another. Furthermore, if the reuse of software modules is to become a reality, then it should be possible to implement components of a system in different *** this paper we present a language-independent specification of how the use of a common class of imperative programming languages can be restricted for a distributed environment. A simple formal model, in Z, of imperative programming languages is developed, and restrictions are specified. The model is then instantiated for the languages Ada, Modula and C. It gives good results for Ada and Modula, but cannot be elegantly applied to C because the language lacks both a module and process facility. A distributed Ada programming environment based on the model is described briefly.

关键词： parallel programming programming support specification languages language-independent specification imperative programming languages Software engineering techniques programming environments distributed Ada programming environment C formal model High level languages distributed embedded environment Z Modula restrictions

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THE EVOLUTION OF CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT AND VERSION CONTROL

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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING JOURNAL 1990年第6期5卷 303-310页

作者： AMBRIOLA, V BENDIX, L CIANCARINI, P UNIV VOLINE DIPARTIMENTO MATEMAT & INFORMATI-33100 VOLINEITALY UNIV PISA DIPARTMENTO INFORMATI-56100 PISAITALY

The activities of configuration management and version control are common to a number of engineering tasks. These activities are particularly important for software engineers, since during most of the system lifecycle they have to deal with a growing number of versions of a single component, and to rebuild the complete system in different ways using different components. These tasks are repetitive and trivial, and they require a lot of manual work and accuracy. In this paper, we show how the problem of automating these activities has been solved in a number of software development environments. We describe the evolution of systems for configuration management and version control from simple stand-alone tools, such as make and SCCS (based on an underlying file system), towards more integrated systems based on a project database.

关键词： version control software engineering software tools project database programming support software development environments system lifecycle Database management systems (DBMS) SCCS file system Software engineering techniques tools integrated systems configuration management make database management systems

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PERFIDE - AN ENVIRONMENT FOR EVALUATION AND MONITORING OF SOFTWARE-RELIABILITY METRICS DURING THE TEST PHASE

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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING JOURNAL 1990年第1期5卷 27-32页

作者： MAININI, MT BILLOT, L ESACONTROL GENOAITALY CISI INGN F-94528 RUNGISFRANCE

The paper outlines the need to use reliability metrics to improve the software production process, particularly during the test phase. A new approach for the organisation of testing activities based on the concept of ‘step-by-step integration’ is introduced. The benefits derived from the adoption of reliability metrics as test targets during system integration are explained. Finally, it is shown how these concepts have inspired the conception of PERFIDE (PERFormance Integrated Development Environment), an innovative tool bridging the gap between software reliability theory and the day-to-day practice of software engineers.

关键词： performance integrated development environment software reliability metrics programming support software engineers step-by-step integration software reliability software production process Software engineering techniques program testing testing activities programming environments software reliability theory quality control PERFIDE Inspection and quality control test phase system integration Diagnostic, testing, debugging and evaluating systems

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CALIBRATING ESTIMATION TOOLS FOR SOFTWARE-DEVELOPMENT

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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING JOURNAL 1990年第4期5卷 215-221页

作者： JEFFERY, DR LOW, G UNIV NEW S WALES SCH INFORMAT SYSTKENSINGTONNSW 2033AUSTRALIA

Desired improvement in the software process and product has given rise to greater use of quantitative managment techniques in software development. The use of algorithmic-based software cost estimation tools has been a part of this movement. This paper uses data collected from six commercial organisations on 112 software projects to investigate the extent to which organisations need to calibrate these tools to their own environment. It is found that calibration is mandatory if reasonable accuracy is to be obtained from the tools.

关键词： software tools programming support quantitative management algorithmic-based software cost estimation tools calibration software development software projects

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SPECIFYING AND GENERATING MULTILANGUAGE SOFTWARE-DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTS

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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING JOURNAL 1990年第2期5卷 125-137页

作者： JARZABEK, S CSA RES PTE SINGAPORE 0511 SINGAPORE

Integrated software environments use a project information base (PIB) as a repository of all project-related data. A software environment supporting a lifecycle methodology requires a multilanguage PIB, with component languages dedicated to various aspects and phases of project development (e.g. requirement and design specification notations, implementation language etc.). At the same time, one has to view a PIB as a database (or even a knowledge base), where project information is stored, and from which it may be queried using database methods. Therefore, a model for PIBs should equally address linguistic and database aspects of the project information representation. The goal of this paper is to introduce a formal model for multilanguage environments, suitable for representing PIBs. We build the model by extending attribute grammars and integrating them with the entity-relationship model. We also study basic properties of our formalism, formulate conditions to be obeyed by well formed specifications and describe an implementation.

关键词： multilanguage PIB attribute grammars programming support project-related data entity-relationship model linguistic integrated software environments specifications project support environments query formal model project information base multilanguage software development environments project development knowledge base lifecycle methodology database project information representation

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INTEGRATED support FOR SYSTEMS-DESIGN

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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING JOURNAL 1990年第6期5卷 331-338页

作者： HADDLEY, N SOMMERVILLE, I UNIV LANCASTER DEPT COMPLANCASTER LA1 4YRENGLAND COOPERS & LYBRAND DELOITTE LONDONENGLAND

This paper describes a design support system which goes beyond the support facilities offered by the current generation of CASE tools. We have examined the entire design process, and we propose that the early stages of conceptual design need a more flexible system than is currently offered by existing design methods. Our tool (the Designers Notepad (DNP) allows rough designs to be created and design options explored. The design can be assessed, evaluated and automatically converted to the less flexible notation used in design methods for detailed development. The system is not restricted to any particular method;it allows methods to be defined and, where appropriate, to be used in parallel. Although originally built to support software design, the DNP is also suited to supporting the systems design process where functionality is split between hardware and software components.

关键词： integrated support software tools DNP designer's notepad design support system programming support tool systems design conceptual design

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A GRAPHICAL ENVIRONMENT FOR USER-INTERFACE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING JOURNAL 1990年第5期5卷 289-299页

作者： DESOI, J LEASE, M LIVELY, W SHEPPARD, S SLADE, T TEXAS A&M UNIV SYST DEPT COMP SCICOLLEGE STNTX 77843

This paper presents a new approach to the design of an easy-to-use and flexible user-interface management system (UIMS). We identify two major problems for UIMSs. The first problem is to find a way to make the UIMS easier to use without sacrificing important functionality. A new design concept, behaviour abstraction, is described which allows important gains in ease-of-use, while retaining the kind of flexibility needed by user-interface designers. The second problem is to provide a user-interface design tool that allows easy and flexible runtime configuration. A traditional notation, the data-flow diagram, proves to be an adequate and appropriate organising principle for the design of the runtime connection between a user-interface module and application modules. An implementation, called the graphical specification system (GSS), provides an integrated environment for designing the user-interface component of interactive embedded system software. GSS provides two tools; an application display generator (ADG) for designing screen objects and a data-flow editor (DFE) for specifying runtime connections. The ADG uses behaviour abstraction in a what-you-see-is-what-you-get (WYSIWYG) drawing environment. The designer can easily create arbitrary graphical presentations and assign behavioural roles for these presentations to build functional user-interface objects. In the DFE, the designer can specify sources, transformations and destinations of data by selecting user-interface objects designed in ADG, attaching functions to internal nodes or using special intermodule connection icons called ports. The DFE allows a limited programming capability through the diagrams to accommodate the needs of an evolving user interface. GSS demonstrates the smooth integration of a drawing environment for display design and a data-flow editor for runtime specification. The specifications can be executed for testing during the design process and saved for stand-alone execution. Our results

关键词： formal specification computer graphics flowcharting screen objects integrated environment programming environments Software engineering techniques graphical specification system User interfaces flexible runtime configuration ease-of-use data-flow diagram design concept Graphics techniques user-interface designers GSS runtime connection application modules user-interface module UIMS application display generator user-interface design tool DFE organising principle usability engineering tools future work flexibility interactive embedded system software data-flow editor ADG behaviour abstraction concept drawing environment programming support user interfaces flexible user-interface management system behaviour abstraction traditional notation interactive systems

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