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Pavlov: An Interface Builder for Designing Animated Interfaces

ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 1997年第4期4卷 347-386页

作者： Wolber, David Department of Computer Science University of San Francisco San Francisco 2130 Fulton Street CA 94117-1080 United States

Conventional interface builders provide little support for interactive development of interfaces with application-specific graphics. Some programming by demonstration (PBD) systems do provide such support, but none provide full support for demonstrating interfaces, such as those in games, in which the graphics are animated. This article proposes a number of techniques for creating animated interfaces, all of which have been included in an exploratory system, Pavlov. Many of the techniques are based on the addition of timing controls to a form of PBD called stimulus-response demonstration. Others are based on an adaptation of a traditional animation time-line that integrates end-user interaction with animation. The article also evaluates Pavlov with (1) a comparison to other PBD systems in terms of the behaviors that can be specified interactively and (2) a report on an informal user study comparing development in Pavlov to development in a conventional interface builder. © 1997, ACM. All rights reserved.

关键词： Animation Design Human Factors programming by demonstration user interface design environments (UIDEs)

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Assessing Live programming for Program Comprehension 29

Assessing Live Programming for Program Comprehension

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29th Annual Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (ITiCSE)

作者： Graf, Oliver Thorgeirsson, Sverrir Su, Zhendong Swiss Fed Inst Technol Dept Comp Sci Zurich Switzerland

ISBN: (纸本)9798400706004

Previous research on the effects of live program composition in computer science education has shown mixed results;while live programming is well-received by students and can improve the program composition process in some contexts, the resulting programs may be hard to understand, potentially making the paradigm unfeasible for collaborative and general-purpose programming. In this paper, we explore to what extent programs created in Algot, a live programming language, can be understood by tertiary-level students. We conducted an experimental, within-subjects study (n = 41) measuring how well students at this level could comprehend programs composed in Algot and Python. We asked our participants to explain the programs and answer questions on them related to tracing, reverse tracing, conceptual extrapolations, and (optionally) time complexity. Despite the participants' lack of familiarity with Algot, students performed better after viewing most programs in Algot than Python, but primarily for problems involving trees and matrices. Our results contribute to the body of research on live programming in computer science (CS) education and complement recent research on the benefits of Algot for program composition, suggesting that Algot can be useful as a more general learning resource in CS tertiary education.

关键词： visual programming live programming programming by demonstration program comprehension tertiary education

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Showing Robots How to Follow People using a Broomstick Interface

Showing Robots How to Follow People using a Broomstick Inter...

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5th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI)

作者： Young, James E. Ishii, Kentaro Igarashi, Takeo Sharlin, Ehud Univ Calgary Calgary AB Canada JST Erato Design Interface Project Tokyo Japan Univ Tokyo Tokyo Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9781424448937

Robots are poised to enter our everyday environments such as our homes and offices, contexts that present unique questions such as the style of the robot's actions. Style-oriented characteristics are difficult to define programmatically, a problem that is particularly prominent for a robot's interactive behaviors, those that must react accordingly to dynamic actions of people. In this paper, we present a technique for programming the style of how a robot should follow a person by demonstration, such that non-technical designers and users can directly create the style of following using their existing skill sets. We envision that simple physical interfaces like ours can be used by nontechnical people to design the style of a wide range of robotic behaviors.

关键词： human-robot interaction programming by demonstration

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MIWA: Mixed-Initiative Web Automation for Better User Control and Confidence 23

MIWA: Mixed-Initiative Web Automation for Better User Contro...

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36th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST)

作者： Chen, Weihao Liu, Xiaoyu Zhang, Jiacheng Lam, Ian Iong Huang, Zhicheng Dong, Rui Wang, Xinyu Zhang, Tianyi Purdue Univ W Lafayette IN 47907 USA Univ Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9798400701320

In the era of Big Data, web automation is frequently used by data scientists, domain experts, and programmers to complete time-consuming data collection tasks. However, developing web automation scripts requires familiarity with a programming language and HTML, which remains a key learning barrier for non-expert users. We provide MIWA, a mixed-initiative web automation system that enables users to create web automation scripts by demonstrating what content they want from the targeted websites. Compared to existing web automation tools, MIWA helps users better understand a generated script and build trust in it by (1) providing a step-by-step explanation of the script's behavior with visual correspondence to the target website, (2) supporting greater autonomy and control over web automation via step-through debugging and fine-grained demonstration refinement, and (3) automatically detecting potential corner cases that are handled improperly by the generated script. We conducted a within-subjects user study with 24 participants and compared MIWA with Rousillon, a state-of-the-art web automation tool. Results showed that, compared to Rousillon, MIWA reduced the task completion time by half while helping participants gain more confidence in the generated script.

关键词： programming by demonstration Web Automation Data Science

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ReTool: Interactive Microtask and Workflow Design through demonstration 17

ReTool: Interactive Microtask and Workflow Design through De...

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ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI)

作者： Chen, Chen Meng, Xiaojun Zhao, Shengdong Fjeld, Morten Natl Univ Singapore NUS HCI Lab Singapore Singapore Chalmers Univ Technol t2i Lab Gothenburg Sweden

ISBN: (纸本)9781450346559

In addition to simple form filling, there is an increasing need for crowdsourcing workers to perform freeform interactions directly on content in microtask crowdsourcing (e.g. proof-reading articles or specifying object boundary in an image). Such microtasks are often organized within well-designed workflows to optimize task quality and workload distribution. However, designing and implementing the interface and workflow for such microtasks is challenging because it typically requires programming knowledge and tedious manual effort. We present ReTool, a web-based tool for requesters to design and publish interactive microtasks and workflows by demonstrating the microtasks for text and image content. We evaluated ReTool against a task-design tool from a popular crowdsourcing platform and showed the advantages of ReTool over the existing approach.

关键词： ReTool Crowdsourcing Workflow Freeform Interactive Microtasks programming by demonstration

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Categories and Completeness of Visual programming and Direct Manipulation 20

Categories and Completeness of Visual Programming and Direct...

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Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces (AVI)

作者： McGuffin, Michael J. Fuhrman, Christopher P. Ecole Technol Super Montreal PQ Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9781450375351

Recent innovations in visual programming and the use of direct manipulation for programming have demonstrated promise, but also raise questions about how far these approaches can be generalized. To clarify these issues, we present a categorization of systems for visual programming, programming-by-example, and similar systems. By examining each category, we elucidate the advantages, limitations, and ways to extend systems in each category. Our work makes it easier for researchers and designers to understand how visual programming languages (VPLs) and similar systems relate to each other, and how to extend them. We also indicate directions for future research.

关键词： visual programming languages direct manipulation programming by example output-directed programming taxonomy programming by demonstration

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PUMICE: A Multi-Modal Agent that Learns Concepts and Conditionals from Natural Language and demonstrations 19

PUMICE: A Multi-Modal Agent that Learns Concepts and Conditi...

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32nd Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST)

作者： Li, Toby Jia-Jun Radensky, Marissa Jial, Justin Singarajah, Kirielle Mitchell, Tom M. Myers, Brad A. Carnegie Mellon Univ Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA Amherst Coll Amherst MA 01002 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450368162

Natural language programming is a promising approach to enable end users to instruct new tasks for intelligent agents. However, our formative study found that end users would often use unclear, ambiguous or vague concepts when naturally instructing tasks in natural language, especially when specifying conditionals. Existing systems have limited support for letting the user teach agents new concepts or explaining unclear concepts. In this paper, we describe a new multi-modal domain-independent approach that combines natural language programming and programming-by-demonstration to allow users to first naturally describe tasks and associated conditions at a high level, and then collaborate with the agent to recursively resolve any ambiguities or vagueness through conversations and demonstrations. Users can also define new procedures and concepts by demonstrating and referring to contents within GUIs of existing mobile apps. We demonstrate this approach in PUMICE, an end-user programmable agent that implements this approach. A lab study with 10 users showed its usability.

关键词： programming by demonstration Natural Language programming End User Development Multi-modal Interaction

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PROTOTYPING AN INTELLIGENT AGENT THROUGH WIZARD-OF-OZ 93

PROTOTYPING AN INTELLIGENT AGENT THROUGH WIZARD-OF-OZ

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International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (INTERCHI 93)

作者： MAULSBY, D GREENBERG, S MANDER, R UNIV CALGARY DEPT COMP SCICALGARY T2N 1N4ALBERTACANADA

ISBN: (纸本)9051991339

Turvy is a simulated prototype of an instructible agent. The user teaches it by demonstrating actions and pointing at or talking about relevant data. We formalized our assumptions about what could be implemented, then used the Wizard of Oz to flesh out a design and observe users' reactions as they taught several editing tasks. We found: a) all users invent a similar set of commands to teach the agent; b) users learn the agent's language by copying its speech; c) users teach simple tasks with ease and complex ones with reasonable effort; and d) agents cannot expect users to point to or identify critical features without *** conducting this rather complex simulation, we learned some lessons about using the Wizard of Oz to prototype intelligent agents: a) design of the simulation benefits greatly from prior implementation experience; b) the agent's behavior and dialog capabilities must be based on formal models; c) studies of verbal discourse lead directly to an implementable system; d) the designer benefits greatly by becoming the Wizard; and e) qualitative data is more valuable for answering global concerns, while quantitative data validates accounts and answers fine-grained questions.

关键词： INTELLIGENT AGENT INSTRUCTIBLE SYSTEM programming by demonstration WIZARD-OF-OZ PROTOTYPING

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Contextual programming of Collaborative Robots 1

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1st International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in HCI (AI-HCI) Held as Part of the 22nd International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (HCII)

作者： Huang, Chien-Ming Johns Hopkins Univ Baltimore MD 21218 USA

ISBN: (数字)9783030503345

ISBN: (纸本)9783030503338;9783030503345

Collaborative robots are envisioned to assist people in an increasing range of domains, from manufacturing to home care;however, due to the variable nature of these fields, such robots will inevitably face unfamiliar situations and unforeseen task requirements, and must be able to interact with users who possess diverse skill sets, backgrounds, and needs. Presently, robust, autonomous solutions for appropriately handling these vast possibilities and uncertainties are unattainable. End-user robot programming offers an alternative approach that lets end users provide task specifications and author robot skills to meet their own specific contextual constraints and custom task needs. Contextual information-such as task objects, environmental landmarks, and user preferencesis essential in realizing desirable, flexible, and reliable robot programs. However, most robot programming systems at present do not afford intuitive ways of specifying contextual information. In this paper, we draw on our prior work to illustrate the barriers to end-user robot programming when using a state-of-the-art programming interface. We then present two case studies that explore new approaches to providing a robot system with contextual information about the user, task, and environment, and how these methods can help improve task performance and user experience. We discuss our findings and future directions for building effective end-user programming tools to bring robotic assistance closer to everyday users.

关键词： Human-robot interaction Collaborative robotics End-user robot programming programming by demonstration

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Parameterization of robotic welding trajectories from demonstration 11

Parameterization of robotic welding trajectories from demons...

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11th International Conference on Control, Mechatronics and Automation (ICCMA)

作者： Zappa, Isacco Fracassi, Giovanni Zanchettin, Andrea Maria Rocco, Paolo Politecn Milan Dipartimento Elettron Informaz &Bioingn Milan Italy

ISBN: (纸本)9798350315684

The rise of mass customization is leading to more frequent production changes. Being able to program robots quickly is paramount to reduce production downtimes. However, this requirement contrasts with the lack of robotic experts in industries. To solve this issue, robot manufacturers invested in developing intuitive programming interfaces for tasks commonly tackled by robots. programming by demonstration is particularly appealing for welding since it allows the robot to learn how to execute the task directly from a sample hand-guided execution of the welding trajectory. Nevertheless, solutions on the market are limited to interfaces to support the operator in saving motion waypoints. In this paper, we target the problem of parameterizing the whole welding trajectory from a single kinesthetic demonstration without the need to save waypoints. The parameterized trajectory is then translated into a sequence of suitable robot instructions for the execution of the welding. Furthermore, the paper shows how the parameterized trajectory can be extended for welding a batch of workpieces of the same shape in a predefined pattern.

关键词： programming by demonstration Hand-Guided demonstration Trajectory Parameterization Cobot Welding

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